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More basic metal (metal having more negative or less positive reduction potential) will come into the solution ind get reduced at cathode, it is the principle of electrolytic refining.

Copper matte contains Cu₂S (cuprous sulphide and little quantity of FeS (iron sulphide).

Nitrogen is gas but phosphorus is a solid because Nitrogen pairs up, into the N₂ molecule which has a very strong triple bond. There is relatively little attraction between one nitrogen molecule and another, so they move independently and form a gas. In phosphorus, the atoms do not pair up, they bond to their neighboring atoms, thus forming a network of bonding that holds the atoms together into a solid.

•  X body/ X factor/ X chromosome
• In insects the sex chromosome consists of XX female; XO –Males

Yes, the marketing manager is responsible. 

It is due to the principle of absolute responsibility, an important principle of delegation. According to principle of absolute responsibility, authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated by a manager. The manager continues to remain responsible or accountable to his own superior for the tasks which he may have assigned to his subordinates. Hence, manager cannot escape from responsibility for any default on the part of his subordinates.

(a) Identifying opportunities and getting the first mover advantage. Business environment provides many opportunities to the firms to improve their performance. The firms which are able to scan these opportunities at an early stage get maximum benefits and can leave their competitors behind. 

(b) Adaptability. 

(c) Honesty

(1) The important product related decision that was not taken into consideration by the company is related to ‘Labelling’. One of the important functions of labelling is to provide necessary information to its customers regarding the product. In case of hazardous material, appropriate safety warning or precautions should be written. Crackers Ltd. Did not mention this important information on the label of its products. 

(2) The two values which are violated by the company are: 

(a) To increase the production, the company employed children from the nearby villages. It has ignored the value of compassion. The children are exploited and put to work at an age when they should be receiving education. 

(b) The company is not safeguarding its customers against the hazardous nature of its products. Thus, they are disrespecting human life.

Darwin during his journey to Galapagos Islands observed that there were many varieties of small black birds later called Darwin’s finches. 

•  All the varieties he conjectured, evolved on the island itself. 
• From the original seed-eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches. 
•  This process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation.

(a) (i) It is the follicular phase where follicular stimulating hormones (FSH) stimulate the ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen which in turn stimulate the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall. The endometrial lining begins to thicken. 

(ii) Secretion of progesterone maintains the endometrium which is necessary for implantation of fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy. 

(iii) When fertilisation does not take place, the endometrium disintegrates, leading to menstruation marking a new cycle. 

(b) Estrogen is secreted by the ovarian follicles and progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum.

Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. Baculoviruses of genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus is used as biological control agents. They are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow-spectrum insecticidal applications. They do not show negative impact on plants, birds, non-target insects. 

Importance in organic farming: 

Desirable when beneficial insects are being conserved to aid in an overall integrated pest management (IPM) programme. Its role in organic farming is that it conserves beneficial insects and kills harmful ones.

The parasites initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack red blood cells resulting in their rupture. These cells burst leading to the chill/shivering and fever due to release of toxic chemical substance haemozoin.

Female Anopheles mosquito takes up gametocytes.

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Fertilisation and development takes place in the mosquito’s intestine.

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Mature infective sporozoites escape from the intestine and migrate to the salivary glands of mosquito.

(a) Algal bloom is caused due to accumulation of large amounts of nutrients present in the waste water. 

(b) It causes: 

(i) deterioration of water quality. 

(ii) increase in fish mortality rate. 

(iii) some bloom-forming algae are toxic to human beings and animals. 

(c) Accelerated eutrophication.

1. The type of technique shown above is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). It is used in.
   Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) and in various other fields to amplify a small amount of DNA.
2. The middle step occurring in the PCR is annealing where two small oligonucleotide primers are used to anneal or hybridise the complementary DNA strands.
3. Taq polymerase is the Thermostable enzyme which has an ability to tolerate the high- temperature in the reaction to induce denaturation of double stranded DNA.

