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In India, women are discriminated and disadvantaged in the following ways:

• They are not provided adequate education. Thus, the literacy rate among women is just 54%.
•  Most of the labour done by them is unpaid. Where they are paid for their work, they receive lesser wages than men.
•  Due to the preference for the boy child, female foeticide is practiced in many parts of the country.

(a) Duty drawback scheme

(b) Exemption from payment of sales tax

(c) Export manufacturing under bond scheme.

(d) Advance licence Scheme

(e) Trading houses and superstar trading houses for export service.

(f) Export finance

(g) 100% export oriented

(h) Export processing zones

Friction: Force that is at the surface of contact of two bodies and apposes their relative motion. 

(a) Static friction: Body moves on surface of other body but actual motion have not started. 

(b) Dynamic friction: Body moves on the surface of other body. i. Sliding ii. Rolling

The importance of personal selling to a business organization may be described as follows: 

(i) Effective Promotional Tool: Personal selling is very effective promotional tool, which helps in influencing the prospects about the merits of a product and thereby increasing its sale. 

(ii) Flexible Tool: Personal selling is more flexible than other tools of promotion such as advertising and sales promotion. It helps business persons in adopting their offer in varying purchase situations. 

(iii) Minimizes Wastage of Efforts: Compared with other tools of promotion, the possibility of wastage of efforts in personal selling is minimum. This helps the business persons in bringing economy in their efforts. 

(iv) Consumer Attention: There is an opportunity to detect the loss of consumer attention and interest in a personal selling situation. This helps a business person in successfully completing the sale. 

(v)Lasting Relationship: Personal selling helps to develop lasting relationship between the sales persons and the customers, which is very important for achieving the objectives of business.

(D) All of the above 

Grapevine communication is an Informal communication.

The Correct option is (c) Radio 

Limitations of Telephonic Conversation: 

(1) Phone communication is less personal in many ways and can lead to miscommunication and misunderstanding. 

(2) It is more expensive as compared to other methods of communication, like, email. 

(3) Phones can raise privacy concerns not just over wire taps. Crossed lines do still happen and familiarity with using a phone can lead to confidential business conversations taking place in otherwise public settings. 

(c) Quotation

Defence mechanism is Projection.

The panel lawyer is barred from taking any fee, remuneration or other valuable consideration from any person for whom legal services are rendered under the Regulation or Act. The panel lawyer may be withdrawn from a case or his name removed from the panel on account of nonperformance of duties satisfactorily or for actions against the object and purpose of the Act or Regulations. 

1923: Barristers of England had come to occupy a predominant position in the legal profession. The Government of India in 1923 appointed the Indian Bar Committee, popularly known as the Chamier Committee to address the existing disparities in the Legal profession The Committee in its report stated that it was not practical at that time to organize the Bar on an all-India basis. However, the Committee suggested the establishment of Bar Council for each of the High Courts. The Committee suggested that a Bar Council should have power to make rules in matters such as qualifications and admission of persons to be Advocates of the concerned High Court, legal education, discipline and professional conduct of Advocates, terms on which Advocates of another High Court could appear occasionally in the concerned High Court or any other matter prescribed by the High Court.

• 1926: Giving effect to the Chamier Committee recommendations, the Central Legislature enacted the Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926. The Act was to provide for the constitution and incorporation of Bar Councils, to confer powers and impose duties on the Bar Councils and to consolidate the regulations pertaining to the legal profession. The Bar Councils could, with the consent of the High Court, make rules for: a) the rights and duties of Advocates of High Court and professional conduct; and b) legal education and examinations.

Advovates Act,1961 The Advocates Act also established an All India Bar  Council for the first time, with the Attorney-General and Solicitor General of India as ex- officie members of the Bar Council. The All India Bar Council has one member elected to it by each State Bar Council and it elects its own Chairman and Vice Chairman. The Act has created a State Bar Council in each State with the Advocate General of the State as an ex- office member, and 15- 25 Advocates elected for a period of five years. The State Council's main The Advocates Act, 1961 functions include: admitting law graduates on its Roll, determining cases of misconduct against Advocates on the Roll and organizing legal aid, among other functions. Application for enrolment is therefore made to the State Bar Council. The Bar Council of India regulates the content, syllabus, duration of the law degree, subject to which every University can lay down its own provisions. The Council has a Legal Education Committee for this purpose. State Council rules need to be approved by the Bar Council, however the Central Government has overriding power to make rules.

