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Information of workforce means a situation in which over a period of time, the percentage of casual workers in total work force has a tendency to increase. Thus, by information we mean a situation in which employment in unorganised sector is increasing where as in organised sector, it is decreasing in the country. 

Factors responsible for increasing informalisation of workforce in India are: 

(a) Restrictive labour laws, 

(b) Illiteracy and poor skill levels, 

(c) Lack of an exit mechanism such as insolvency and bankruptcy laws, 

(d) Increasing competition from imports, 

(e) Decline in formal employment opportunities, 

(f) Flexibility of employment, 

(g) Absence of thrust on manufacturing, 

(h) Out sourcing, 

(i) Contractual services, 

(j) Growth of telecommunications and IT services, 

(k) Promotion of trade and foreign direct investment, 

(l) Pre-dominance of service-sector led growth.

The consumer decides how much quantity of the commodity is to be purchased by comparing its marginal utility (MU) with price to be paid (P). The consumer buys as long as MU is greater or at least equal to Price i.e. MU > P.

 As the consumer consumes more units of the good, Marginal Utility declines due to the operation of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

If the consumer consumes even after, MU = P, Marginal Utility will become lesser than Price, i.e MU<P.

Es = \(\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta P}\) 

where P = Original price 

Q = Original quantity supplied 

AP = Change in price 

AQ = Change in quantity supplied. 

Putting the given figures in above formula, we get 

Es = \(\frac{4}{100}\times\frac{20}{1}\) = 0.8 No, supply is not elastic because price elasticity of supply is less than 1 (one) or unity.

Indifference curve is the locus of point that represents different combination of two goods that give the same satisfaction to the consumer. 

Properties or Characteristics of Indifference Curves :

(i) It slopes downwards from left to right.

(ii) Indifference Curves are convex to the origin.

(iii) Indifference Curves will never intersect each other.

Yes, Infrastructure acts as a support system for production activity in the economy and thereby, contributes to economic development. 

The following point explain the role of infrastructure : 

(a) Infrastructure increases productivity: Infrastructure economic and social facilitates production. The availability of quality infrastructure guarantees increase in production and productivity. Infrastructure ensures easy movement of goods and raw materials, thereby reducing inefficiencies and lead to efficient utilization of scarce resources and eliminate wastages. 

(b) Infrastructure encourages investment: Infrastructure provides an environment conducive to investment lack of facilities discourage investment. For example, an investor will not invest in absence of basic infrastructure such as transport and communication. 

(c) Infrastructure generates linkages in production: Infrastructure promotes economic development by way of various linkages forward and backward linkages. In other words, infrastructure provides scope for expansion of one industry due to the expansion of the other by way of forward and backward linkages. The process of economic growth becomes a dynamic process in the presence of sufficient infrastructure facilities. 

(d) Infrastructure enhances size of the market: Infrastructure widens the size of the market. The fast and cost effective movement of raw materials and finished goods in bulk enables a producer to offer his products across the country and even across international boundaries.

When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change in price, demand is said to be inelastic. 1½ Whereas, when quantity demanded does not change at all, in response to a given change in price of the commodity, the demand is said to be perfectly inelastic.

Detailed Answer :

Inelastic Demand (Ed < 1) : It is also called less than unitary elastic demand. When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price the demand is said to be inelastic. The demand of goods is called perfectly inelastic. When with the change in the price there is no change in demand for the goods. Thus, when change in price produces no change in demand then such a demand is called perfectly inelastic demand. In this situation demand curve is a straight line parallel to the Y-axis.

Given price of goods, consumer purchases that much of the commodity where rupee worth of additional satisfaction MUx / Px from the consumption of unit more of goods is equal to the marginal utility, of Money (MUm) for the consumer. So that, in a state of equilibrium: MUx / Px.

 So long as MU > P he keeps on purchasing. As he makes purchases, MU falls and at a particular quantity of the goods, MU becomes equal to price. Consumer purchases up to this point.

A government budget may be defined as a statement of government’s estimated incomes and expenditures for a period of one financial year. 