1. Parasites have reduced ingestion and egesting organs as they obtain simple and digested food from the host.
2. Sea anemone has stinging tentacles which protects the clownfish from its predators. Thus clownfish is benefited while anemone is neither harmed nor benefited. This shows commensalism interaction between the two.
3. To prevent loss of water through transpiration during the day. Even their stomata are closed with the help of photosynthetic pathway (CAM) to reduce rate of transpiration.

(i) Al-Beruni studied religions and philosophical books to know India and its country. He wrote his book, Kitab-Ul-Hind in Arabic language. 

(ii) His books were for the people living along with frontier of the sub-continent. 

(iii) He did translation works in Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit. These works were done in Arabic, 

(iv) Al-Beruni had a critical view in the regards of his works and always wanted to improve them accordingly.

Characteristics of Mughal towns 

i. Agra, Delhi and Lahore were important centres of imperial administration and control. 

ii. Mansabdars and jagirdars who were assigned territories in different parts of the empire usually maintained houses in these cities. 

iii. wide variety of services had to be provided 

iv. Artisans produced exclusive handicrafts for the households of nobles. Grain from the countryside was brought into urban markets for the town dwellers and the army. 

v. The treasury was also located in the imperial capital. 

vi. Thus the revenues of the kingdom flowed into the capital regularly. 

vii. The emperor lived in a fortified palace and the town was enclosed by a wall, with entry and exit being regulated by different gates. 

viii. Within these towns were gardens, mosques, temples, tombs, colleges, bazaars and caravanserais. 

ix. The focus of the town was oriented towards the palace and the principal mosque

The sixth century BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history 

i. An era associated with early states, cities. 

ii. An era associated with the growing use of iron. 

iii. An era associated with the development of coinage. 

iv. It witnessed the growth of diverse systems of thought (Religions) including Buddhism and Jainism. 

v. It is also associated with emergence of Sixteen Mahajanapadas Justification by giving any four points

Initially the person suffers from altitude sickness/nausea, fatigue and heart palpitation because of low oxygen availability and low atmospheric pressure. Gradually the body increases RBC production, decreasing binding capacity of Hb and increases the breathing rate to get acclimatised.

The principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system. In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body. The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would neutralise the pathogenic agents during actual infection. The vaccines also generate memory – B and T-cells that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with a massive production of antibodies. Thus, it helps in keeping human population healthy.  

The S_N1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where the rate determining step is unimolecular. It is a type of organic substitution reaction. S_N1 stands for substitution nucleophilic unimolecular. Thus, the rate equation (which states that the S_N1 reaction is dependent on the electrophile but not on the nucleophile) holds in situations where the amount of the nucleophile is far greater than the amount of the carbocation intermediate.

The S_N1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where the rate determining step is unimolecular. It is a type of organic substitution reaction. S_N1 stands for substitution nucleophilic unimolecular. Thus, the rate equation (which states that the S_N1 reaction is dependent on the electrophile but not on the nucleophile) holds in situations where the amount of the nucleophile is far greater than the amount of the carbocation intermediate.

Benzoic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH), benzoic acid forms ethyl benzoate, an ester (C₆H₅CO-O-C₂H₅).

Homoleptic complexes compounds are those coordination compounds in which all the ligand which are connected with central atom are same or identical.

For example :

[Ni(CO)₄​]

(i) DDT: It is used as insecticide to control flies, mosquitoes, etc. Iodoform: Iodoform is used as an antiseptic.
(ii) 1-Bromopentane, as it is a primary alkyl halide. and
(b) 1-Bromo-2-methyl butane, as it is a primary alkylhalide.

(i) Increasing order of basic strength is:

C₆H₅NH₂ < C₆H₅N(CH₃)₂ < CH₃NH₂ < (C₂H₅)₂NH

(ii) p-Toluidine > Aniline > tr-nitroaniline

(iii) (C₂H₅)₂ NH₂ < C₂H₅NH₂ < C₆H₅NHCH₃ < C₆H₅NH₂

Analgesics: They are the drugs used for relieving pain. Analgesics are classified into two categories:
(a) Narcotics (addictive) drugs (b) Non-narcotics (non-addictive) drugs
(a) Narcotics: Narcotic drugs are recommended for cardiac pain, post operative pains, terminal cancer and in child birth.
(b) Non-narcotics: Non-narcotic drugs are effective in relieving skeletal pain, reducing fever, preventing heart attack.

