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• The Constituent Assembly completed the Constitution on 26 November, 1949.
• But it was imposed on 26 January, 1950 to give due importance to the date, 26th January.
• To mark this day we celebrate it as the Republic Day every year.
• Jawaharlal Nehru declared Independence Day of India on 26th January, 1931.

(a) We should try to be calm and quiet. 

(b) It helps us to increase our concentration. 

(c) Yoga is another way to increase concentration. or Another was to increase concentration is yoga. 

(d) Yoga improves our health and physical fitness.

(a) There is lack of employment opportunities in rural areas. / In rural areas there is lack of employment opportunities. (any one) 

(b) So people come to cities in search of work. or So in search of work people come to cities. 

(c) They live in appalling conditions in cities. or In cities they live in appalling conditions. or They live in cities in appalling conditions. (any one) 

(d) Parents should look after their children skillfully.

(a) 16 children die daily on Indian roads. or On Indian roads, daily, 16 children die. or On Indian roads, 16 children die daily. or 16 children die on Indian roads daily. 

(b) The chief cause of accidents is violation of traffic rules. or Violation of traffic rules is the chief cause of accidents. 

(c) The saddest thing is lack of public concern for the road victims. or Lack of public concern for the road victims is the saddest thing. or The saddest thing for the road victims is lack of public concern. 

(d) If people do not obey traffic rules, there will be more accidents.

(a) It would have environmental benefits too. 

(b) Cameras, sensors and software have been added to the cars. 

(c) Google is planning to create a fleet of driverless taxis. 

(d) It is expected to begin soon.

(a) Many people are killed in road accidents daily. 

(b) There is a great rush on the road in the morning time. 

(c) Many people are in a hurry to go to their offices. 

(d) Accidents can however be prevented.

(a) The narrator is asked to ensure that his wife was going to get rid of the Ouija board.

(b) The speaker wishes he had never seen the ghost of Helen. She has created so many problems for him. 

(c) loss

(a) Though Antony may be alive but his heart is in the coffin with dead Caesar. 

(b) The speaker is trying to arouse sympathy of the people for Caesar. 

(c) brutish

He went back to his back days memories when he used to act on a stage. Earlier in Jntras, in amateur theatricals, in plays put up by the club in his neighbourhood, Patol Babu was always in demand.his name had appeared on handbills on countless occasions.

The poet felt guilt-ridden and considered this act meanness. He wished that the snake would come back as he has lost the opportunity of knowing and understanding one of the lords of life.

The sculptor wanted to portray that no one can conquer the time even if he is a mighty ruler or some rich person. In spite of being the mightiest ruler, Ozymandias could not change his fate.

Michael and his father were fond of computer games. Both of them had spent the entire Saturday afternoon at the Computer Fair buying some computer games as his father could not resist any of the new gadgets and gizmos that came to the market.

Lavinia’s Ouija board party consisted mainly of elderly women. They were sitting in couples. There was an Ouija board between each couple. They were manipulating Ouija boards to have communication with spirits. John was forced to become a partner of flirtatious Laura Hinkle. They could get answers of their questions from the spirits on the boards.

John considered Ouija boards “positively devilish.” He asked his wife Lavinia to get rid of that devilish thing as soon as she could. But Lavinia didn’t want to return the Ouija board she had bought. In the first place they wouldn’t exchange as it was bought at a bargain sale. Secondly, if John was not interested in the other world or ghosts, she was. Saying this she walked out in a huff.

Lavinia brought Ouija Board for John because she thought that the board would help her husband to write stories. If John had to write any historical novel then he did not have to look over musty old books in the public library. He could directly communicate to Napoleon or William or Helen of Troy to write short stories which would help him easily to earn his livelihood. 

John had to leave the party quite humiliated. He was suspected of flirting with Helen on the Ouija board. He got up and fled from the room. At the breakfast table next morning there was no sign of his wife. He heard a tap at the door and a white slip of paper slid under it. Lavinia had written that she was going back to her grandmother. Her lawyer would communicate with him later. Their relations were on the verge of breaking up. He wished, he was dead.

