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To find the ratio of: 

(a) Rs 5 to 50paise

Rs 5 = 500 Paise

Ratio = 500/50 = 10/1 = 10:1

(b) 15kg to 210 g 

1kg = 1000 gm

15Kg = 15*1000 = 15000 gm

Ratio = 15000/210 = 500/7 = 500:7

(c) 9m to 27cm 

1m = 100cm

9m = 9*100 = 900cm

Ratio = 900/27 = 100/3 = 100:3

(d) 30days to 36 hours

1 day = 24 hours

30 days = 24*30 = 720 hours

Ratio = 720/36 = 20/1 = 20:1

Converse : If a number is divisible by 3 then it is divisible by 9 

Contrapositive : If a number is not divisible by 3 then it is not divisible by 9

         n(S ∪ T) = n(S) + n(T) – n(S ∩ T) 

or         n(S) = 21 n(T) = 32 n(S ∩ T) = 11

Getting  n(S ∪ T) = 21 + 32 – 11 = 42

B ∪ C = {7, 9, 11, 13, 15}

A ∩ (B ∪ C) = {7, 9, 11}

Detailed Answer :

A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}

B = {7, 9, 11, 13}

C = {11, 13, 15}

B ∪ C = {7, 9, 11, 13} ∪ {11, 13, 15}

= {7, 9, 11, 13, 15} 

A ∩ (B ∪ C) = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} ∩ {7, 9, 11, 13, 15}

= {7, 9, 11}

Let x be two equal angles of its supplement. Therefore, 

x + x = 180° [Supplementary angles] 

⇒ 2 x = 180°

⇒ x = 180°/2 = 90°

Thus, 90 is equal to its supplement.

If sum of two angles is 180° , then they are called supplementary angles.

 If sum of two angles is 90° , then they are called complementary angles. 

(i) 65° + 115° = 180° These are supplementary angles. 

(ii) 63° + 27° = 90° These are complementary angles. 

(iii) 112° + 68° = 180°These are supplementary angles. 

(iv) 130° + 50° = 180° These are supplementary angles. 

(v) 45° + 45° = 90° These are complementary angles. 

(vi) 80° + 10° = 90° These are complementary angles.

Supplementary angle = 180 - given angle 

(i) Supplement of 105 = 180 - 105 = 75 

(ii) Supplement of 87 = 180 - 87 = 93 

(iii) Supplement of 154 = 180 - 154 = 26 

a₁ = 3, a₃ = 7

S₃ = 3/2(3+7) 

= 15

sinθ = cosθ 

θ = 45° 

 ∴ 2tanθ + cos²θ 

= 2 + 1/2 

= 5/2

Given: QD = DR 

Therefore, PM is altitude. PD is median. No, QM ≠ MR as D is the mid-point of QR.

Rosalind and Celia found some of the poems pined on the trees, at first, Rosalind was puzzled and she wondered who could have written them; but one day Celia returned from a walk and gave her the best news which she had ever heard. Celia told her that she had seen Orlando sleeping under a tree and Rosalind immediately guessed that he must be the poet. She was really happy to think that Orlando had not forgotten her because she really loved him as much as he loved her. One day, Rosalind and Celia actually met Orlando but because they were disguised as a boy and girl and their faces were stained and were in simple clothes, he did not recognize them. He befriended them and often visited them in their cottage.

While she was till dressed as Ganymede, Rosalind made fun of Orlando’s poetry. She wanted to see his reaction, so she told him that she would cure him of his love for Rosalind. She also added, that she would pretend to be Rosalind to see if he could make love to her.

After which something very amusing happened, he called her ‘Rosalind’ and swore that he would die of love for her and she as Ganymede refused to believe it and retorted, that men had died from time to time and worms had eaten them, but not for love ! And with that Rosalind laughed at earnest Orlando. The young man must have been disappointed with her response for he began to leave saying that he had to attend to the Duke at dinner, but promised to come back at 2° clock.