The British planters learnt of the synthetic indigo prepared in Germany. It was cheaper than the natural indigo. It would decrease their income and sale. Being unprofitable, the landlords wanted to free themselves of the indigo. They tricked the peasants playing on their ignorance of the synthetic indigo and demanded compensation for releasing them from the contract.

Some signed willingly. Those who opposed, engaged lawyers and the planters hired thugs. The illegal and deceitful collection of money started the trouble.

Crown prince Jung Jung Bahadur grew taller and stronger day by day. The boy drank the milk of an English cow. He was brought up by an English governess. He was tutored in English by an Englishman. He saw nothing but English films. When he became twenty years old, the rule of the state came into his hands.

The narrator stood at threshing floor near her house. Just then, an elder of her street came* along from the bazaar. He was carrying a small packet. It contained vadai or green banana bhajji in it. He was holding out the packet by its string, without touching it. The comical manner in which he was walking made her double up and shriek with laughter.

For Douglas YMCA swimming pool was associated with unpleasant memories. It was here when a big boy threw him into the swimming pool. Actually, he had gone to the pool when no one else was there. Then came a ‘big bruiser’ of a boy. He picked Douglas up and tossed him into the deep end. He at once went to the bottom. He made a big jump to come to the surface. Those nine feet were more than ninety. His lungs were ready to burst. He opened his eyes and saw nothing but water. He was suffocating. His legs would not come up. They were paralysed and dead. He screamed but no one heard him. He went down and down endlessly. Then sheer stark terror paralysed him. Then all his efforts seized. He crossed into oblivion. Later he found himself lying on his stomach vomiting beside the pool.

The wounded American prisoner of war was a natural enemy of Dr Sadao and his wife Hana as Japan was at war with America. They should have handed him over to the police. Sadao had a long standing aversion to Americans. When he was in America for his studies he had deeply disliked his landlady and Ameican manners in general. He loved his country and his culture. But Tom challenged all his biases. Sadao set aside all patriotic and personal prejudices and in treating the American upheld only humanity. He even ignored the inconvenience caused to his wife due to the displeasure of the servants. Thus with him human consideration outweighed all other considerations. His duty as a doctor made Dr Sadao save the life of even a dying enemy.

Optimism is indeed the key to a fulfilling life. Whatever situation our life may put us in, the choice of adopting an optimistic attitude lies with us. 

In the play ‘On the Face of It’ Mr Lamb is a physically challenged man. He has got a tin leg. The real one had got blown off, years back. Children tease him calling “Lamey Lamb”. But Mr. Lamb never minds such things. He is determined to have a positive attitude towards life. He likes to talk and have company. He is open and never shuts himself in. He lives life on his own terms. 

Lamb gives confidence to even Derry. He persuades him that he can get on with life better than the rest of the people. He should stop hating people as hatred burns one from inside. He leaves a deep impression on Derry. He develops confidence to face the world in a more positive way.

Raveloe-a stratified community, wealthy and poor tied together by common church and yearly rituals farmers treated weavers differently and distrusted them- are from outside village and not accepted in close village community, weavers more skilled and able than local peasantry so are suspected

Effects on silas - living in isolation, devoted to his trade, not interacting with others in Raveloe

Only because of necklace and showing off, Loisel fell in a debt trap which forced her to live like an ordinary lower middle class housewife. She started doing all the household chores which a lady of her status normally does not do. Aspirations have no limits but one should never forget the ground realities.

Think trends- An entrepreneur begins gathering information regularly through reading, hearing and observing. This helps them to eventually lead to business boosting insights.

a. Analytical planning: Carefully identifying the product or service features, design as well as the resources that will be needed. 

b. Resource organization: Obtaining the required resources, materials, technology, human or capital resources. 

c. Implementation: Applying the resources in order to accomplish the plans and delivering results. 

d. Commercial application: The provision of value to customers, reward employees, and satisfy the stake holders. 