Following are two components of the government budget: 

1. Revenue Budget 

2. Capital Budget 

Revenue Budget – Revenue budget is a statement of the government’s estimated revenue receipts and revenue expenditure for a period of one financial year. Revenue budget covers revenue items which are of recurring nature and are nonredeemable. Revenue budget contains the following : 

(i) Revenue Receipts 

(ii) Revenue Expenditure.

Revenue receipts neither create a liability nor lead to reduction in assets. Revenue receipts include tax revenue and non-tax revenue. 

Following are examples of tax revenue :

• Income Tax 

• Goods and Service Tax 

• Corporation Tax 

• Gift Tax 

Following are examples of non-tax revenue : 

• Price 

• Gifts

• Grants 

• Escheat 

• Fines. 

Revenue expenditure does not lead to any creation of assets or reduction in liabilities. It includes plan expenditure and non-plan expenditure.

Capital Budget – Capital budget is a statement of the government’s estimated capital receipts and capital expenditure. Capital budget covers capital items which are of non-recurring nature. 

Following are two components of capital budget:

1. Capital receipts 

2. Capital expenditure 

Capital receipts either create a liability or lead to reduction in assets.

• Loan from public 

• Foreign debt 

• Grants. 

Capital expenditures leads to creation of assets or reduction in liabilities. 

Following are examples of capital expenditure : 

• Expenditure on roads 

• Construction of school buildings 

• Repayment of loans.

Following are examples of capital receipts :

• Expenditure on roads 

• Construction of school buildings 

• Repayment of loans.

(A) Allocation of Resources – One of the objectives of a government budget is to secure reallocation of resources in line with economic and social priorities of the country. For this purpose, the budget of the government may have a liberal expenditure policy in favour of public goods such as national defence, roads, government administration etc., to promote social welfare. The government can use its taxation policy to mobilise resources for investment. The government can also give subsidies to encourage production in some sectors and small scale industries. The government may discourage the production of undesirable goods through heavy taxation. 

(B) Economic Stability – One of the objectives of government is to ensure stability in the economy. The government budget prevents business fluctuations and maintains price stability. If the aggregate demand falls short of aggregate supply, the government will have to take some measures in its budget to discourage savings and to encourage investments. For this, the government would decrease taxes but increase public expenditure. If the aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply, the government would encourage savings and discourage investments by increasing taxes and reducing public expenditure.

“Choice of technique” refers to the central problem of "HOW TO PRODUCE" that relates to the central issue of which technique of production should be employed to produce a good. The problem is to use capital intensive technique or labour intensive technique for the production of goods in the economy.

Detailed Answer : This problem is concerned with the distribution of income in an economy. It is concerned with either to produce goods for high income groups or low– income groups. The capacity of people to pay for goods depends upon their level of income. Thus, this problem is concerned with distribution of income among factors of production who contribute in the production process.

It has two aspects :

(i) Personal distribution : It means how national income of an economy is distributed among different groups of people in the society.

(ii) Factoral distribution : It relates to income share of different factors of production such as wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land etc. 

“How to produce” is the problem related to the allocation of resources. It arises due to the fact that every economy has limited resources in relation to its wants. Goods can be produced in more than one way. Production techniques may be either labour intensive or capital intensive. An economy will opt for the technique which uses the least amount of scarce resources for a given quantity of output. For example, a given amount of foodgrains can be produced either by using more capital and less labour or less capital and more labour. The guiding principle is to adopt that technique which causes least possible cost to produce per unit of commodity. In India, labour intensive technique will be preferred because of availability of labour and scarcity of capital.

Inelastic Demand (Ed < 1) : It is also called less than unitary elastic demand. When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price the demand is said to be inelastic. The demand of goods is called perfectly inelastic. When with the change in the price there is no change in demand for the goods. Thus, when change in price produces no change; in demand then such a demand is called perfectly inelastic demand. In this situation demand curve is a straight line parallel to the Y-axis.

Sustainable development is the development, which will allow all future generations to have a potential average quality of life, i.e., at least as high, which is being enjoyed by the current generations. Sustainable development in itself makes it obligatory for the development process to be such that the basic needs of not only the present generation, but also of the future generations are taken care of. It becomes the moral duty of this generation to handover the earth to the future generation in good form. 