Improvisation simulates a scene-like situation. It is a key stage in the Meisner Technique; teaching how to defeat self-consciousness when alone on stage, how to prepare before your entrance, and how to work with the partner in the moment; enhancing and developing an actor’s emotional and intellectual capacity to create/improvise instinctively.

Improvisation will teach how to work with your partner in order to live truthfully through imaginative scenarios and it will also introduce you to the method of emotional preparation.This will further develop an actor’s emotional range and ability to “live truthfully under imaginative circumstances” which is the benchmark for any Meisner – trained actor.

The Meisner Technique is one of the most popular approaches to acting. Learn how to unleash truthful, emotional performances; let go of self-consciousness; expand acting range; build self-awareness; develop the ability to act moment to moment.

Allegory : When an abstract idea for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. 

Examples : Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc.

Allegory: When an abstract idea, for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing.
Examples: Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania etc.

(b) Encoding

(b) It helps them to get full information about the product. 

(c) Market Traders 

(b) Written Communication 

(c) Common Seal

Black Town’ and ‘White Town’ 

i. Black areas were full of filth and diseases 

ii. It was full of chaos and anarchy 

iii. Epidemics spread easily 

iv. Sanitation was in poor condition 

White town 

i. Cleaned areas 

ii. Sanitation and health were considered important

iii. Underground water pipe supply was there

iv. sewerage and drainage systems were put

(i) Classification of the industries on the basis of capital investment :
(a) Small Scale Industry
(b) Large Scale Industry
(ii) Difference :
If the investment is more than one crore in any industry, it is considered as a large-scale industry.
For example, Iron and Steel Industry/Cement Industry (any other relevant example). While the investment is less than one crore in an industry, it is considered as a small scale industry e.g. Plastic industry, toy industry.

(i) Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, a noted Malayalam novelist represented the under-privileged class.
(ii) He had little education and most of his writing was based on rich personal experience.
(iii) His novels and short stories were written in ordinary language with humour.
(iv) He wrote about Muslim households in great details and touched upon unconventional topics like poverty, insanity and life in prisons.

Kushanas 

i. They projected themselves through coins and sculpture 

ii. Colossal statue of kushana rulers were installed in Mathura and Afghanistan 

iii. They projected themselves godlike 

iv. They adopted the title of devputra 

v. Any other relevant point 

Life of the Workers : The process of industrialisation brought with it miseries for newly emerged class of industrial workers.

(i)  Abundance of labour : As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities. But everyone was not lucky enough to get an instant job. Many job-seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuge that were set up by private individuals; other went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.

(ii)  Seasonality of work : Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. They either returned to the countryside or looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find.

(iii)  Poverty and unemployment : At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10% of the urban population was extremely poor which went up to anything between 35% and 75% during periods of economic slump. The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. 

It is a type of food grain stock created by the govt. to ensure supply of food grains to poor and also to ensure apply of food grains in adverse weather conditions or natural calamity.

Buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI). The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus production.

(i) The farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops. This is called the Minimum Support Price.

(ii) The purchased foodgrains are stored in the granaries and called buffer stock. This is done to distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price, also known as issue price.

(iii) This also helps to resolve the shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during a period of calamity.  

(i) Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, a noted Malayalam novelist represented the under-privileged class. He had little education and most of his writings were based on rich personal experience. 

(ii) His novels and short stories were written in ordinary language with humour. 

(iii) He wrote about Muslim households in great details and touched upon unconventional topics like poverty, insanity and life in prisons.

The various reasons of poverty in India are:

(i) One historical reason of poverty in India is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration.

(ii) Low rate of India’s economic growth after independence This resulted in less job opportunities and low growth rates of incomes, accompanied by a high growth rate of population hence increasing poverty.

(iii) The government failure on both fronts, i.e., promotion of economic growth arid population control perpetuated the cycle of poverty. 

(iv) Lack of land resources and indebtedness had aggravated to the cause of poverty.