(a) Federal government is a system of dividing up power between a central national government and local state governments that are connected to one another by the national government. Some areas of public life are under the control of the national government, and some areas are under control of the local governments. For this reason, cop films like to create drama by making the federal government and local government bump heads over who should be investigating the crime at hand. Federal government systems usually have a constitution that specifies what areas of public life the national government will take control over and what areas of public life the state governments will take control over.

(b) Federal Division of Powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which constitution of the country clearly lays down the division of powers at different levels of government.
In this arrangement, division of powers involves the higher and lower levels of government like union/ Nation, states/provinces and local.

Three factors responsible for the migration of indentured labour from India were:

1. Decline of cottage industries and the increase in the rents of the lands forced the indentured labour to migrate from India.
2. The colonial government cleared land for mining and establishing plantation industry. Many people thus lost their land.
3. Many poor and tribal people migrated from India in order to escape poverty and oppression in their home villages.

Hydrogen Atom energy

E = \(-\frac{13.6}{n^2}ev\)

if n  increase 1 to \(\infty\) , that mean energy will be zero

E = 0

As the electron revalues in an stationary orbit, 

Thus centrifugal force acting on the electron to balanced by the coulombic force

F_centrifugal = F_coulomb

\(\frac{mv^2}{r_n}=\frac{kl^2}{{r_n}^2}\)

\(r_n=\frac{kl^2}{m{v_n}^2}\)

We take 

\(m\,v_nr_n= \frac{nh}{2\pi}\)

\(\because V_n = \frac{nh}{2\pi mr_n}\)

Then,

\(r_n = \frac{kl^2}{m{v_n}^2}\)

\(r_n = \frac{kl^2}{m}.\frac{(2\pi mr_n)^2}{n^2h^2}\)

\(r_n = \frac{kl^2 4\pi^2m^2{r_n}^2}{m\,n^2h^2}\)

\(r_n = \frac{n^2h^2}{kl^24\pi^2m}\)

\(r_n \propto n^2\)

A·(A' + B)·C·(A + B)

= (A·A' + A·B)·(C·A + C·B) (Distributive law) 

 = AB ·(CA + CB) (Complement law)

= AB·CA + AB·CB (Distributive law)

= ABC + ABC (Idempotent law)

= ABC  (Idempotent law)

(i) ? 1 ? ⇒ 0

(ii) ? 2 ? ⇒ rev * 10

(iii) ? 3 ? ⇒ f * 10

(iv) ? 4 ? ⇒ s

(v) ? 5? ⇒ 10;

During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called Young Italy. But both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed.

Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.

The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Chief Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement.

In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy.

(i) Prudential reason: Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. For example in India, Hindi has not been imposed on the southern states.

(ii) Moral reason: Power sharing is the very soul of democracy. People have right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. In India, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in state assemblies and parliament is an example of moral reason.

A democratic government is people’s own government elected by the people. People all over the world wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Various surveys conducted by various agencies show that most of the people favor democracy as the government. Democracy provides people the option to choose their own rulers.

Following features of a democratic government make it a legitimate government.

(i) The laws are applicable to all the citizen whether rich or poor.

(ii) In a democracy there is a political equality i.e. every vote counts equally.

(iii) People have the right to challenge the government policies and actions. If the people are not satisfied with the working of the government they have the right to change it.

Characteristics of commercial farming are:

(i) Farmer use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides.

(ii) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another, for example rice is a commercial crop of Punjab and haryana but in Orissa it is a subsistence crop.

(iii) In this type of farming crops are produced for sale.
It requires a lot of capital.

(iv) Plantations cover large areas using capital intensive inputs with the help of migrant labourers.

(v) In India tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana are important plantation crops.

DDL stands for Data Definition language and comprises of commands which will change the structure of database object.

DML stands for Data Manipulation Language and comprises of commands which are used to insert, edit, view & delete the data stored in a database object.

DDL Commands: ALTER, DROP

DML Commands: UPDATE, SELECT