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(i) Taking care of aged parents:- Not included as it is Noneconomic activity, no income is generated out of it. 

(ii) Payment of corporate tax- Not included as it is a part of profit & profit is estimated before payment of tax, so it is not separately added. 

(iii) Expenditure on providing police services by the government- Included as it is a part of government final consumption expenditure ( GFCE)

Generally it is considered that an increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of any economy (India in this case) ensures increase in welfare of the people of the country. However, this may not always be correct.

Some of the prime reasons for the same are: 

(a)  unequal distribution and composition of GDP, 

(b)  non-monetary transactions in the economy which are not accounted for in GDP, and

(c)  occurrence of externalities in the economy (both positive and negative).  

We know that consumption function is: = ̅+ .

At equilibrium level of Income in the economy Y = C + I

Given, Autonomous Consumption (̅) = ₹ 500 crores and

Ex-ante Investments (I) = ₹ 4000 crores

18,000 = 500 + MPC(18,000) + 4,000

MPC(18,000) = 18000 – 4500

MPC = 13,500/18,000

MPC = 0.75

Yes, it is a regular and unending flow.

(i) Using HYV seeds, fertiliser, pesticides etc. by the farmer for agriculture. 

(ii) using sugarcane in sugar mill.

True, because it produces services which are generally final goods. 

Selling of securities by Foreign Institutional Investors (FII’s) in Indian capital market will lead to fall in the supply of foreign currency in the economy. This situation might lead to excess demand of foreign currency at the prevailing foreign exchange rate. 

As a result, a new equilibrium rate of foreign exchange will be determined which will be higher than the prevailing foreign exchange rate, leading to depreciation of domestic currency. 

An entrepreneur makes a provision for the consumption of fixed capital with a view to replace the worn out fixed assets.

(a) Central Bank as government’s bank - 

The Central Bank acts as a banker to both central as well as state governments. The Central Bank accepts receipts and makes payments for the government and carries out exchange, remittance and other banking operations. It advances credit/loan to the government to meet its requirements in case of crisis. It also acts as an agent to buy and sell government securities & advises the government on various financial matters. 

 (b)  Open Market Operations by Central Bank -

Open Market Operations refers to buying and selling of government securities (bonds) by the Central Bank from/to the general public. It is an important step which may be undertaken to control money supply in the economy. The Central Bank may sell government securities to reduce the money supply in the hands of general public and vice-versa. 

False .Only expected obsolescence is considered as an element of depreciation. Loss of value of fixed assets owing to unexpected obsolescence is called capital loss.

(i) True, Average Variable Cost can fall even when Marginal Cost is rising. As minimum point of MC lies to the left of AVC.

(ii) False, because the difference between Total Cost and Total Variable Cost is equal to Total Fixed Cost which remains constant at all levels of output.

(iii) False, Average Variable Cost can fall even when Marginal Cost is rising.

(iv) False, Average Cost can fall even when Marginal Cost is rising.

(v) False, the difference between AVC and ATC is AFC which can never be constant. Since, AFC tends to decline with increase in output, the difference between ATC and AVC must reduce as output increases.

(vi) False, because as output increases, the difference between ATC and AVC falls but can never be zero. The difference is equal to AFC, which must remain positive, even when it is falling.

Following are the limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country: 

1. Distribution of GDP is not taken into account. 

2. Composition of GDP is not accounted for. 

3. Non monetary exchanges remain unrecorded, to which extent GDP remains underestimated. 

4. Externalities are not considered, even when these have considerable impact on social welfare.

There are three components of NFIA 

• Net Compensation of Employees- It is the difference between compensation received by residents and compensation given to non-residents working within the domestic territory of the country. 
• Net Income from Property and entrepreneurship- it is equal to difference between the income received by way of interest, rent and profits by the residents of a country and similar payments made to rest of world. 
• Net retained earnings of residents companies abroad- It is the difference between undistributed profit received from abroad by residents companies and undistributed profit paid to non-residents companies to abroad. 

Yes, I agree that all producer goods are not capital goods, because producer goods includes:

(i) Goods which are used as raw material like wood, used to make furniture.

(ii) Goods which are used as fixed assets like plant and machinery.

Capital goods include only fixed assets of the producers. These are durable goods. On the other hand, goods used as raw material are not capital goods as these are not repeatedly used in the process of production. Thus, all producers goods are not capital goods.

