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A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield. RNA interference (RNAi) strategy is used to prevent this infestation. 

RNAi is a process by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directs sequence-specific degradation of mRNA. It prevents translation of a specific mRNA (silencing) due to a complementary dsRNA molecule. The source of this complementary RNA is from an infection by RNA viruses or mobile genetic elements (transposons) that replicate via an RNA intermediate.

Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode-specific genes (DNA) were introduced into the host plant (Tobacco plant). Introduction of DNA produces both sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. These two RNAs being complementary to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi and thus, silenced the specific mRNA of nematode' The consequence was that the parasite cannot survive in a transgenic host expressing specific interfering RNA.

Yes

India / tropical region :

(i) are less seasonal / more constant / more predictable.

(ii) promote niche specialisation leading to greater bio- diversity.

(iii) Species diversity increases as we move towards equator.

(iv) More number of species exist.

Norway / temperate region :

(i) more seasonal / less constant / less predictable.

(ii) do not promote niche specialisation leading to low bio-diversity.

(iii) Species diversity decreases as we move away from equator.

(iv) Less number of species exist.

Detailed Answer :

Yes, India has greater ecosystem diversity than Norway. It is because India lies primarily in the tropical and sub-tropical zone while Norway lies near the Arctic region. This exposes the India to greater amounts of sunlight and thus greater level of ecosystem diversity. 

(a) Rise in organic matter , leads to increased microbial activity / growth of microbes

(b) It results in decrease in dissolved oxygen / rise in BOD / rise in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(c) Leads to fish mortality / algal bloom / colour change / foul odour / increase in toxicity

Detailed Answer :

When organic wastes from the urban sewage enter the water bodies, it serves as a food source for microorganisms such as algae and bacteria. As a result, the population of these microorganisms in the water body increases. Here, they utilize most of the dissolved oxygen for their metabolism. This results in increase in the levels of Biodegradable oxygen demand (BOD) in river water and results in the death of aquatic organisms. Also, the nutrients in the water lead to the growth of planktonic algae, causing algal bloom. It imparts a distinct colour to the water bodies and deteriorates the water quality resulting in death of fishes. Some bloom-forming algae are extremely toxic to human beings and animals.  

There is no superpower required to score more than 90% marks in CBSE board class 12th exam. But you have to follow the common path, they are:

1. Read NCERT book end to end and make a strong grip over it. As nothing in boards comes out of it. You can also read and download class 12 NCERT books online.

2. Make suitable notes of each chapter so that it will help you in quick revision. At this time if you have not prepared notes then don't waste your time in preparing notes go for online notes. In mathematics section, revise important formulas and theorems. You can get Math formulas for class 12 here.

3. If you are done with the above aspects than its time to solve questions. First, solve CBSE class 12 sample papers issued by CBSE board officially. Then solve at least previous 6 years board question paper which will boost your confidence level.

If you follow these steps with having good management of time then without any doubt you can score more than 90% in CBSE class 12 board examination.

Given,

Radius of curvature, r = 25 cm

Refractive index, u = 1.5

Focal length of lens, 

f = \(\frac{R}{\mu - 1}=\frac{25}{1.5-1}= 2\times25\) 

= 50 cm

The power of a lens is its ability to converge or diverge the rays of light falling on it. The power of a lens is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens.SI unit of power is dioptre (D).

P =  f₁ = 1D. The power of the lens is the ability of a lens to converge the rays falling on it. One dioptre is the power of the lens whose focal length is 1m.

Farmer committed suicide — debt is a death blow — burden of debt — creditors knocking at her door — bears the burden of four children — she questions the society — gives account of her bitter past — but ends with an assertion — faces life boldly and wants to teach her children to face the harsh realities of life.

Detailed Answer : 

Being unable to face the difficult situation after having no crops to harvest and sell, the farmer committed suicide. His widow wife expressed her helplessness, saying how she would bear the burden of four children. She compared her condition with 'worm-eaten pods'. Then she decided to face life's challenges. She made up her mind to teach her children to fight life - battles. She was determined to live, to struggle out her life even without her husband for her children. She had a strong willpower to embrace life with all its difficulties but not death like her husband.

An astronomical telescope has an eyepiece of shorter aperture and shorter focal length while an objective of longer aperture and longer focal length. Therefore, we will use L₃  as eyepiece and L₁  as objective.