Strategies involved in attaining sustainable development in India. 

(a) Use of Non-conventional sources of energy,

(b) LPG & Gobar gas in rural areas,

(c) CNG in urban areas,

(d) Wind power,

(e) Solar power through photo rollaic cells,

(f) Mini hydel plants,

(g) Traditional knowledge and practices,

(h) Bio-composting,

(i) Bio-pest control,

(j) Shift to Organic farming,

(k) Integrated rural development,

(l) Recycle the waste,

(m) Conserve natural assets for generational equity,

(n) Strict laws on disposal of chemical effluents.

(a) Operating Surplus 

= Rent and interest + Corporation tax + Dividend + Undistributed profits 

= 800 + 460 + 940 + 300 = ₹ 2,500 Crores 

(b) Domestic Income 

= Operating surplus + Compensation of employees + Mixed income 

= 2,500 + 2,000 + 200 = ₹ 4,700 Crores.

India is overpopulated.

Demand falls when price rises is an example of positive economics.

Detailed Answer :

Demand falls when price rises is an example of positive economics.

The problems of how to produce is a problem relating to choice of technology. 

There are two techniques of production: 

(i) Labour Intensive Technique in which labour is used more than capital. 

(ii) Capital Intensive Technique in which capital is used more than labour. 

An economy must decide as to which technique is to be used so that efficient production is obtained. It is the central problem in every economy because it impacts production (or efiiciency) on the one hand and the degee of employment on the other hand. Higher productivity often implies a lower degree of employment.

This problem is concerned with the distribution of income in an economy. It is concerned with either to produce goods for high-income groups or low-income groups. The capacity of people to pay for goods depends upon their level of income. Thus, this problem is concerned with distribution of income among factors of production who contribute in the production process. It has two aspects: 

(i) Personal distribution: It means how the national income of an economy is distributed among different groups of people in the society. 

(ii) Factoral distribution: It relates to income share of different factors of production such as wages for labour interest for capital, rent for land etc.

Probability that two students are not having same birthday P (bar E) = 0.992

Probability that two students are having same birthday P (E) = 1 − P (bar E)

= 1 − 0.992

= 0.008

(i) The bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. It does not contain any orange flavoured candies. This implies that every time, she will take out only lemon flavoured candies. Therefore, event that Malini will take out an orange flavoured candy is an impossible event.

Hence, P (an orange flavoured candy) = 0

(ii)As the bag has lemon flavoured candies, Malini will take out only lemon flavoured candies. Therefore, event that Malini will take out a lemon flavoured candy is a sure

event.

P (a lemon flavoured candy) = 1

The value of (1 + tan²θ)(1 – sinθ)(1 + sinθ) = 1.

(1 + tan² θ) (1 - tan² θ)

= sec² θ x cos² θ

= 1

(i) British government changed India’s role as the largest exported of textiles to the biggest importer of English made cloth.

(ii) Country was systematically plagiarised as the Indian domestic market was swamped by cheap copies of Indian textiles.

(iii) Stringent taxes on weavers.

Cheent- Spray of raindrops.

Chintz, muslin, calico, shawl, khaki, kamarbandh, jodhpurs, pyjama.

(a) Cap height- tie a tape around the biceps of arm close to the armpits. Cap height is from shoulder intersection to the top of the tape.

(b) Bicep circumference- Round measurement over the fullest part of the arm.

(c) CF length for lower garment- From CF waistline intersection at CF down to the desired length.

(d) Underarm seam- From a point (1 inch below the armhole) to waistline intersection at the side seam.

(e) Width of back- - From a point (1 inch below the armhole) to CB keeping tape parallel to the floor.

(a) Flat pattern method

(i) Basic block include ease allowance.

(ii) Logical and easy to understand method.

(iii) Consistency and accuracy of both size and fit.

(iv) Fastest and efficient pattern design method. 

(b) Draping method- a piece of two dimensional fabric is draped directly on a dress form or figure and made to fit to achieve the desired look. The fabric may confirm or be artistically arranged in folds for a specific design.

a. Straight

b. Crosswise

c. Bias

Artistic approach- whimsical motifs like lobsters, skulls, keys as well as humorous accessories and trims.