So, all she could do was wish good bye and wait patiently for him to return

Dialogue between Lark and Daisy. 

Lark   :    I have no water. They have all gone and left me in this cage. My throat is dry and burning. I feel as if I had fire and ice within me and the air is so oppressive. Alas! Goodbye sunshine. I must die and part from you and the fresh green meadows and all the beauty of God’s creation. 

Daisy  :  I will surely meet with the same fate, thrust into your cage, deprived of fresh air and the green grass. 

Lark : Poor, lovely daisy, I will be your friend forever. 

[The lark kissed the Daisy with its beak]

You, poor little flower must also fade in here. But I am glad that I have you and the piece of grass with me. I will treat each blade of grass like a green tree and each of your petals as a fragrant flower. Your presence in my cage is reminder of what I have lost.

Daisy : Poor Lark, you look so forlorn, but I have no words of comfort, for I too am very sad. I cannot even move my leaves. But I can make you feel better with the fragrance of my delicate petals. Breath on the fragrance, dear Lark, it is better and stronger than any other flower.

1. The poet advises us that we should interact with others in a pleasant way with a smile, without being scornful.

2. We should treat our parents with love and respect. We should take their advice in a positive way and re-assess ourselves in order to improve. We should accept their counsel and guidance without getting upset or angry.

3. Figure of speech used is Antithesis - where two opposite ideas ‘to live’ and ‘to die’ are expressed to highlight the contrast.

4. The words denoting negative traits are : obstinate, frown, scoff, jeers and lie.

1. The wealthy kingdoms are unstable because their foundations are weak and laid on materialistic wealth and not on long-lasting values. A wealthy kingdom can be easily destroyed in battles.

2. According to me wars are not the only solution to the problems between nations because strength of a nation is not in the number of weapons or military might it has. Rather it is in its people strength. The aftermath of bloody wars are disastrous. A war leaves behind stones stained with blood, the glory of the victory and mighty pride of the ruler ultimately turns into ashes. We can always sought out big issues in a peaceful way also.

3. The rhyming scheme is abab.

4. Foes, gold, kingdoms grand, battle, sword, empires, glory pride, bright crown etc are words related to the mighty kingdom.

A. TITLE: Making of Perfume 

NOTES: 

1. Reasons why people wear perfume: 

1. boosts self-esteem 

2. promotes individuality 

3. masks unpleasant smells 

4. lifts your mood 

2. Steps in making perfume: 

1. gathering materials. 

2. extraction. 

3. testing and mixing 

4. lifts your mood 

3. Gathering: 

1. of herbs, fruits 

2. flower essen. 

4. Extraction: 

(i) oil extrctd by: 

(a) boiling 

(b) using fat 

5. Testing and mixing: 

1. to blend freshly extra oils 

2. oils mixed with alchl 

6. aging: 

1. perfume stored in a dark, cool place 

2. helps bind alcohol and oils 

3. tested for right scent bfor reaching market 

Key to Abbreviations 

alchl. : alcohol 

extra. : extraction 

essen. : essential 

bfor. : before

B. SUMMARY 

People wear perfume to promote individuality, boost self-esteem, mask bad smells and lift their mood. The steps involved in creating perfumes are gathering materials, extracting oils, blending and mixing with alcohol and aging. Herbs, fruits and often flowers are the essential ingredients of perfumes. Oils are extracted from the ingredients by boiling or using fat. Oils are then blended with alcohol. The blend is stored in a cool dark place to bind the oils and alcohol. The perfume is tested for the desired scent before it reaches the market.