Old woman — not a beggar but self-appointed guide — pesters the tourist like a burr — offers to take him to the horse shoe shrine — which he has already seen — demands fifty paise — her question 'What else an old woman do .... ?' reveals her pitiable condition — she is an old woman — helpless, discarded in a religious place.

Detailed Answer : 

The poem 'An Old Woman' depicts the worst condition of an old woman not a beggar – helpless and discarded. She is a self–appointed guide. She stays at the temple. She used to hold the sleeves of those who pass near the temple and then asks them for fifty paise coin. The poet describes her physical appearance which wakes sympathy of passers–by. The phrases like 'bullet hole for her eyes’, 'cracks that begin around her eyes spread beyond her skin' describe her helpless condition. Despite all that, she is a lady of self-respect. To get fifty paise coin from the passersby, she offers them to show the shrine.

• Large jar filled with water, oxygen, food and aquatic plants and animals. 

• Oxygen/oxygen pump. 

• Fish food. 

• Aquatic plants/Producers provide O₂ during photosynthesis. 

• Aquatic animals/Consumers release CO₂ for the process of photosynthesis. 

• Decomposers are also important for natural cleaning of the aquarium

Electronic configuration of X: 2,8,2, Y: 2,8,6 Both X and Y belong to 3rd period. Ionic bond will be formed. 

Reason: X will lose 2 electrons and Y will gain 2 electrons to complete their octet and become stable. Formula is XY 

(i) Add 10 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid slowly to 90 mL of water with constant stirring. 

Dilution of acid is a highly exothermic process. If water is added to concentrated sulphuric acid, heat generated causes the mixture to splash leading to burns and the glass container can break. 

(ii) Decreases per unit volume.

(iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.

(i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

The proinsulin has an extra stretch called the C peptide along with two short polypeptide chains A and B while the mature insulin has only two polypeptide chains A and B.

(i) Liver helps to secrete bile juice for the digestion of food and pancreas secretes pancreatic enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

(ii) Absorption of food occurs in small intestine while, water gets absorbed in the large intestine.

Infectious diseases spread by different means. 

These are: 

(i) Through air An infected person when sneezes or coughs releases droplets containing germs. These droplets infect another healthy person through air and microbes enter a new body. Examples of such diseases are common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.

(ii) Through water If the water source is polluted by the excreta of infectious persons having gut diseases and this water is used by other people they will be infected by diseases. For example, cholera, amoebiasis, hepatitis spread through water. 

(iii) Through sexual contact Some diseases like AIDS and syphilis, etc., are transmitted by sexual contact. Other than this, AIDS virus also spread through blood, infected syringes, infected mother to her baby during pregnancy and through breast feeding. 

(iv) Through vectors There are some animals which act as intermediaries or vectors for a particular diseases. The vectors carry diseases from infected person to the healthy person. For example, mosquito spread malaria causing organism in humans, while sucking their blood. 

Hydrogen sulphide gas
Properties –

• It is colourless.
• It has the smell of rotten eggs.

• Particles of matter have spaces between them.
• Particles of matter are continuously moving.
• Particles of matter attract each other.

(a) Pituitary: Hypothalamus present in brain releases hormones that regulate the secretion of pituitary glands.

(b) Pancreas: It is a mixed gland as it secretes pancreatic juice for digestion of food and hormones such as insulin.

(c) Adrenal: Adrenal glands are located one on top of each kidney.

(d) Testes: These are the glands which are present only in males and secrete male sex hormone, testosterone.

• Diseases spread through water when the excreta from someone suffering from an infectious disease such as cholera, gets mixed with drinking water used by people living nearby.
• The Cholera causing microbes will enter the new hosts through water they drink and cause diseases in them. Such diseases are more likely to spread in the absence of safe supply of drinking water.

Velocity: Rate of change of displacement.
Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity.
Yes, when the body is just released during free fall, u = 0 but g = 10 m/s²

• Equal in magnitude.
• Opposite in direction.
• Act simultaneously on two different bodies.

Differences:

1. The force acting perpendicularly on the surface of an object is called as the thrust whereas the effect of thrust which depends upon the area on which force is applied is called pressure.

2. Thrust is the perpendicular force and pressure is the force or thrust per unit area.

3. The SI unit of thrust is Newton (N) while pressure as an SI unit of Pascal (Pa).

1 Pascal means a force of 1 N acting on an area of 1 m².
1 Newton is the force applied on a body of 1 kg mass to produce 1m/s² acceleration in it.

We know that;

Pressure = force / area.

So, if the area is doubled, the pressure will become half of the earlier value.