Surrealism movement- optical illusion.

Block print and Zardozi embroidery

(a) Coorgi style- leaving the shoulders bare.

(b) Butterfly style

(c) lungi style

(a) Body incision in delicate pattern.

(i) Three growth hormones in plants are :
(a) Auxin : It is synthesised in the young tip of roots and shoots. It promotes elongation and division of cell and root formation.
(b) Gibberellins : They help in the growth of the stem.
(c) Cytokinins : They promote cell division and delay leaf ageing.
(ii) The ability of a plant to detect change and respond to that change is termed as the sensitivity of the plant. Yet plants have no nervous system and no muscle tissue, they use electrical and chemical means to convey the information from one cell to another cell. The leaves of the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) folds up in response to touch. These leaf movement are independent of growth whereas, the directional movement of the shoot of a germinating seedling breaking through the soil is growth dependent

Three growth hormones in plants are : 

(a) Auxin : It is synthesised in the young tip of roots and shoots. It promotes elongation and division of cell and root formation. 

(b) Gibberellins : They help in the growth of the stem. 

(c) Cytokinins : They promote cell division and delay leaf ageing.

(i) Large amount of heatenergy is required to break the inter-ionic attractive forces. 

(ii) A thin but strong layer of aluminium oxide is formed on its surface which protects aluminium atoms underneath.

 (iii) Solder has a low melting point. 

(iv) It is easier to extract a metal from its oxide by the process of reduction than from its sulphide. 

(v) Tamarind juice is acidic and neutralizes the basic layer of copper carbonate on tarnished copper vessels.

The ability of a plant to detect change and respond to that change is termed as the sensitivity of the plant. Plants have no nervous system and no muscle tissue, so, they use electrical and chemical means to convey the information from one cell to another cell. For example, the leaves of the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) folds up in response to touch. These leaf movement are independent of growth whereas, the directional movement of the shoot of a germinating seedling breaking through the soil is growth dependent. 

Fore-brain  is the main thinking part of brain.

Normal Resident

Reason: As their centre of economic interest lies in the home country.

False: It deals with problems of the economy.

Not a Normal Resident

Reason: As their centre of economic interest lies in the foreign country.

False: It deals with problems of the economy.

Not a Normal Resident

Reason: As their centre of economic interest lies in the foreign country.

(a)  are 

(b)  received 

(c)   have 

(d)   to

(e)  has been

(i) Multiple Inheritance

(ii) Statement 1 and 2 invoke the getSdata() function of class Shop and getData() function of class Brand respectively.

(iii) getdata() method of class Brand is overridden. When object of class Mall is created,

M = Mall()

M.getdata()

getdata() method of class Mall is invoked and not of class Brand is called.

(iv) print Brand().category

def oddtoeven(L) :

for i in range (len (L)):

if (L[i]%2! = 0):

L[i] = L[i]*2

i. Text File

ii. File.write("ABC")

Yes, income of family is one major factor in deciding the expenditure of a family. 

Other factors-

1. Family size 

2. Family composition 

3. Family status 

4. Location

5. Family values 

6. Type of family 

def countwords():

s= open("Mydata", "r")

f = s.read()

z= f.split()

count = 0

for i in z :

count = count+1

print "Total number of words", count

10th Sep 2012, Monday Time: 10PM

My bedroom

I thank the Almighty for gifting us Harold – a prodigy for a son. The child is so very different from other children. He is sensitive and I fear he might be hurt easily. He is a model of goodness and intelligence. I really do not understand God‘s mysterious ways. Here he gifts me with a prodigy and there my profession is that of a boxer. What will happen the day my Harold finds out what his father actually does? It will break his heart. I and my wife are passing through turmoil everyday keeping the identity of my profession away from our son. No! It will be impossible to hide it from Harold as he grows up. Moreover he is an avid reader and the news of my bouts will not escape his eyes. His head will hang in shame once he finds out that his father is 'Young Porky‘.

I will give up boxing. So what if I am the proud professor of a left hook? My son is more important to me. I will find some respectable job soon. I cannot see my Harold hurt and ashamed because of his father‘s profession.

Bill Bramble