A. TITLE: Khadi—From Khaddar to Fashion 

NOTES : 

1. History of khadi : 

1. nat’l fabric 

2. made on spinning wheels 

3. popularised by Gandhi 

4. helped to discourage foreign clothes 

5. considrd the fab. of rural, pol. people 

6. khadi—a means of employ 

2. Current standing of khadi : 

1. sought by fashionistas 

2. demand more than supp 

3. Versatile fab :

1. warm in win Cool in summer 

2. durable 

3. betters on washn 

4. attrac designs 

4. Qualities of khadi cotton: 

1. comes in many colors 

2. has ventilation 

3. kurtas-most popular 

Key to Abbreviations 

natinl : national 

attrac : attractive 

washn : washing 

win : winter 

supp : supply 

fab : fabric 

employ : employment

 B. SUMMARY 

Khadi is India’s national fabric. Popularized by Gandhi it is made on spinning wheels and was intended to discourage use of foreign clothes. Before independence it was seen as the fabric of the rural people and political class. Today it is popular in the fashion world and its demand exceeds the supply. Khadi cotton is cool in summers and warm in winters. It is durable, becomes better on washing and comes in attractive designs and colours. It provides good ventilation. Cotton kurtas are the most popular.

[Home] commands is used to move to the beginning of the Current row. 

 Definition and SI unit of conductivity

The conductivity of a material equals the reciprocal of the resistance of its wire of unit length and unit area of cross section.

Alternatively :

The conductivity (σ) of a material is the reciprocal of its resistivity (ρ)]

(Also accept σ = 1/ρ)

Its SI unit is

 (1/ohm-metre)/ohm^-1m^-1/(mhom^-1)/siemen m^-1

Detailed Answer :

Conductivity of a metallic wire is reciprocal to its resistivity i.e σ = 1/ρ and it is measured in Ω^-1m^-1 or  mho.m^-1

The conductivity of a metallic wire is reciprocal to its resistivity i.e σ=1/ ρ and it is measured in Ω^-1 m^-1 or mho m^-1.

Planck’s constant – [ML²T^-1]

Surface Tension – [ML⁰T^-2]

As per first law of thermodynamics, conservation of energy is dq = du + pdV, where

dq = thermal energy of gas

du = change in internal energy of gas

pdV = work done by gas in expanding due to change in volume dV

If T = const., dT = 0 and d(pV) = 0 as pressure and

If T = const., dT = 0 and d(pV) = 0 as pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Also, dq = pdV,

which shows that there is no change in internal energy.

Thermal conductivity is the heat energy transferred in unit time from unit area having a unit difference in temperature over unit length. It is expressed as Wm^–1 K^–1.

Yes, example – body moving upwards or downwards where acceleration is constant while magnitude and direction changes.

Sky wave propagation is used by short wave broadcast services, i.e. freq = 1710 KHz- 30 MHz for short wave.

Infra-red waves have the ability to vibrate the electrons and whole atom on molecules of a body. This vibration increases the internal energy and temperature of the body.

We test for the presence  of starch  in leaves in order to determine that photosynthesis has occurred. Glucose -  the product of photosynthesis - is rapidly converted into starch for storage in the chloroplast and cytoplasm.

When investigating whether a condition (or a factor) is necessary for photosynthesis is to occur we need to remove all traces of starch in leaves so that we can provide evidence that photosynthesis takes place during the experiment i.e. in  the presence of this factor and not in its absence.

If starch is already present at the beginning of the experiment the results will not be accurate. Hence, it is important to start off with a plant without starch. This is accomplished by de-starching the leaves of a plant.

yes we use de starched plant in the photosynthesis experiment because if the starch is formed in the plants we say the photosynthesis has occurred 

(i) The Committee in its report stated that it was not practical at that time to organize the Bar on an all-India basis. However, the Committee suggested the establishment of Bar Council for each of the High Courts. 

(ii) The Committee suggested that a Bar Council should have power to make rules in matters such as qualifications and admission of persons to be Advocates of the concerned High Court, legal education, discipline and professional conduct of Advocates, terms on which Advocates of another High Court could appear occasionally in the concerned High Court or any other matter prescribed by the High Court. 

(iii) Giving effect to the Chamier Committee recommendations, the Central Legislature enacted the Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926. The Act was to provide for the constitution and incorporation of Bar Councils, to confer powers and impose duties on the Bar Councils and to consolidate the regulations pertaining to the legal profession. 

