Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(i) Triplet – It contain three Nitrogenase bases

(ii) Universal – Same in all prokaryote and Eukaryote

(iii) Non ambiguos – each codon specific for one amino acid.

(iv) Non overlapping – Nitrogenous base of one codon does not involve in another codon.

The city is a product of the industrial transformation in the southern states since the Civil War.

A simple example of the transformation of kinetic energy into potential energy, and vice versa, is afforded by the pendulum.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Baculovirus belongs to the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthopods. These viruses are very useful for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. Also, as they show no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects, they are beneficial in integrated pest management (IPM) programme in which beneficial insects are conserved.

(a) The gases obtained are CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour. The closed flask, electric discharge was created at 800°C. 

(b) Amino acids were collected in the water at ‘B’. 

(c) He arrived at the conclusion that life came from pre-existing non-living organic molecules and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution.

Saheli contains a non-steroidal preparation and it is once-a-week pill. It has very few side-effects but high contraceptive value.

Renu starts heating pure water in a tube. It will start boiling at 373 K.

(i) Lichens 

(ii) Phytoplanktons.

Complementary base pairing describes the manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other. Complementary base pairings are also responsible for the double-helix structure of DNA.

Function 

Complementary base pairing is important in DNA as it allows the base pairs to be arranged in the most energetically favourable way; it is essential in forming the helical structure of DNA.  

It is also important in replication as it allows semi conservative replication.

ELISA is based on antigen–antibody reaction.

(c) Sclerenchymatous tissue

Ice and water co-exist under atmospheric pressure (a) At 0º C.

a–Repressor 

b–Repressor bound to the operator and prevents transcription of structural genes.

(c) Light and dark bonds

(b) Collenchyma

The outermost layer of a plant cell is Cell wall.

(b) Collenchymatous tissue

(d) highlight the cell organelles

The correct option is (d) D.

(b) Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

(d) Dendrites, cyton, nucleus, axon

(b) (iv), (i), (iii), (ii)

A permanent slide shows thin walled isodiametric cells with a large vacuole. The slide contains parenchyma cells.

• It catches fire, bums with dazzling white flame and forms white powdery mass of magnesium oxide.
• Zinc metal reacts with copper sulphate solution to form zinc sulphate, colourless zinc sulphate solution and copper metal is deposited.

• When upward force acting on the bottle is more than the downward force acting on the bottle, then it will float.
• The downward force is the gravitational pull of the earth.

• The stain makes cell wall, nucleus, cell membrane visible as they take up the stain.
• Glycerine prevents the drying of specimen. The material remains wet and do not dry.

(d) Thin layer of fleshy leaf of onion should not dry

Unstriated muscles are found in Urinary bladder.

Einstein's photoelectric equation is E_k = hv -W for a single photon ejecting a single electron. 

(i) Explanation of frequency law: When frequency of incident photon (v), increases, the kinetic energy of emitted electron increases. Intensity has no effect on kinetic energy of photoelectrons.

(ii) Explanation of intensity law: When intensity of incident light increases, the number of incident photons increases, as one photon ejects one electron; the increase in intensity will increase the number of ejected electrons. In other words, photocurrent will increase with increase of intensity. Frequency has no effect on photocurrent. 

(iii) Explanation of no time lag law: When the energy of incident photon is greater than work function, the photoelectron is immediately ejected. Thus there is no time lag between incidence of light and emission of photoelectrons.

Einstein photo electric equation is hv = ϕ₀ + K_max, The energy (hv) carried by a photon of frequency n is absorbed by electrons on the surface to 

(i) overcome the work function of metal ϕ_0. 

(ii) impart maximum K.E. to the emitted electron (K_max.) ∴​ hv = ϕ₀ + K_max 

Three salient features are: 

(i) Cut-off potential of the emitted electrons is proportional to v. 

(ii) Photo electric emission of electrons is possible only when v > v₀ = ϕ₀/h

(iii) Max. K.E. is independent of intensity of incident radiations.

The screen is just a device to observe the real image formed by a convex lens. The image of a distant object continues to get formed at focus of the convex lens even when no screen is being used to show its formation.

(i) Hold the slide carefully to avoid its breakage.
(ii) Always hold the slide by its edge to avoid making it dirty

A light emitting diode is simply a forward biased p-n junction which emits spontaneous light radiation. At the junction, energy is released in the form of photons due to the recombination of the excess minority charge carrier with the majority charge carrier.
Advantages
(i) Low operational voltage and less powder.
(ii) Fast action and no warm up time required.