• Burning of fossil fuels such as petrol, diesel uses transportation and industrial purposes.
• Burning of wood and charcoal for heating and cooking.
• Cutting of trees /deforestation.

Given, 
Voltage of the mains supply, V = 220 V
Power is given by, P = VI

Case 1: When heating is at maximum rate, 

Power, P = 840 W 

Potential difference, V = 220 V 

Current, I = \(\frac{P}{V} = \frac{849 W}{220 V} = 3.82 A\)

\(\therefore\) Resistance of the electric iron, R = \(\frac{V}{I} = \frac{220V}{3.82 A} = 57.60 \Omega\)

Case 2: When heating is at the minimum rate,

Power, P = 360 W

Potential difference, V = 220 V

Current, I = \(\frac{P}{V} = \frac{360 W}{220V} = 1.64 A\)

\(\therefore \) Resistance of the electric iron, 

\(R = \frac{V}{I} = \frac{220V}{1.64 A} = 134.15 \Omega\)

In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite proportion by mass.

(i) Law of constant proportion states that, “a pure chemical compound always consists of the same elements that are combined together in a fixed (or definite) proportion by mass”.

Carbon and oxygen reacts in a ratio 3:8 by mass to form Carbon dioxide

Hence the required reaction is:

C + O₂ → CO₂ 

Carbon: Oxygen = 3 : 8

\(\therefore\) 9 g of carbon require (3 x 8) 24 g of oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

For 3 g of carbon, 8 g of oxygen is needed.
For 1 g of carbon, \(\frac { 8 }{ 3 }\) g of oxygen is needed.
For 9 g of Carbon, \(\frac { 8 }{ 3 }\) g × 9 g = 24 g of oxygen is needed.

• Avoiding direct contact with the infected person.
• Not sharing articles used by infected person.
• Use of mask/ gloves/ handkerchief.

x =  a cos pt => cos pt = x/a  

y = b sin pt => sin pt = y/b  

squaring and adding them we get  

x²/a² + y²/b² = 1  

Therefore path is an ellipse ---------- (option A is correct)  

dx/dt = v_x = -a p sin pt  

d²x/ dt² = a_x = - ap² cos pt  

dy/dt = v_y = bp cos pt  

d²y/dt² = - bp² sin pt  

At time t = pi/2p or pt = pi/2  

a_x and v_y become 0  

only v_x and v_y are left  

or we can say velocity is along the negative x axis and accelaration along the negative y axis  

at t = pi/2p , velocity and accelaration are normal to each other , so option B is also correct.  

At t=t , position of the particle  

r = x i + y j = a cos pt i + b sin pt  j  and accelaration of the particle is  

a(t) = a_x i + a_y j 

= - p² [ a cos pt i + b sin pt j ]  

= - p² [ x i + y j ]  

= - p² r (t)  

So the accelaration of the particle is always directed towards origin  hence option (C) is also correct.

Ammeter 

The current is said to be one ampere if 1 coulomb of charge flows through a cross section of conductor per second.

(a) Rheostat 

(b) Plug key (closed)

(a) is cooked 

(b) is switched off 

(c) are added 

(d) is poured into a

Mr. Otto Frank was basically a man of serious nature, who had the skill to adjust himself to the relationships and situations according to the need of the time. Being a self-satisfied person, he kept his cool, at the same time participating in the homely activities at the ‘Secret Annexe’. Besides these, he is the confidant of Anne, and indeed her moral support till the time she realised her love for Peter. According to Anne, he was the only person at home with whom she could talk frankly and share her views. When she revealed to her father her closeness to Peter, he had only told her to be careful. He then acted as a father concerned about his adolescent daughter. He felt that her infatuation towards Peter was one of the symptoms of her age and it would wear off by itself. But Anne turned out to be still more mature when she started analysing her relationship with Peter. At that time, Anne felt that her Daddy had never been a support to her in her struggle because he had only tried a wrong method. Anne at that point even feels that Daddy never understood that Anne’s fight was to get the better of all problems, that he always took up an older, fatherly attitude, but was never a friend. That again had made Anne share her wellconsidered theories and views on life only with her diary. However, he was a great support to her as long as they were in hiding as he was patient, loving and understanding.

Value Points: 

• Arthur H Keller has a huge impact on Helen's development, tirelessly looking for methods and people to help her 
• a captain in the Confederate Army, has been married before and Helen's mother Kate is much younger than him 
• a loving father who takes great pleasure in pleasing his daughter 
• proud of his garden and knows that Helen also loves the garden 
• an accomplished hunter and a gracious host to regular guests.