(iv) The Bar Councils could, with the consent of the High Court, make rules for: 

(a) the rights and duties of Advocates of High Court and professional conduct; and 

(b) legal education and examinations.

Correct option is (C) (i), (ii) and (iii)

Sexual reproduction is the process in which two parents are involved which produce two types of gamete i.e., male and female. The gametes fuse to form the zygote during fertilization. This is a compulsory event which allows the continuation of the species. The offsprings resulting from asexual reproduction are called clones. However,  genetic recombination and variation the offsprings can be seen in sexual reproduction; hence, they are not clones.  Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

• The article described is Article 21.
• The meaning of 'right to life' includes right to human dignity, right to basic requirements of life, right to participate in activities and expression, right to tradition, heritage, and culture, etc.
• 'Personal liberty' means various rights that provide for personal liberty of a person, i.e., everyone has right to do his or her will freely.
• The meaning of 'right to life and personal liberty' is broad and embraces many aspects including dignity, food, shelter, etc.
• A person can be deprived of his or her 'right to life or personal liberty' only by procedure established by law. This means that any law that limits or takes away one's right to life and personal liberty must contain a procedure that is fair and reasonable and not arbitrary.

Article 14 provides to all the right to equality before law and equal protection of the law. It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. It means that law treats everyone equally without consideration of their rank or status or other backgrounds.

Article 16 is based on the equality principle of Article 14. It provides for equality of opportunity in matters of public or State employment and bars any discrimination to any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, or residence. This article allows State to provide reservation or affirmative action programs for government jobs to backward classes like Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes who because of historical and continued disadvantages based on caste status and otherwise have not been adequately represented in the services under the State. 

Equality principle states that one uniform law cannot be applied to all equally as some may not be similarly placed as others. Thus Article 16 is not contradictory to Article 14 but furthers the principle of equality of Article 14.

Mediation is a method of ADR in which parties appoint a neutral third party who facilitates the mediation process in order to assist the parties in achieving an acceptable, voluntary agreement. Mediation is relatively inexpensive, fast, and confidential. Further, mediation and arbitration differ on the grounds of the nature of award rendered. The outcome of mediation does not have similar binding like an arbitral award. However, though nonbinding, these resolution agreements may be incorporated into a legally binding contract, which is binding on the parties who execute the contract.

Thus, in the process of mediation, the mediator merely facilitates the resolution of disputes and does not suggest any solutions. However, in the case in question, the mediator has decided on a solution for the parties.

Moreover, the outcome of mediation is not binding on the parties, though in the case in question, the mediator has claimed that the outcome of mediation is legally binding.

These are the two errors in the case discussed above.

Benefits of ADR over litigation are as follows:

1. The lack of number of courts and judges which creates an inadequacy within the justice delivery system;

2. The increasing litigation in India due to increasing population, complexity of laws and obsolete continuation of some pre-existing legal statutes;

Delay in disposal of cases resulting in huge pendency in all the courts.

The statutory body discussed above is the Lokpal. 

The legislation aims to combat acts of bribery and corruption of public servants, a term that has been given a fairly wide interpretation in the Act. The Act applies to the public servants in and outside India. It includes in its purview even the current and ex-prime ministers of India except in matters pertaining to international relations, external and internal security, public order, atomic energy and space. Besides the Prime Minister, it brings within its purview any person who is or has been a Minister of the Union and any person who is or has been a Member of either House of Parliament. It also includes any Group 'A', 'B','C' or 'D' official or equivalent from amongst the public servants defined in the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 when serving or who has served in connection with the affairs of the Union.

In India advertising by lawyers has been strictly restricted by the Bar Council of India. 

The restrictions are as follows:

1. An advocate is prohibited from promoting himself through circulars, advertisements, touts, personal communications, interviews other than through personal relations, furnishing or inspiring newspaper comments or producing his photographs to be published in connection with cases in which he has been engaged or concerned.

