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Half life, t_½ = 0.693 / k  

= 0.693 / 200 s^-1  

= 3.47 ×10^-3s (approximately)

(i) Unit cell: A unit cell is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice which, when repeated in different direction, generates the entire lattice.

(ii) Coordination number: The number of nearest neighbours of any constituent particle in a packing is called its coordination number. The coordination number of an atom in the bcc structure is 8.

i) Unit Cell:- Smallest element of a crystal lattice which on repetition gives the entire crystal lattice.  Eg - cubic unit cell

ii) Coordination Number  :- The number of neighbour atoms attached to a central atom         Eg - In hcp the C.N is 6 (three dimensional)

(a) Lyophillic colloids-(i) They have strong forces of attraction between the dispersed phase and dispersion medium. (ii) They are reversible in nature Lyobolic colloids (i) They have work force of attraction between the dispersed phase and dispersion medium (ii) They are irreversible in nature. (Any one difference)

(b) (i) Due to the scattering of light by colloidal particles, the path of light becomes visible. The effect is called Tyndall effect. The illuminated path of the beam of light is called Tyndall cone. (ii) The colloidal particles get precipitated at one of the electrodes, having charge opposite to the charge they have.

(a) During Friedel Craft's alkylation, aluminium chloride acts as a catalyst, as well as a Lewis acid, if forms salt with– NH₂ group of aniline, so that–NH₂ group acquires a positive charge, and acts as a deactivating group, so aniline does not undergo FCA. 

(b) During nitration in strongly acidic medium aniline is protonated to form anilinium ion, which is a meta directing group, so along with o^– & p^– isomers, meta isomers is also obtained.

In gaseous phase, basic character of amines increases with increases in number of electron releasing groups, due to + I effect, so trend of basic character is 3° > 2° > 1°.

But in aqueous phase, salvation of ammonium cation occurs by water molecules, greater the size of ion, lesser will be the salvation, and lesser will be the stability of ion, so on combining + I effect and salvation effect, in aqueous phase trend changes to 2° > 3° > 1°.

(a) Principle of hydraulic washing – This separation is based on the difference in the specific gravities of the gangue particles and the ore particles. The powdered ore is agitated with water or washed with a running water. The heavy ore particles settle down while the lighter particles of sand, clay etc. are washed away. 

(b) Chromatography : - It is based on selective distribution of the various constituents of a mixture between two phases. A stationary phase and a moving phase. The stationary phase can be either solid (such as alumina, silicagel) or tightly bound liquid on a solid support. The moving phase may be liquid or a gas. 

 (c) Froth – floatation process. This process is based on the fact that metallic sulphide ore particles are preferentially wetted by oil where as silicate gangue particles are preferentially wetted by water. So sulphide ore particles rise to the surface in the form of froth while gangue particles sink to the bottom. 

(a) Transition elements have a large number of valence electrons and high effective nuclear charge. Due to this they form very strong metallic bonds. As a result of this the enthalpy of atomization of transition metals is high. 

(b) Complex structure of metal crystal is responsible for this abnormal behaviour of manganese. 

(c) Ce⁴⁺(4f ⁰ ) in + 4 oxidation state tend to revert to the more stable oxidation state of + 3 by gain of an electron so it behaves as strong oxidising agent. 

When Ausable found Max in his room waiting for the report, Ausable moved to an armchair and sat down heavily. He was displeased because this was the second time that somebody had intruded his room thrugh balcony. He decided that he would complain the management about that balcony. 

Sales are equal to Cost of goods sold + gross profit

d) Convention of disclosure 

c) Convention of consistency

a) Disclosed in the account

b) Double entry system 

a) Practicability

Accounting principles are Rules of action or conduct which are adopted by the accountant universally while recording accounting transaction. 

All management function

Accounting principles are generally based on Practicability

a) Recording of financial data relating to business operation

Withdrawals are not mentioned interest on drawing is charged for 6 month.

Current Account is Personal Account.

The current assets include Short term investment.

An income and expenditure account is a records are showing debits and credits for an organization within a particular time period.

An income and expenditure account is a records are showing debits and credits for an organization within a particular time period.

Pilot plant: Mini version of the commercial plant.

Direct production of microbes on a large or commercial scale has the risk of not only large investments, but also producing products, which may not be of appropriate quality so that there are problems in their commercialization.

The collective DNA(from various environmental niche) is subjected to restriction digestion using restriction endonucleases and the fragments are cloned into suitable vectors.

The clones are then screened for presence of a variety of molecules. The clones expressing novel molecules or molecules with improved characteristics are used for large-scale production by fermentation techniques.

Yes. Amnicoentesis (alongwith sonography) is being misused to determine the sex of the foetus. Due to small family norm, along with religion and social practices, every family wants a male child. The female foetus is destroyed. This has resulted in decline in female population to less than 50 per 100 males in certain areas. Such an imbalance in sex ratio is bound to create social problems for the future generations. Therefore, the test has been banned.