The Frank family received a call – up notice. The family got scared as the vision of the concentration camps and the lonely calls was frightening. They decided to go into hiding as the call – up notice was for Margot and not for Otto frank. They started making preparations by sending their clothes, food and furniture to other people as they neither wanted their belongings to be seized by the Germans nor did they want to be taken into their clutches. It was a month earlier than they had planned but the decision had been taken. Anne and Margot packed the most important things in a schoolbag. No Jew in such a situation would dare to leave the house with a suitcase full of belongings. They wrapped themselves in many layers of clothes as if they were going to spend a night in a refrigerator. Margot took her bike to reach the secret annexe whereas the other three members walked in the pouring rain. Miep and Jan helped them in shifting their baggage. They left the house in a mess to create an impression that they had left in a hurry.

                       The Diary of a Young Girl

When Frank’s family was in hiding at the ‘Secret Annexe’, people like Mr. Kugler, Mr. Koophuis, Miep Gies and Bep helped them in many ways. 

Mr. Kugler or Kraler was one of Mr. Frank’s and Mr. Van Daan’s business associates. When the Franks were planning to go into hiding, it was Mr. Kraler who prepared the ‘Secret Annexe’ as the hideout. Also, he kept their business running during the time. Indeed, he was both a moral and psychological support for the family. Anne liked him especially because he catered to her goods and made it a point to bring one of her favourite magazines ‘Cinema and Theatre’. Mr. Koophius, also a friend and business associate of Otto Frank helped the families staying at the ‘Secret Annexe’ by being unfailingly cheerful and brave. It was he who provided them with a small radio which was so necessary for them. 

Miep Gies who was working under Mr. Frank also played a great role as a helper. She was a good friend to Anne and brought them ration coupons and news from the outside world. She also showed her sociability by giving the inmates little gifts and surprises on birthdays and festivals. Bep, the young girl who worked in Frank’s office also took care of the families’ daily needs when they were in the ‘Secret Annexe’. She provided practical and psychological support for the families by keeping the inmates in a relaxed mood.

The book 'The Story of My Life' is all inspiring and those who read between the lines get a plethora of life-saving and life improving medicines. One gets the message that a man should set a target for himself and work tirelessly to achieve it. He should be determined and work for achievement with a single-minded devotion and determination. Dark clouds will scatter giving place to the sun to shine brightly. Then one gets the message that hurdles on the way should be tackled bravely and they should not be allowed to send a person into the deep pits of depression. Let bygones be bygones. Start life afresh and begin work forgetting the unfortunate past.

Then one understands that Nature has the capacity to apply balm to the melancholic hearts. Rest in the lap of Nature and get the required solace and all the good qualities to lead a contented life where all are equal. The most important lesson is that students should have unflinching faith in their .teachers. They should always keep in mind that - a teacher is a guide, mentor, philosopher and a well-wisher. Have full faith in him and no billows can hinder the way of the ship of the students to reach the coast, all safe and sound and enriched beyond imagination. The Story of My Life is an inspirational story for any child whether able or disable as it teaches that one can overcome one's shortcomings through determination and hardwork. The idea that Helen imparts is that knowledge is not about reading/cramming and passing in the exam. According to her one cannot attain wisdom unless one has experienced or felt the essence of that very thing or what one is reading.

No doubt, in ‘The Diary of a Young Girl’ Anne Frank describes her childhood friends, her school, family, the Van Daans and many more things. However, the diary is more than an autobiography. Her diary is not confined to herself and her family. Anne gives a striking description of the political, social and cultural climate of Germany, Holland and other parts of Europe. She has an eye for details and vivid descriptions. The Holocaust and the persecution of the Jews has been systematically described. When Anne Frank sat down to write her diary, she could have never imagined the impact her words would have on generation of readers. On July 15, 1944, Anne writes : “I feel the suffering of millions”. Little did she know at that time that ‘The Diary of a Young Girl’ would become the testament of those millions who suffered, persecuted, tortured and killed by the Nazis and their Gastapo.

The Diary of a Young Girl’ can be called an autobiography in the sense that it describes the innermost feelings and sentiments of the young girl Anne. A selfdescribed clown, Anne has none with whom she could be completely open. Her mother Edith Frank was insensitive, critical, conservative and unresponsive. Margot too didn’t share her feelings and provided no moral support to her younger sister. No doubt, her father Otto Frank was a role model for Anne and she adored him. But the age difference prevented her to discuss sex and sexuality and other delicate matters with him. So Anne discovered the persona of ‘Kitty’. All her diary entries are addressed to ‘Kitty’.