An amendment to this rule allows advocates to furnish certain information on their websites after intimating and taking approval from the Bar Council of India. However, only 5 pieces of information can be put up on the internet, i.e., 

(i) the name of the advocate or the firm, 

(ii) the contact details, 

(iii) details of enrolment with the Bar, 

(iv) his professional and academic qualification and 

(v) the areas of practice

Sumit can approach the National Human Rights Commission. The specific legislation called the Protection of Human Rights Act was enacted by the Parliament in 1993, which in turn established the National Human Rights Commission as an independent institution with powers and functions to promote and protect human rights. The Commission has the powers of a civil court and in conducting an inquiry or investigation it can utilize various powers including the following :

summon and enforce the attendance of witnesses and examine them on oath;

ask for production of any document before itself;

receive evidence on affidavits;

request public record from any court or office; and

examine witnesses or documents.

Once the inquiry is completed, the Commission can make recommendations to governmental authority in cases where any public servant is the perpetrator of human rights violation.

Main functions of State Bar Council are:

1. Admitting law graduates on its Roll,

2. Determining cases of misconduct against Advocates on the Roll

3. Organizing legal aid

4. Electing one member to the All India Bar Council.

Article 19 provides 'reasonable restrictions' on the freedoms granted by it, which means that these rights are conditional. The State can 'reasonably' limit or take away the right to 'freedom of speech and expression' when there is a threat to the sovereignty and integrity of India, or the security of the State, or friendly relations with foreign States, or public order, or decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, or defamation or incitement to an offence. For example, the State can prohibit someone from making inciting speeches that may provoke others to commit violence. 

However, at times Supreme Court can invalidate State's restrictions if it finds them to be unreasonable. As an instance, State cannot put restriction as an excuse because it is unable to maintain public order, e.g., application of aforementioned restrictions on the sale of a book because of a few unruly protesters; such restrictions are unreasonable and breach the right to freedom of speech and expression of the author.

(a) – (iii), 

(b) – (i), 

(c) – (ii), 

(d) – (iv)

Aims and goals of Socialist Party of India : 

1. The Socialist Party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from the Congress and Communists both. 

2. It criticised the Congress for ignoring the workers and peasants. It became difficult for Socialist Party to prove itself as an effective alternative to the Congress because Congress Party declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society in 1955.

Marshall Plan was introduced in 1948 by America to provide financial help for revival of European economy.

Princely States were ruled by princes who employed some form of control over their internal affairs under the supremacy of the British.

Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. 

Its functions include:

1. to recommend the admission of new Members;
2. to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;
3. to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice.

The functions of the ILO include the development and promotion of standards for national legislation to protect and improve working conditions and standards of living. 

Non-Congress-ism is a term that is used to describe the anti-congress waves started by non-congress parties with rightist and leftist leanings. 

Parties felt Congress rule to be the root cause of various problems faced by our country such as food problems, economic crisis, corruption and dependence on foreign countries. 

This not only resulted in the defeat of many Congress stalwarts but also led to many internal revolts in the party. The coinage of this term can be rightfully traced back to the elections of 1967. A proposal by Ram ManoharLohia in the early 60s that there was a viable alternative to the Congress Party and that all it needed was for the opposition to unite.

(a) compound 

(b) concentrated 

(c) bruised.

(a) it was very tall 

(b) ragged and skinny and was crying. 

(c) a cave-like place under the tree.

(a) (iii) foresight 

(b) (i)  the youth that will take us to the third millennium/Fourth type of youth

(a)  He was conflicted between the king’s reward and his gratitude towards the bird.

(b)  The fisherman invited Kaha to his house for a feast in order to thank her for everything.

(c) To have a large amount of money.

(d) He was worried about his supply of fish as the bird would be killed.

(e) Greedy, a traitor / betrayer /deceiver 

(f) The bird flew away along with the fisherman clinging on to her leg

(i)  alight

(ii) Grabbed/catch