∵ m = m_o m_e = -30 (virtual, inverted) 

∵ f_o = 1.25cm 

 f_e = 5.0cm 

Let us setup a compound microscope such that the final image be formed at D, then 

m_e = 1 + (D/f_e) = 1 + (25/5) = 6

and position of object for this image formation can be calculated – 

(i/Ve) - (1/ue) = 1/f_e

(1/-25) - (1/ue) = 1/5

- 1/ue = (1/5) + (1/25) = 6/25

ue = -25/6 = - 4.17 cm 

∵ m = m_o × m_e

∴ m_o = +Vo/uo = -30/6 = -5 

∴ V = -5u_o

(1/Vo) - (1/uo) = 1/fo

(1/-5uo) - (1/uo) = 1/1.25

-6/5uo = 1/1.25

uo = -1.5cm ⟹ v_o = 7.5cm 

Tube length = V_o + |u_e| = 7.5 cm + 4.17 cm 

L = 11.67 cm 

Object should be placed at 1.5 cm distance from the objective lens. 

Curves a and b have different intensities but same stopping potential, so curves ‘a’ and ‘b’ have same frequency but different intensities.

L₁ is used as objective because it has largest focal length and largest aperture and L₃ as eyepiece as it has a smallest focal length.

Objective lens - L₃

Eyepiece - L₂

Deposits raised by the company from public are called public deposit.

Merits :

(a) Procedure of obtaining is simple.

(b) Cost of public deposit lower than bank loans.

(c) Do not usually create any charge on asset.

(d) Depositors not having voting rights.

Detailed Answer : 

Public Deposits are raised by companies directly from the public at a fixed rate of interest for a period upto three years. 

Four merits of public Deposits : 

(a) The procedure of obtaining deposits is simple and does not contain any restrictive conditions. 

(b) Cost of public deposits is generally lower than the cost of borrowings from banks and financial institutions. 

(c) Public Deposits do not usually create any charge on the assets of the company. 

(d) As the depositors do not have voting rights, the control of the company is not diluted.

(a) Land

(b) Power

(c) Water

(d) Finance

Detailed Answer : 

The incentives provided by the government are as follows : 

(a) Land : Developed plots are offered by every state for establishing industries. 

(b) Power : Some states supply power at a concessional rate of 50%, while some give it free of cost during the initial years. 

(c) Water : Water is either supplied at 50% concession or is totally free for a period of 5 years. 

(d) Finance : Small business units are offered loans at a very low rate of interest, i.e., 10 to 15% subsidy is given for building capital assets. 

(e) Sales tax : Exemption from sales tax is extended by some states for a period of 5 years while all union territories provide full exemption from sales tax. It is also known as Value Added Tax (VAT). 

(f) Raw material : Units located in backward areas get preferential treatment in the matter of allotment of scarce raw materials like cement, iron, steel, etc.

Merits :

(a) Quick decision making.

(b) Confidential Information

(c) Direct Incentives.

(d) Ease of formation and closure.

Demerits :

(a) Limited resources.

(b) Limited life.

(c) Unlimited liability.

(d) Limited managerial ability.

Detailed Answer : 

Merits : Sole proprietorship offers many advantages. Some of the important ones are as follows : 

(a) Quick decision making : A sole proprietor enjoys considerable degree of freedom in making business decisions. 

(b) Confidential and secrecy : Sole decision making authority enables the proprietor to keep all the information related to business operations confidential and maintain secrecy. A sole trader is also not bound by law to publish the firm’s accounts. 

(c) Direct incentive : A sole proprietor directly reaps the benefits of his/her efforts as he/she is the sole recipient of all the profits. 

(d) Sense of accomplishment : There is a personal satisfaction involved in working for oneself. The knowledge that one is responsible for the success of the business not only contributes to self-satisfaction but also instills a sense of accomplishment and confidence in one’s abilities. 

Limitations / Demerits : Sole proprietorship has some limitations which are as follows : 

(a) Limited resources : Resources of a sole proprietor are limited to his/her personal savings and borrowings from others. 

(b) Limited life of a business concern : In the eyes of law, the proprietor and the owner are considered one and the same. Death, insolvency or illness of a proprietor affects the business and can lead to its closure. 