(v) Lack of job opportunities compelled many people to work as rickshaw pullers, vendors, construction workers, domestic servants etc. With irregular small incomes, these people could not afford expensive housing. They started living in slums on the outskirts of the cities.

(vi) High level of indebtedness among the small farmers is also a major cause of poverty in our country. Since poor farmers hardly have any savings, they borrow. Unable to repay because of poverty, they become victims of indebtedness.

(i) Manuscripts were copies on palm leaves or on hand made paper. 

(ii) Pages were beautifully illustrated. 

(iii) Manuscripts were highly expensive but fragile. 

(iv) They were in various vernacular languages

(v) They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.

The worker in the unorganised sector should be protect them:

(i) Government can fix the minimum wages rate and working hours.

(ii) Farmers should be supported through adequate facility for timely delivery of agricultural inputs, seeds, credit, storage and marketing facilities.

(iii) Government can provide cheap and affordable basic services like education, health, food to these workers.

(iv) Steps should be taken so that workers from scheduled castes, tribal and backward communities do not face social discrimination.

(v) Government can frame new laws which can provide provision for overtime, paid leave, leave due to sickness, etc.

Transformation due to Print Revolution – 

(i) It influenced people’s perception and opened up new ways of looking at things. 

(ii) A new reading public emerged 

(iii) Increase in the reading public 

(iv) Intermingling of hearing and reading public 

(v) Created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas. 

(vi) Introduced a new world of debate and discussion. 

(vii) Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretation of faith. 

(viii) Any other relevant point. Any three points to be analysed.

Cleaning London :

(i)  Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city. Large blocks of apartments were built. Rent control was introduced to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

(ii)   Some attempts were made to bridge the difference between the city and countryside through ideas as the Green Belt around London.

(iii)  Architect and planner Ebenzer Howard developed the principle of the Garden City, a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live and work. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick. There were common garden spaces, beautiful views, and great attention to detail.

(iv)  Between the two World Wars (1919-39) the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of them single-family cottages, were built by local authorities.

The steps taken to clean up London : 

(i) Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city. 

(ii) Large blocks of apartments were built. 

(iii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

Akbar and inter-faith debate 

i. Akbar’s Quest for religious knowledge 

ii. Wanted to acquire knowledge about religious doctrines 

iii. He was a divinely aspired individual 

iv. Any other relevant point Any two be mentioned

1. India society, even in the 21st century, is a caste-ridden society. Caste plays an important role in marriage and politics. 

2. The Bhakti saints traditions are relevant even today as they addressed the key problem of caste. 

3. The lingayats, Alvars and Nayanars all initiated a protest movement against Brahmin domination. 

4. The Bhakti saints emphasis on toleration, universal peace and harmony, brotherhood, can help India overcome communal tendencies which is a bane of Indian democracy. 

5. Worship of one God, rejection of irrational practices popularised by Bhakti Saints. 

6. Kabir said God is one even if he is called by different names. This is relevant even today. 

7. Equality of genders in a gender biased society is yet another idea of Bhakti saints which is significant. 

8. Mirabai Bhajans are sung by both sexes especially the low caste in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Steps taken to clean London –

(i) Attempts were made up to decongest localities

(ii) Green the open space

(iii) Reduce pollution

(iv) Landscape the city

(v) Large blocks of apartments were built

(vi) Any other relevant point

Any three points to be described.

Detailed Answer :

The problems faced by the cotton weavers –

(i) They could not get sufficient supply of raw good quality cotton.

(ii) Cotton supplies from the US were cut off during the American Civil War, Britain turned to India. The price of raw cotton increased as raw cotton exports from India increased.

(iii) Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at very high prices.

In India, people follow different religions. Therefore, India remained neutral in matters of religion and chose to be a secular country. A secular state or a country is one that does not establish any one religion as official religion.

Following constitutional provisions declare India to be a secular state:

(i) The Constitution of India does not give special recognition to any religion and there is no State religion in India, unlike, Christianity in America, Buddhism in Sri Lanka etc.

(ii) The Constitution provides to all its citizens the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion of their choice.

(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

(iv) According to constitution state cannot intervene in the matters of religion in order to promote religious equality.

The demerits of democracy are: 

(1) Leaders keep changing in democracy that leads to instability. 