False. Producer goods are those goods which are used in the production of other goods. Capital goods only refer to fixed assets of the producers’ .therefore; all producer goods are not capital goods.

Non marketing activities refer to acquiring of many final goods and services not through regular market transactions. E.g. vegetable grown in the backyard of the house.

Producer goods are those goods which are used in the process of production i.e. which are used in production of other goods. 

Producer goods includes two types of goods: 

• Single user producer goods- Goods used as raw material like coal, wood etc. 
• Capital goods – they are used as fixed assets by the producers like plant and machinery So ,it can be said that all capital goods are producer goods , but all producer goods are not capital goods.

False: Books used in a library are final goods as these are used by the end user.

Producer goods are all those goods which are used in the process of production i.e., which are used in the production of other goods. 

Producer goods include two types of goods:

1. Single-use Producer Goods: Goods used as raw material by the producers. It includes raw material like coal, wood, etc. They are not capital goods as they cannot be repeatedly used in the production process.

2. Capital Goods: Goods which are used as fixed assets by the producers, like plant and machinery, which can be repeatedly used in the production process.

So, it can be said that all capital goods are producer goods, but all producer goods are not capital goods.

The Domestic territory of a nation is understood to be the territory lying within the political frontiers of a country. But in the National income accounting the term domestic territory is used in a wider sense. 

Based on freedom criterion, the scope of economic territory is defined to cover-

• Ships and aircrafts owned and operated by normal residents between two or more countries. 
• Fishing vessels, oil and natural gas rigs and floating plate forms operated by the residents of a country in international waters where they have exclusive rights of operations. 
• Embassies , consulates and military establishments of a country located abroad .

False: Use of raw material helps in production process therefore it is a single use producer good. But it has no longer life.

The concept of domestic territory helps to estimate ‘Domestic Product’. As we know Domestic Product includes goods and services produced by production units located in the domestic territory (irrespective of fact whether carried out by residents or non-residents). The money value of domestic product is termed as Domestic Income.

In layman terms, the domestic territory of a nation is understood to be the territory lying within the political frontiers (or boundaries) of a country. But in national income accounting, the term domestic territory is used in a wider sense. 

Based on ‘freedom’ criterion, the scope of economic territory is defined to cover: 

1. Ships and air crafts owned and operated by normal residents between two or more countries. For example, Indian Ships moving between China and India regularly are part of domestic territory of India. Similarly, planes operated by Air India between Russia and Japan are part of the domestic territory of India. Similarly, planes operated by Malaysian Airlines between India and Japan are a part of the domestic territory of Malaysia. 

2. Fishing vessels, oil and natural gas rigs and floating platforms operated by the residents of a country in the international waters where they have exclusive rights of operation. For example, Fishing boats operated by Indian fishermen in international waters of Indian Ocean will be considered a part of domestic territory of India. 

3. Embassies, consulates and military establishments of a country located abroad. For example, Indian Embassy in Russia is a part of the domestic territory of India. ‘Consulate’ is an office or building used by consul (an officer commissioned by the government to reside in a foreign country to promote the interest of the country to which he belongs).

True: Purchase of a new car can be categorized as an intermediate good, if purchased by a Government for military use or if it is purchased by a car dealer for resale.

The concept of Normal Resident helps to estimate “National Product’. National Product includes production activities of normal residents irrespective of fact whether performed within the economic territoiy or outside it. The money value of national product is termed as National Income.

True: Because final goods have crossed the production boundary.

True: A good can be an intermediate goods or final goods, depending upon its nature of use. For example, a car purchased by a household is a final good, whereas, it will be an intermediate good if it is purchased by a car dealer.

False: The concept applies to institutions also, in addition to individuals.

48, Court Road

Trichur 

19th October 20XX 

The Editor 

The Hindustan Times 

Delhi 

Subject : Non Maintenance of a Tourist Spot 

Sir 

Through the esteemed columns of your reputed newspaper, I would like to highlight the pathetic condition of an important tourist spot, the LAKE POINT near Delhi. I was disappointed to see litter and garbage lying all around. People are careless and least bothered for the same. This surely creates a negative impact among the tourists and it creates a negative impact about the country. The government should immediately undertake a cleanliness drive and should educate the general public about the same. Strict actions should be taken to make these places tourist friendly. 

I request you to publish this letter of mine to address the above concern. 

Thanking You 

Yours sincerely, 

Mohan

False: It is flow concept as these are assessed over a period of time and not at a point of time.