(c) Unlimited liability : A major disadvantage of sole proprietorship is that the owner has unlimited liability. If the business fails, the creditors can recover their dues not only from the business assets, but also from the personal assets of the proprietor. 

(d) Limited managerial ability : The owner has to assume the responsibility of varied managerial tasks, such as purchasing, selling, financing, etc. It is rare to find an individual who excels in all these areas.

(i) Against imposition of Emergency. 

(ii) The Indian Express and the Statesman. 

(iii) These newspapers protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored. 

(iv) Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth awarded with Padma Bhushan and Hindi writer Phanishwarnath Renu awarded with Padma Shri returned their awards in protest against suspension of democracy.

(v) Magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainst-ream’ chose to close down rather than submit to censorship

(a) Artificial person 

(b) Separate legal entity

(c) Difficult formation 

(d) Perpetual succession

(e) Common seal 

(f) Risk bearing

(g) limited liability 

(h) Transfer of interest

Detailed Answer : 

(a) Artificial person : A company is a creation of law and exists independent of its members. Like natural persons, a company can own property, borrow money, sue and be sued but unlike them, it cannot breathe, eat, talk and so on. 

(b) Separate legal entity : From the day of its incorporation, a company acquires an identity, distinct from its member. 

(c) Difficult formation : The formation of a company and registration involves preparation of several documents and compliance with several legal requirements. Registration of the company is compulsory.

(d) Perpetual succession : Members may come and members may go, but the company continues to exist. It can be brought to an end only by law. 

(e) Common seal : The company being a artificial person acts through its Board of Directors. Board of Directors enters into an agreement with others by indicating the company approval through a common seal. 

(f) Risk bearing : In the face of financial difficulties, all shareholders in a company have to contribute to the debts to the extent of their shares in the company’s capital. 

(g) Limited liability : The liability of the shareholders is limited to the extent of their capital contributed in the company. 

(h) Transfer of interest : The shareholders enjoy a right to transfer their shares to other persons in the open market or at the stock exchange.

(a) Facilitating large scale operation.

(b) Bearing risk

(c) Financial assistance.

(d) Expert advice.

Detailed Answer : 

Services provided by wholesaler to manufacturers are as follows : 

(a) Facilitating large scale production : A wholesaler purchases the goods from the manufacturer in large quantities. This enables the manufacture to produce on a large scale and obtain the benefits of economies of scale. 

(b) Financial assistance : The wholesalers make cash payments for the goods purchased by them. Sometimes they even pay money in advance for the bulk orders placed by them. So, the manufacturer's capital is not blocked in the stocks. 

(c) Bearing risk : A wholesaler takes title of goods, i.e., they purchase and sell goods in their own name. They purchase the goods in large quantities and store them in their warehouses. They bear the risk of fall in prices, theft, spoilage, fire etc. and relieve the manufacturer from bearing these risks. 

(d) Expert advice : A wholesaler provides very useful information regarding the tastes and preferences of the consumer, market conditions, competitive activities, etc. to the manufacture. 

(e) Storage : Wholesalers purchase the goods in bulk quantities from the manufacturers and store them in their warehouses.

(a) Attract large number of customer.

(b) Convenience in buying.

(c) Attractive service.

(d) Economy of large scale operation.

Detailed Answer : 

Four merits of Departmental stores : 

(a) Convenient shopping : Departmental stores offer a large variety of goods under one roof which enables consumers to save time and the effort of making purchases at different places. 

(b) Central location : Departmental stores are located at central places so that more and more people can approach these stores easily. 

(c) Economies of scale : Large scale operation and buying goods in bulk by department stores offers benefit of economies of large scale. 

(d) Services : Departmental stores offer various services to their customers such as credit facility, free home delivery, rest rooms, etc. which makes shopping pleasant for customers.

Merits :

(a) Ease of formation and closure : There is no compulsion for registration of the firm.

(b) Balanced decision making : Partners can oversee different areas according to their area of expertise.

(c) More funds : As the capital is contributed by a number of partners.

(d) Sharing of risks : Risks of losses is shared by all the partners, reducing the burden on individual partner.

Demerits :

(a) Unlimited liability : Partners' personal resources can be used to repay business debt.

(b) Limited resources : As there is restriction on numbers of partners so less capital contribution.

(c) Possibility of conflicts : Difference in opinion of partners on same issues may lead to disputes between them.

(d) Lack of continuity of business : Death, lunacy, insolvency of any partner may bring an end to the business.