(2) Democracy is all about political competition and power play,hence there is no scope for morality. 

(iii) Incompetence Democracy gives every individual the right to voice his concern. As a result, everybody focuses on his personal interests and not the collective interests. This sometimes leads to incompetent and wrong selections of the candidates in the government.

(iv) Role of money in a democracy Money plays an important role at the time of the elections. A lot of money is needed to organise demonstrations, public meetings and speeches. Those candidates are chosen in the elections, who can raise lot of money for the party.

The Partition between India and Pakistan took place on the name of communities or religions. 

History has not witnessed such type of Partition. 

(ii) It was the first incidence in the history, where people of two countries moved across. Most of the Muslims of India crossed over to Pakistan and almost all the Hindus and Sikhs came to India from Pakistan. 

(iii) More than lakh people were killed. People who used to live with each other with peace and harmony started killing each other. Government machinery had no role in it. 

(iv) Innumerable women were raped and abducted. They had different type of problems. People were rendered homeless having suddenly lost all of their immovable and movable assets. They were separated from many of their relatives and friends as well.

The problems faced by the cotton weavers:

(i) They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.

(ii) When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up.

(iii) Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.

By the end of 19th century, Indian weavers again got a blow when textile factories were set up in India flooding market with machine made goods. It was difficult for the weavers to survive.

Major problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers – 

(i) Their export market collapsed. 

(ii) The local market shrunk. 

(iii) Increase in price of raw cotton. 

(iv) Shortage of cotton. 

(v) Difficulty of weavers to compete with the imported machine made cheaper cotton products. 

(vi) Factories in India also began cheaper machine made goods to which our weavers could not compete. 

(vii) Any other relevant point. Any three points to be described.

Expected values: 

1. Welfare

2. Equality 

3. Freedom 

4. Cooperation 

5. Devotion etc.

1. The Harappan seal is possibly the most distinctive artefact of the Harappan civilisation. 

Made of stone called steatite, seals like the above often contain animal motifs and signs from the script which to date remains deciphered. 

2. Large square unicorn is the most common motif on Indus seals and appears to represent a mythical animal that Greeks and Roman sources trace back to the Indian sub continent. 

3. A relatively long inscription of eight symbols runs across the top of the seal. The elongated body and slender arching neck is typical of unicorn figurines are the tail with bushy end and the bovine hoofs. 

4. This figure has triple incised line depicting a pipal leaf shaped blanket or halter while most unicorn figures have only a double incised line. 

5. The arching horn is depicted as if spiraling or ribbed and the jowl is incised with multiple folds. 

6. A collar or additional folds encircle the throat-in front of the unicorn is a ritual offering stand with droplets of water or sacred liquid along the bottom of the bowl. 

7. The top portion of the stand depicts a square grid or sieve that actually according to scholars may have been a circular cylinder.

1. Archaeological finds mention that Harappan civilisation had contacts with distant lands. Its reasons was exchange of goods. 

2. Copper was brought from Oman. Omani copper and Harappan artefacts, both have traces of nickel. A distinctive type of vessel coated with thick layer of black clay, had been found at Omani sites. 

3. These vessels with coating used to prevent the percolation of liquids. Probably Harappan people exchanged the contain of these vessels for Omani copper. 

4. Mesopotamian texts mentioned contacts with Dilmun (Today Bahrain) from where copper was procured. Copper products excavated from the sites of Mesopotamia have traces of nickel. 

5. Many archaeological evidences indicate towards the distant contacts, seals, weight, beads etc of Harappan culture. 

6. The texts of Mesopotamia mentioned the regions-Dilmun (today Bahrain), Magan and Meluhha. They explain the products from Meluhha. 

7. The products were like lapis lazuli, camelian, gold, copper. 

8. Oman was connected through sea. Mesopotamian texts refer Meluhha as a land of sea. Depictions of ships and boats on seals have also been found.