Lavinia defended her act by saying that the Ouija board could help John write his stories. Suppose he wanted to write a historical novel, he would not have to read old books. He could take his Ouija and could talk to Napolean, or William the Conqueror, or Helen of Troy. In this way, the Ouija board could help him in writing stories.

Lavinia was quite excited. She bought an Ouija board. She called it ‘the duckliest and darlingest’ thing in the world. John considered it just another foolish act of Lavinia. However, Lavinia told John that he could talk to Napolean and Helen of Troy on the Ouija board. The board will make writing his ghost stories easier.

(a) The narrator agrees that Lavinia should go back to her grandmother immediately. Change of air will do her good. 

(b) John will get time to explain the situation to his wife coolly after Helen’s ghost departs. 

(c) boo

Flirtatious Laura at once told Lavinia that some Helen had just been calling her husband on the Ouija board. Soon the rumour spread that John was flirting with some Helen on the Ouija board. All five Ouija boards were calling him by name. Lavinia looked at him angrily as if he were some peculiar insect. John felt miserable and his face showed an idiotic grin.

(a) The narrator waves denial to say that he is not hiding anybody behind him. 

(b) Lavinia blames that her husband, John has been flirting on the Ouija board with Helen. 

(c) hussy

Laura Hinkle was bending over the Ouija board and manipulating it. She spelled out loudly. “T-r-a-i-t-o-r.” When she wanted to know its meaning, then came as answer. “A-s-k-h-i-m!” Laura’s finger stuck to the board and she asked, “Ouija, won’t you tell us who is talking?” Laura spelled out “H-e-l-e-n.” John felt miserable and wanted to run away immediately.

(a) The owl-eyed phantom was the apparition or ghost of Helen. 

(b) No, the phantom was owl-eyed and dressed in unattractive plaid skirt and stiff shirtwaist. She had no powder on her nose. Helen didn’t at all look pretty or attractive. 

(c) apparition

Correct option (b) hands out ten pound note.

By teaching English to the migrant labourers.

By chewing the leaves of the medicinal creeper.

John Hallock didn’t specialise in ghost stories. But more or less they seemed to specialise in him. A ghost story had been the first fiction he had written. Strangely he had no idea to write a story. But the idea for a plot had come to him out of nowwhere. He was able to write a ghost story. Somehow whenever Jenkins wanted a ghost story he was able to dig one up for him. So, John had become over confident or a bit cockey as to his ability.

(a) The narrator’s wife looks most pretty when she does that thing deliberately which her husband has forbidden to do. 

(b) The narrator disapproves of buying a Ouija board. 

(c) disapprove

(a) The narrator has not reached that stage where he could devote himself only to writing. 

(b) He was working as a bookkeeper for a lumber company. 

(c) early

Equation of plane passing through the line of intersection of given plane is

\(\vec r .(\hat i + \hat j + \hat k) + \lambda (2\hat i + 3\hat j - \hat k)= 10 -4 \lambda\)

where \(\vec r = x \hat i + y\hat j +z \hat k\)

⇒ \((x \hat i + y\hat j + z\hat k).((1 + 2\lambda)\hat i + (1 + 3\lambda)\hat j + (1 - \lambda)\hat k) = 10 - 4\lambda\)   .....(i)

It is passing through point (-2, 3, 1).

\(\therefore -2 ( 1 + 2\lambda )+ 3(1+ 3\lambda)+ 1(1 - \lambda) = 10 - 4\lambda\)

⇒ \(- 2-4 \lambda + 3 + 9\lambda + 1 - \lambda = 10 - 4 \lambda\)

⇒ \(8 \lambda = 10 -2\)

⇒ \(8 \lambda = 8\)

⇒ \(\lambda = 1\)

Hence, the equation of required plane is 

\(\vec r .(3 \hat i + 4 \hat j) = 6\)         (From(i))

or \(3x + 4y = 6\)

\(\vec a .\vec b= |\vec a| |\vec b| cos \theta\)

⇒ \(\vec a .\vec b= cos \theta\)        \((|\vec a|= |\vec b|=1)\)