We certainly have quite intimate autobiographical descriptions regarding her age, puberty, periods and her growing desire to have a relationship with a young boy- friend. She partly finds in Peter a boy-friend who can share her ideas and can talk about sex and sexuality.

Anne Frank’s diary contains nothing of her experience at Bergen-Belsen, the concentration camp where she and her sister died. The diary does provide ‘an altogether human portrait of the Jewish suffering during the Holocaust.

Those were very dangerous and trying times for the Jews in Europe. The racial hatred and discrimination of the Nazis against the Jew led to torture and deaths of countless Jews in Europe. The Franks fled from Germany to live in Holland to escape persecution and death. But after the occupation of Holland by Germany, things became equally bad for them in Holland.

Anne’s feelings about the annexe constantly change. Most of the time Anne realises that they were lucky and fortunate to have the annexe as a place to hide. She values the role of the Dutch people, particularly the kindness of the non-Jewish colleagues of his father. They were risking their lives to provide them with food and supplies.

However, Anne usually complains of the miserable life of the secret annexe. The confinement or lack of freedom bothers her. She particularly misses the beauties of nature and the open sky compared to her formerly comfortable life, confinement of eight persons in such a small place was really miserable. She has no privacy and has to share her room with a very unpleasant old man Mr. Dussel. She and others have to eat rotten potatoes day after day. The hygienic conditions inside were really deplorable. All live in a constant fear that they will be discovered. She feels lonely as all adults fail to understand her and none shares her innermost feelings. She has no companions besides Peter in the annexe in whom she can confide. When she think about her friend Hanneli and the concentration camps, she is terribly shaken. She regrets that the Jews have been selected only for bad and miserable things. She wonders whether it would have been better to die a quick death than constantly live without privacy, peace and freedom.

1940s were dangerous and trying times particularly for the Jews in Europe, Germany and Holland. Blind with racial hatred, Hitler and the Nazis launched an all offensive and open war against the helpless Jews. The Franks left Germany to live in Holland because they felt that they would be safer and free from persecution there. In 1940, Germany invaded Holland and occupied it. Same persecution and witch hunting started in Holland too.

For a young girl of thirteen it was very difficult to understand why the Jews were singled out for persecution and discrimination. She could see how unjust laws restricted the freedom of the Jews. First of all the Jews couldn’t use the street cars. They had to wear yellow starts to expose their identities. Even their children couldn’t be admitted to Christian schools. Anne like other Jewish children had to attend a special school only meant for the Jews. Anne and her family accept all these restrictive laws as a matter of fact and fate. Margot got a call up notice from the Nazis and that surely meant an invitation to a concentration camp and ultimate death. The family found shelter in a secret annexe in the office of Otto Frank. They consider themselves lucky than thousands others who faced persecution outside. They are also thankful to the Dutch authorities and people could rendered them all help and assistance. Anne was always worried about her friends who were being taken to concentration camps. But Anne believed that God would show His mercy on the Jews. The war would end and a new dawn of freedom and redemption would commence for the Jews.

The play “Julius Caesar” showed that how political ambitions can be dangerous. The characters in the play have played their part very meticulously in presenting Julius Caesar as an ambitious general. But in my opinion his assassination was not a deliberate move to satiate or suffice the aspirations of a few. Killing a person no where satisfies the aspirations. On the contrary, the conspirators could have done something worth to attain democracy in Rome. Julius Caesar was an impeccable general and what he did for his countrymen cannot be practised again by his Conspirators. And if it were so that the people of Rome or the mob was so inclined towards what Brutus has said, they would not move themselves to mutiny and rage when Antony addressed them. 

Here are some problems that the residents of the annexe faced :

(1)  They were forced to pup the windows curtained and they could not make any noise no flushing of toilet or bathing, no walking around etc.

(2)  They had no access to a physician if they get sick and because they are all enclosed together, everyone could become ill.

(3)  They were confined 24 hours a day in a small a situation in which tension could easily occur.

(4)  The residents’ clothing was wearing out, their food in shortage and they did not know how long the war would last or if they could hide until its end.

(5)  There was artillery fire out side the building residents did not know if the city would be bombed or shots would stray into the annexe.