Sulh-i-kul policy of Akbar 

i. His empire comprised of many different ethnic and religious communities –Hindus, Jainas, Zoroastrians and Muslims. 

ii. As thesource of all peace and stability the emperor stoodabove all religious and ethnic groups, mediatedamong them, and ensured that justice and peace. 

iii. In sulh-i-kul all religions and schools of thoughthad freedom of expression. 

iv. The ideal of sulh-i-kul was implemented through state policies. 

v. The nobility under the Mughals wasa composite one comprising Iranis, Turanis, Afghans,Rajputs, Deccanis, etc. 

vi. Akbar abolished the tax onpilgrimage in 1563 and jizyain 1564 as the two were basedon religious discrimination. 

vii. Instructions were sent toofficers of the empire tofollow the precept of sulh-i-kul in administration. 

viii. All Mughal emperors gavegrants to support thebuilding and maintenance of places of worship and maintenance. 

ix. On Id, Shab-i-barat and Holi, the court was full of life. 

x. The nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic andreligious groups 

xi. Akbar had marital alliances with various ethnic groups 

xii. Members of Hindu castes inclined towards educationand accountancy were also promoted, a famousexample being Akbar’s finance minister, Raja TodarMal, who belonged to the Khatri caste 

xiii. The high respect shown by Akbar towardsthe members of the Jesuit mission xiv. Interfaith debates in the ibadatkhanaat Fatehpur Sikri between learned Muslims, Hindus, Jainas, Parsis and Christians. 

xv. Akbar’s religious viewsmatured as he queried scholars ofdifferent religions and sects and gatheredknowledge about their doctrines. 

xvi. He tried to understand religions towards a self-conceived eclecticform of divine worship focused on lightand the sun. 

xvii. He assimilated a heterogeneous populace within an imperial edifice

Buddhism 

i. According to the traditions, Siddhartha was the son of a chief of the Sakya clan. He had a sheltered upbringing within the palace, insulated from the harsh realities of life. 

ii. One day he persuaded his charioteer to take him into the city. His first journey into the world outside was traumatic. 

iii. He was deeply anguished when he saw an old man, a sick man and a corpse (dead body). He realized in that moment that the decay and destruction of the human body was inevitable. 

iv. He also saw a homeless mendicant, who had come to terms with old age, disease and death, and found peace. Siddhartha decided that he too would adopt the same path. 

v. Soon after, he left the palace and set out in search of his own truth. Siddhartha explored several paths including bodily mortification which led him to a situation of near death. He meditated for several days and finally attained enlightenment. After this he came to be known as the Buddha or the Enlightened One.

The Teachings of the Buddha 

i. The Buddha’s teachings have been reconstructed from stories, found mainly in the SuttaPitaka. 

ii. According to Buddhist philosophy, the world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing;it is also soulless (anatta) as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it. 

iii. Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence. 

iv. By following the path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence that human beings can come out of these worldly troubles. 

v. The Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin. Therefore, he advised kings and gahapatis to be humane and ethical towards common people. 

vi. Individual effort was expected to transform social relations. 

vii. The Buddha emphasized individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realization.

The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding on all other courts of the country.

In this integrated Court system, theSupreme Court stands out as the highest and the final judicial tribunal of India. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and a number of other Judges. At the commencement of the constitution, the number of judges was 13 including the Chief Justice. also protect Indian Constitution in all aspects.

Powers of the Supreme Court are:

(i) The Supreme Court can take up any dispute

• Between citizens of the country.
• Between citizens and government.
• Between two or more State Governments.
• Between governments at the union arid state level.
  (ii) It is the highest court of appeal in criminal and civil cases. The Supreme Court can hear appeals both in criminal and civil cases against decisions of the High Courts.
  (iii) The Supreme Court gives legal advice to the
  President of India on any legal or constitutional matter referred to it.
  (iv) The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the . Constitution of the country.
  (v) The powers and independence of judiciary allows it to act as the guardian of Fundamental Rights.

Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras) and Kolkata (Calcutta) (any two) OR Jamshedpur

Print culture had a profound impact on the lives of women in 19th century India. Their lives and feelings which were previously confined within the four walls of their homes became the topics of writing and discussion. 

• Women’s reading increased enormously in middle class homes and journals began to be written by women explaining the necessity of women education.
• When novels began to be written in the 19th century, women were seen as important readers.
• Some of the best known novelists had defined a new type of woman; as a person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.

(A) Kolkata seaport 

(B) Nepal and Bhutan