Now,

\(|\vec a - \vec b|^2 = (\vec a - \vec b).(\vec a - \vec b)\)

\(= \vec a .\vec a - 2\vec a.\vec b + \vec b. \vec b \)

\(=|a|^2 - 2cos \theta + |\vec b|^2\)

\(= 1 - 2cos \theta + 1 \)       \((\because |\vec a| = |\vec b| = 1)\)

\(= 2 (1 - cos \theta )\)

\(= 2 (1 - (1 - 2sin^2 \frac\theta 2))\)

\(= 4 sin^2\frac\theta 2\)

⇒ \(sin^2 \frac\theta2 = \frac14 |\vec a - \vec b|^2\)

⇒ \(sin \frac\theta2 = \frac12 |\vec a - \vec b|\)

We know that the area of parallelogram = base x height

(a) Here base = 7 cm and height = 4 cm

\ Area of parallelogram = 7 x 4 = 28 cm²

(b) Here base = 5 cm and height = 3 cm

\ Area of parallelogram = 5 x 3 = 15 cm²

(c) Here base = 2.5 cm and height = 3.5 cm

\ Area of parallelogram = 2.5 x 3.5 = 8.75 cm²

(d) Here base = 5 cm and height = 4.8 cm

\ Area of parallelogram = 5 x 4.8 = 24 cm²

(e) Here base = 2 cm and height = 4.4 cm

\ Area of parallelogram = 2 x 4.4 = 8.8 cm²

Perimeter of rectangle = 130 cm

⇒ 2 (length + breadth) = 130 cm

⇒ 2 (length + 30) = 130

⇒length + 30 = 130/2

⇒length + 30 = 65

⇒length = 65 – 30 = 35 cm

Now area of rectangle = length x breadth = 35 x 30 = 1050 cm² 

Thus, the area of rectangle is 1050 cm².

According to the question,

Perimeter of square = Perimeter of rectangle

⇒ 4 x side = 2 (length + breadth)

⇒ 4 x side = 2 (40 + 22) ⇒ 4 x side = 2 x 62

⇒ side = (2 x 62)/4 = 31 cm

Thus, the side of the square is 31 cm.

Now, Area of rectangle = length x breadth = 40 x 22 = 880 cm² 

And Area of square = side x side = 31 x 31 = 961 cm²

Therefore, on comparing, the area of square is greater than that of rectangle.

The argument given by Dr. Ambedkar against the institution of Panchayati Raj

• Local elites and upper castes would continue to exploit lower caste through power given to Panchayats.
• Leading to further exploitation of lower castes & downtrodden.

Tribals have paid a disproportionate price for the development of the rest of the Indian Society :

• This kind of development benefitted the mainstream at the expense of the Tribes. 
• National Development particularly in the Nehruvian Era involved building of large Dams. 
• Dispossessing tribal of their land resulted as a necessary by-product of the exploitation of minerals and utilisation of favorable sites for setting up hydroelectric power plants in Tribal areas. 
• Loss of forests was a major blow to the tribal communities. The coming in of private property adversely affected the tribal community based forms of collective ownership. Forests were systematically exploited in British times and continued after Independence.
• Series of Dams built on Narmada where most of the costs and benefits seem to flow disproportionately to different communities and regions.
• Tribal community regions started experiencing problem of heavy in migration of Non Tribals due to pressure of Development. This threatens to disrupt and overwhelm tribal communities and cultures besides accelerating exploitation.

The significance of 73^rd Amendment

• Monumental in bringing voice to the people.
• Reservation of 1/3 rd seats for women.
• 17% seats reserved for SC women & tribes. 
• Local resources controlled by local bodies.

The concept of role conflict using the case study of Khasi tribes :

• The intense contradiction in the matrilineal system arises from the separation of line of descent and inheritance on one hand and structure of authority and control on the other. 
• The former which links mother to the daughter comes in conflict with the latter which links the mother’s brother to the sister’s son. 
• This generates role conflict for men, they are torn between their responsibilities of their natal house on one hand and to their wife and children on the other. 
• The situation generated by such a conflict affects khasi women as they can never be fully assured that her 4 husband can never find his sister’s house more congenial place than her own. 
• Sister is apprehensive of her brother’s commitment for her welfare because the wife with whom he lives can pull him away from his natal responsibilities. 
• Women are more adversely affected by this role conflict than men because system is more lenient for men and there is a transgression of rules.