(i) Pollens are produced in large numbers. 

(ii) The sporopollenin in exine protects the pollen from harsh conditions.

Biofortification is a crop breeding programme that is aimed at increasing nutritional quality of the crop like high vitamin content, more minerals, complete proteins and healthier fats, e.g., lysine and tryptophan rich Maize, vitamin A enriched Carrot.

(i) Pollen grains have thick outer exine which is composed of sporopollenin. Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkalis. Therefore, they are well preserved as fossils. 

(ii) Pollen tablets are used by people because pollens are rich in nutrients.

(a) Menarche : It is the first menstruation that occurs in the life of a young girl. Menarche is indication of the attainment of sexual maturity and beginning of fertile period. 

(b) Menopause : It is the cessation of menstruation in the life of a women that marks the end of fertile period due to nonrelease of ova.

On reaching synergid, pollen tube releases the two male gametes into cytoplasm of synergid. One of the male gamete fuses with egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote. This is called syngamy. Other male gamete fuses with polar nuclei at the centre to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). This is termed as triple fusion. As syngamy and triple fusion take place simultaneously in the embryo sac, it is termed as double fertilisation. 

(i) Cauliflower varieties – Pusa shubhra and Pusa Snowball K-1

(ii) Brassica varieties – Pusa Swarnim(karan rai)

(iii) Wheat varieties – Himgiri

(iv) Rice varieties – Jaya and Ratana

(v) Chilli varieties – Pusa Sadabahar.

Contact Inhibition is the property by which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth.

This phenomenon is absent in cancer cells.

According to Darwin, only fittest individual which shows adaptiability can undergo natural selection process end can produce large number of projeny. According to him, adaptiability which has genetic basis makes individual fit. Such individual are selected by nature and produce large number of projeny

Indian Basmati Rice was crossed with a semidwarf variety and was claimed to be new scented variety for which patent was filed by a U.S.A. company.

GEAC : Genetic engineering Approval Committee.

Objectives :

(i) Examine the validity of GM research.

(ii) Inspect the safety of use of GMOs.

Merits : 

(a) Ease of formation and closure: A partnership firm can be formed easily with an agreement between two or more persons to carry some lawful business. There is no compulsion of registration. 

(b) Balanced decision making: Different partners having expertise in different areas of functions can take balanced decisions with the consent of all other partners. There is lesser burden of work. 

(c) More funds: Since the capital is contributed by many partners, it is possible to accumulate more funds for business. 

(d) Sharing of risks: since the risks involved in the business is shared by all the partners, the stress and burden of running the business gets reduced on individual partners. 

(e) Secrecy: it is generally not required to publish its accounts, hence, it can maintain confidentiality of its business operations.

Limitations of partnership 

(a) Unlimited liability: The liability of the partners is joint and several. They are liable to pay the liabilities of the firm in case the business funds are not sufficient to repay its debts. 

(b) Limited Resources: capital investment by partners is low as there is a restriction on the number of partners. The firm cannot expand beyond a certain size. 

(c) Possibility of conflicts: Since the decision making is shared by partners, any difference of opinion may result in disputes, Moreover, the decision of the partnership is binding on all partners. 

(d) Lack of continuity: A partnership may come to an end on the death, retirement, insolvency or lunacy of any one partner. However, the remaining partners may enter into fresh agreement to continue the business. 

(e) Lack of public confidence: Since a partnership is not required by law to publish its accounts, any member of the public finds it difficult to ascertain the true financial status of the firm.

Registration of a partnership firm is not obligatory. It is optional. However, an unregistered firm suffers from serious disabilities. 

Consequences of Non-registration of a firm 

(a) A partner of an unregistered firm cannot file suit against the firm or any other partner 

(b) An unregistered firm cannot file a suit against any third party for the recovery of claims. 

(c) An unregistered firm cannot file suit against any partner. Thus, the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 has effectively ensured the registration of firms without making it compulsory. The third parties, however, can file a suit against the unregistered firm for their claims.

The instructions enclosed in the forever block keep on executing till the time the project is running or the Stop button is not pressed. The instructions enclosed in the repeat block execute for the given number of times.

The instruction blocks enclosed inside the if …block are executed only if the condition is true. Nothing happens if the condition is false. In case of if..then…else block, the instruction blocks enclosed inside the if are executed if the condition is true. If the condition is false, then the instruction blocks enclosed inside the else part are executed. 

 Centre of the stage.

Rivet represents a permanent fastener.

 It changes its costume and displays the caller box with message “Safe’ for one second.

• Displays the caller box saying “Touched..” 
• Turns on the left by 30 degrees 
• Increases its size by 20 points 
• Bounces back

(a) an ellipse

(i) Scripts tab/ Sensing category of blocks

(ii) scripts tab / Data category of block