(6)  Jealousies and antipathies developed as a result of such living with other who were not family

Life for Anne as for everyone in the annexe, was stiffing, claustrophobic and scary. Everyone knew at any moment, their hiding place could be discovered. This was literally a matter of life and death, if the secret annexe was found by the authorities, then Anne, her family, and her neighbors could end up being killed. Sadly for Anne & most of her family, this is exactly what did happen. Most families have more than their fair share of tension, but when you are farced to share close confined spaces, they can become unbearable. Anne was never particularly closed to her mother, but life in the annexe made their already fraught relationship even more difficult. At least in a normal house you that, can, to some extent, avoid other people if you a problem with then Yet despite all this Anne still displays a remarkable degree of maturity for her age. Although the experience of being forced to line in the annexe may have shaped the diary. It didn't completely shape Anne or define her character. Despite all her various travels, she still comes through in the diary as, in many respects, a normal young adult with the same love, hopes, fears and aspirations of countless others of her age. 

Anne Frank’s diary is a true personal account of a teenage girl confined to a hiding during the Holocaust. It is not justifiable to analyse it as a novel or any other work of fiction. It was not intended to be anything than a personal diary. The diary of Anne Frank demands a thorough understanding of the horrible atrocities that were perpetrated on the Jews by the Nazis in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. Anne’s diary covers a period of roughly 26 months. It starts from her thirteenth birthday on June 12, 1942 and ending on August 1, 1944 just after her fifteenth birthday. Being a sensitive girl Anne records every detail concerning her life, her friends and her family. The life in the annex and the reports of the persecution of the Jews in Holland, Germany and other parts of Europe are described in detail. The diary reflects the different stages of her maturity and her mental, emotional and physical development during her adolescence.

Anne matures as an adolescent throughout the course of her diary entries. She writes freely about her personal thoughts, puberty and the period, her love and passions and finally about sex and sexuality. She writes about her love with Peter Shriff and Peter Van Daan. When her mother, elder sister, Mrs. Van Daan, Dussel and other adults disappoint her, she turns to Peter. She can share her feelings and can talk about sex and sexuality with Peter only.

Anne shows a remarkable maturity and clear understanding of the horrible political developments and the persecution of the Jews by the Nazis. She hopes that war will end soon and bring a new dawn for them. The diary abruptly ends on August 1, 1944 as they were found and sent to different concentration camps by the Nazis.

One of the leading themes of Anne’s diary is the loneliness of adolescence. Anne constantly feels of being lonely. She has also developed a thinking that she is constantly being misunderstood, ignored or snubbed by others, particularly the adults. She doesn’t seem to come to terms with the adult world. She has problems with her mother who lacks understanding and fails to give her emotional support. She is not very friendly with her elder sister Margot. She doesn’t like Mrs. Van Daan and Mr. Dussel as she finds them vain and selfish. She adores her father and looks towards him for emotional support. Anne finds her diary ‘Kitty’ which can act as a confidant. She can share her innermost thoughts with ‘Kitty’. 

Another very important theme of the diary is the Holocaust or the persecution of the Jews in Germany, Holland and other parts of Europe. Anne displays a rare maturity in understanding the political conditions prevailing in Europe during the World War II. She writes about the constant air-raids, persecution of the Jews and the fear of the Gestapo. She hopes that the war will end and the Jews will have a new dawn of peace, prosperity and freedom.

The struggle between the “two Annes’ and the inward versus the outward self is another important theme of the diary. Anne struggles with her two selves throughout the diary. She considers herself a German but has lost her citizenship. She considers Holland her second home but find people there turning against the Jews. Being a Jew, she feels alienated and isolated from the mainstream of the outerworld. Only her faith and belief in God consoles her.

 This is an example of Self efficacy.

Groupthink is characterized by the appearance of consensus or unanimous agreement within a group. Each members believes that all members agree upon a particular decision or a policy .No one expresses dissenting opinion because each person here believes that it would undermine the cohesion of the group and he/she would become unpopular. Group polarization states that the decisions taken by the groups are more extreme that what taken by individuals’ . 

(Explain concepts with the help of examples). Group polarization basically occurs due to three basic reasons. 

(1)in the company of likeminded people, more argument’s are more likely to hear newer arguments favoring each ones viewpoints. 

(2) When others are found to favor a particular view point, you feel that this view is validated by the public. This is a sort of bandwagon effect. 

(3) When you find people having similar views, you likely to perceive them as in-group. You start identifying with the group, begin showing conformity, and as a result your views become strengthened.

She is said to be high on Entrepreneurial competence.