• Social stratification is a system by which categories of people is a society are ranked in hierarchy. Key Conepts: 
• Social stratification is a characteristic of society and not simply a function of individual differences. 
• Social Stratification persists over generations.  
• Social stratification is supported by the patterns of belief and ideology

Gisbert: 

“Social stratification is the division of society into permanent groups of categories linked with each other by the relationship of superiority and subordinations”.

Williams: 

Social Stratification refers to “The ranking of individuals on a scale of superiority-inferiority-equality, according to some commonly accepted basis of valuation.

Melvin M Tumin: 

“Social stratification refers to “arrangement of any social group or society into hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation and psychic gratification”.

The three key principles of social stratification are as follows:

(i) Social stratification is not just a function for the individual difference but is a characteristic of a society

(ii) Social stratification is continuing from generation to generation

(iii) Social stratification is supported by a prototype of belief or ideology

The old religious man declared that he had found a text to prove that only God can love someone for themselves alone and not because of their external beauty.
He wanted to prove that Men will be Men they will fall for physical attractions quite easily, Only god has the power to resist outwardly physical temptations. Only god can love us for who we are and not for how we look.

Mr. Pakrashi was Patol Babu’s mentor and guru. His words were a source of inspiration to Patol Babu in his testing time. After remembering his words he was able to fight with his initial apprehensions to go ahead with his dialogue. In the role of an absent minded pedestrian, Patol Babu initially lost his temper. He later regained composure when he remembered the words of his mentor, who said that each word spoken in a play is like a fruit on a tree. Not everyone in the audience has access to it. But an actor must know how to pluck it and get at its essence and serve it up to the audience for their edification. These words helped Patol Babu to reconcile to the dialogue given to him. 

Ben Jordan referred the grandfather as “The drunken old beggar” because the grandfather has not paid the insurance premium.

The other crew members were fickle minded because of their change in opinion as earlier they were against the mariner & later they were with him.

The old religious man says that he has found a text which proves that only God could love us for ourselves alone and not for physical beauty. He is the one who truly loves us.

When the conductor stretched out his hand to help her get on the bus, Valli said commandingly that she could get on by herself, and that she did not require his help. She did not act like a child, but as a grown-up girl and therefore, the conductor called her ‘madam’. When the elderly man called her a child and asked her to sit down on her seat, she replied that nobody was a child on the bus. She kept stressing on the fact that she had paid her fare like everybody else and therefore, she should not be treated differently.

An eddy current is a  current set up in a conductor in response to a changing magnetic field. They flow in closed loops in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.  By Lenz law, the current swirls in such a way as to create a magnetic field opposing the change; for this to occur in a conductor, electrons swirl in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.

According to Faraday is law changing magnetic field produces electric field in a conductor. Electric field in a conductor gives rise to electric current according to ohms law. Or in other words the induced field gives rise to emf which lets current flow in closed loops.  

To minimize the eddy currents,the metal core to be used in an appliance is taken in the form of thin sheets.The planes of these sheets are arranged parallel to the magnetic field so that they cut across the eddy current paths. Large resistance between the thin sheets confines the eddy currents to the individual sheets. Hence the eddy currents are reduced to a large extent.

(a) CuT :- IUDS. IUDS increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus and the Cu ions release suppress sperms motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms. These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus, through vagina. 

(b) Saheli :- Oral contraceptive for the females contain a non-steroidal preparation. It is once a weak pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.

Homology – Organs which are similar in structure and origin but may be similar or dissimilar in functions.

Ex. Thorns of Bougenvallia, Tendrils of Cucurbita

Analogy – Organs which are dissimilar in structure and origin but similar in function.

Ex. Potato and Sweet Potato.