(a) General stores.

(b) Speciality shops.

(c) Street Stall holders.

(d) Second hand goods shops.

Detailed Answer : 

Different types of small fixed shop retailers are as follows : 

(a) General Stores : These stores deal in large variety of products required to satisfy day-to-day requirements of the customers. These are found in a local markets and residential areas. These stores remain open for long hours and provide convenience to the consumers to buy goods of daily use such as stationery items, grocery items, toiletries, biscuits, etc. They also provide credit facility to their regular customers. 

(b) Speciality shops : These shops deal in specific line of products like shoes, toys, gifts, children's garments, electronic goods, etc. Such shops are becoming very common particularly in urban areas. In order to attract large number of customers, these shops are centrally located. 

(c) Street stall holders : These are small retailers generally found at places having heavy flow of population such as street crossings , main roads, etc. They deal in low quality goods like toys, hosiery products, etc. Very limited area is covered by their shops so that they carry business operations on a very limited space. 

(d) Second-hand goods shop : These retail shops deal in second-hand or used goods like automobiles, furniture, books, etc. They cater to the needs of people having limited means. The price of the goods sold by them is generally low. Sometimes, these shops deal in antiques items or goods having historical value. In such a case, they charge high price from customers having special interest in such goods. 

(e) Single line stores : These stores deal in single product line such as watches, shoes, tyres, ready-made garments, books, etc. These stores are centrally located and keep wide variety of items of the same line.

Benefits to Nations : 

(a) Earning of foreign exchange. 

(d) More efficient use of resources. 

(c) Improving growth prospects and employment potentials. 

(d) Increased standard of living.

Benefits to firms : 

(a) Prospects for higher profits. 

(b) Increased capacity utilisation. 

(c) Prospects for growth. 

(d) Improved business vision. 

(e) Wayout to intense competition in domestic market.

Detailed Answer : 

Benefits to Nations : 

(a) Earning of foreign exchange : International business helps a country to earn foreign exchange which it can later use for meeting its imports of capital goods, technology, petroleum products and fertilizers, pharmaceutical products and a host of other consumer products which otherwise might not be available domestically. 

(b) More efficient use of resources : As stated earlier, international business operates on a simple principle 'Produce what your country can produce more efficiently and trade the surplus production generated with other countries to procure what they can produce more efficiently'. When countries trade on this principle, they end up producing much more than what they can, when each of them attempts to produce all the goods and services on its own. If such as enhanced pool of goods and services is distributed equally amongst nations, it benefits all the trading nations. 

(c) Improving growth prospects and employment potentials : Producing solely for the purpose of domestic consumption severely restricts a country's prospects for growth and employment. Many developing countries could not execute their plans to produce on a large scale, and thus, create employment of people because their limited domestic market to absorb all the extra production. The strategy 'export and flourish' will help them not only in improving their growth prospects, but also to create opportunities for employment of people living in these countries. 

(d) Increased standard of living : In the absence of international trade of goods and services, it would not have been possible for the world community to consume goods and services produced in other countries, that the people in these countries are able to consume and enjoy a higher standard of living.

Benefits to Firms : 

(a) Increased capacity utilization : Generally, the firms whose products have good demand in the domestic market set up high production capacities for their products by planning for overseas expansion too. With the help of orders from foreign customers, they can utilize their surplus production capacities and hence earn higher profits. 

(b) Prospects for higher profits : As compared to domestic business, international business can be more profitable. Business firms can earn higher profits by selling their products in countries where prices are high, particularly when the domestic prices are not satisfactory. 

(c) Prospects for growth : Business firms with saturated demand for their products in the domestic market can improve their prospects of growth by entering into foreign markets. This is the prime reason which has prompted many of the multinational companies from the developed countries to tap markets of developing countries. 

(d) Improved business vision : Business policies and strategic management have resulted in the growth of international business of many companies. The need to grow, become competitive, diversify and gain strategic advantages has created an international vision. 

(e) Way out to intense competition in domestic market : The only was to achieve significant growth in intense competition in domestic market is internationalization. Hence, international business acts as a catalyst of growth for business firms facing tough competition in the domestic market.

(a) Cost and ease in setting up the organisation. 

(b) Liability of the owner.

(c) Continuity of business. 

(d) Nature of business.

(e) Degree of control. 

(f) Management ability.

(g) Capital Consideration.