The different cells of the female gametophyte arise by repeated mitotic division of the functional megaspore. This functional megaspore is in turn developed by the meiotic Civision of megaspore mother cell and thus is haploid in nature. Therefore, almost all the cells present in the female gametophyte (three antipodals, two synergids and one egg) are haploid in nature. However, the central cell consists of two haploid nuclei, which may fuse to give rise to a single diploid nucleus. Hence the ploidy level of central cell may become diploid.

(a) The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine. It regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth.

(b) Pituitary gland secretes growth hormone. It regulates growth and development of the body.

(c) Pancreas secretes hormone insulin. It helps in regulating the blood sugar level.

Asexual Reproduction involves only one parent and offsprings are identical.

Sexual-Reproduction involves two parents and genetic variation occurs in the offsprings.

Sexually reproducing species have a better chance of survival because their-variations developed during reproduction enables the newer offsprings to survive the changes in the environment. It allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two different individuals, typically one of each sex

Multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology (MOET) has successfully increased the herd size of cattle. 

The cow is administered with FSH to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation to produce 6 to 8 eggs. It is then mated or artificially inseminated. The fertilised eggs are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mother where they develop into an improved variety.

(i) Saccharum barberi: It has poor sugar content and yield. 

(ii) Saccharum officinarum: It has higher sugar contents and stems are thicker.

The endosperm of coconut develops from the primary endosperm cell. 

Characteristic features of endosperm of coconut are: 

(i) The water of coconut is free-nuclear endosperm made up of thousands of free nuclei. 

(ii) The surrounding white kernel of coconut is the cellular endosperm.

Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant. 

• The introduction of DNA was such that it produced sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. Both the RNAs being complementary to each other form double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi and thus, silenced the specific mRNA of the nematode. 
• The parasite could not survive in a transgenic host expressing specific interfering RNA. Thus, transgenic plant is protected from the parasite.

CuT is an ideal contraceptive device for human females because: 

(i) Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms. 

(ii) It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

 In such embryos, parental characters are maintained hence they are genetically similar. In this process, there is no segregation of characters in the offspring (progeny).

Yes, a proper understanding of menstrual cycle can help immensely in family planning. 

The couples avoid coitus (intercourse) from 10^th to 17^th days of the menstrual cycle because ovulation can occur mostly during this time so it is called fertile period. Thus, by abstaining from coitus during this period, conception could be prevented.

(i) Menstrual phase: The cycle starts with this phase and lasts for 3-5 days. It results due to the breakdown o{ endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood vessels. 

(ii) Follicular phase: Proliferative phase (primary oocyte transforms into Graafian follicle) and endometrium regenerates through proliferation, level of LH and FSH increases and stimulates secretion of estrogen by growing follicles, maximum leve1 of LH induces rupture of Graafian follicle to release ovum containing secondary oocyte (ovulation). 

(iii) Luteal phase : Remnants of Graafian follicle forms corpus luteum, which secretes large amount of progesterone, essential for maintenance of endometrium, a necessity for implantation and for pregnancy. During pregnancy, all events of menstruation cycle stop and no menstruation occurs. In the absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerates leading to disintegration of endometrium and resulting in menstruation flow. There is low level of progesterone. Menstrual cycle ceases at 50 years of age and termed as menopause.

Angle of dip. 

Angle of declination 

Hz and Vt component of earth magnetic field. 

Angle of dip: It is the angle subtend by a magnetic needle from Hz of magnetic meridian when it is freely suspended. in magnetic meridian. 

Angle of Declination : Angle between magnetic meridian to geographical meridian

Cyclotron is principle when a charged particle is constrained to move in a region having mutually perpendicular electric field & magnetic field then 

(a) electric field accelerated it (speed up) and

 (b) magnetic field moves it an circular arc for which frequency of revolution is independed of current energy. 

Uses. 

(i) To produce radioactive substance 

(ii) In improving the properties of solids by placing ions in it

Space Wave Propagation: It is the straight line propagation of electromagnetic wave from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna both installed on the ground. Alternatively, space wave propagation is the line of sight (LOS) communication. 

(i) Microwave 

(ii) γ-rays.

Because it reflects each marking differently 

• You could say concave mirror converges the ray of light approaching from the object and in that way, it reflects each marking on the measuring scale differently.

The output is:

EA3n

(i) There are 2 subroutines viz.DisplaySub and Show

(ii) Showing 13

Displaying 20

Showing 16