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The different users’ approach to information are: 

i. Everyday Approach; 

ii. Comprehensive or Exhaustive Approach; and 

iii. Current Approach. 

Range Search is the searching technique in which records are selected within certain data ranges. It is useful with numerical information. Example of any following operators are used to prescribe a precise condition in a given search statement: i. Greater than (>); less than (<); equal to (=); not equal to (=/); greater than equal to (>=); and less than equal to (<=).

An integrated library management system is a library automation system in which data is entered in one module to avoid data redundancy. It integrates all the library activities, routine operations and information retrieval operations of a library.

Boolean operators: 

AND OR NOT 

India AND Sri Lanka- Result contains common to India and Sri Lanka 

India OR Sri Lanka- Result contains either of India or of Sri Lanka or in both 

India NOT Sri Lanka- Result contains India but not Sri Lanka.

Open Source Software: 

Merits: 

i. Available free of cost 

ii. Available with source code 

iii. Allowed to modify source code 

Demerits: 

i. Software may not be reliable 

ii. No support from the developer 

iii. Less secured system

Technical processing is essential : 

• To make/prepare the document for use. 
• To ensure easy access. 
• To create permanent record of a document.

It aids the reader to determine when the document should be returned to the library.

Services which have an addition of value into the original products of information to make them more useful for the users. 

CAS : Dissemination of latest information to a specialist user to keep him/her up to date and well informed. 

Categories: 

i. CAS directed towards individuals or group of users. 

ii. CAS directed towards all users of the services.

Procedure to provide SDI Service in : 

(i) Preparation of ‘User Profile’ which comprises set of ‘keywords’, describe the subject of interest of the user in accordance with the keywords that appear on the documents. 

(ii) Preparation of ‘Document Profile’ which comprises set of keywords that appear in the document. 

(iii) Matching of information/documents with the profile of each user or group of users with the same interest.

(a) an irregular pattern of sound waves 

(b) A jet aircraft taking off, heavy traffic, road drills and loudspeakers. 

(c) it causes deafness 

(d) it produces prolonged loud noise 

(e) the loudness of sound 

(f) strike or hit suddenly 

(g) being allowed to experience 

(h) amplify

(a) it has many prayer flags of different colours. 

(b) if the prayer flags weren’t there 

(c) it was holy 

(d) the wings of cathedrals, falling into the river below, large fluted columns, like the hermit perches of Cappadocia, with golden moss spilling over from their height 

(e) abandoned 

(f) it is considered to be holy 

(g) they flap against the bus 

(h) lively

(a) costlier than importing machines. 

(b) a need to pay higher for the components and the spares. 

(c) enhancement in the quality and quantity of their production at a cheaper cost. 

(d) the high profit margin expected by the manufacturers. 

(e) to produce low cost components without dilution in quality. 

(f) exorbitant sales tax. 

(g) very desirable. 

(h) prevalent.

(a) anthropogenic changes 

(b) Souring

(a) One based on factual meteorological data in a given period of time and the other founded on average climatic conditions in the same period. 

(b) influence of possible natural and anthropogenic changes of the climate on agricultural production.

(a) Unstable weather conditions cause considerable variations in the yield of agricultural crops. 

(b) A characteristic feature of dynamic model is the numerous feedbacks which make their behaviour somewhat like that of living organisms.

(c) It is possible to forecast yields more accurately with the help of dynamic models of crops, aided by the electronic computers. 

(d) The advanced countries have developed dynamic models for different crops. Besides a big invitation model, “soil-plant atmosphere” for theoretical studies in the field of agricultural meteorology has been constructed.

(a) census 

(b) stagnant

1. The transport ministry is set to tighten norms governing safety and quality of e-rickshaws. 

2. All new models will have to undergo 28 tests, and must comply with the safety norms before they are registered. 

3. The biggest catch in this ambitious plan of the government is the regularisation of thousands of rickshaws that are already plying or standing idle after the High Court’s order. 

4. The department will register a particular model of e-rickshaw only, after it has cleared all the 28 tests. 

5. No, the e-rickshaws of the same model may not give the same kind of performance. 

6. The assemblers who deceived the public and the exchequer must be directed to take back these vehicles and refund the money to buyers. 

7. The think-tank on transport issues opined that e-rickshaws have over 150 variants with different size, structure, material, wheels and tyres, mismatch in payload and gross vechicle weight. 

8. No, there can’t be any trade off between road safety and business gains.

1. It was in 1986 Asian games at Seoul when the Indian wrestler Kartar Singh won the gold medal last. 

2. During these 28 years the wrestling contingent has been looking forward to break the jinx. 

3. Sushil Kumar, the two time Olympic medallist, has pulled out of the Asian Games 2014 due to a shoulder injury. 

4. Yogeshwar Dutt, who won the bronze at the London Olympics will spearhead the Indian challenge in wrestling in Incheon. 

5. Winning an Asian Games medal in wrestling is like winning the world championship. 

6. India’s performance dropped from six medals in Doha to only three bronzes in 2010 Asian Games. 

7. Nar singh Yadav, World No. 5, will fill in for Sushil in the 74 kg category. 

8. South Korea, Mongolia, Iraq, Japan and Kazakhstan will throw a stiff challenge to Indian wrestlers in Incheon.

• After the discovery of Dunstan's skeleton Silas gets back his gold

• Silas feels able to return to Lantern Yard to try to settle the matter of the old theft.

• He goes there with Eppie, but they find everything changed.

• The chapel is gone, a factory set in its place.

• Only the prison is left to remind Silas that this was where he once lived.

• He returns home no more wise than when he set out

• but he agrees with Dolly that there is reason to have faith in spite of the darkness of the past.

• Griffin enters the Bunting’s bedroom . He is invisible

• Griffin now moves to the adjoining room, the dressing room.

• At the point Mrs. Bunting wakes her husband and the two watch and listen as a candle is lit and papers are rustled in the study.

• Griffin is moving away from the dressing room and walks to the staircase.

• Vicar Bunting puts his wife’s gown on and follows the footsteps from the staircase.

• Griffin walks down the stairs and reaches Mr. Bunting’s study. Mr. Bunting hears sounds from his study.

• Quite accidently a violent sneezing escapes Griffin. Mrs. And Mr. Bunting are startled and convinced that there is a thief inside!

• At 4 o’clock. Mr. Bunting steps back to his bedroom and returns with his poker to deal with the thief.

• Bunting descends the staircase as noiselessly as possible. Mrs. Bunting came out on the landing.

• In Bunting’s study, Griffin opens a drawer and searches for papers. He curses loudly and strikes a match. The study is flooded with yellow light.

• Mr. Bunting watches the study through the crack of the door. He sees the desk and the open drawer and a candle burning on the desk. 

• Bunting wonders about the robber who was at work. He stands undecided.

• Griffin finds the place where the Buntings kept their money. Two pounds ten in half sovereigns altogether.

• W hen they hear the telltale clink of money Bunting acts at the thought of losing his savings. He grips the poker firmly and rushes into the room and finds no thief in the room!

• They search every nook and corner of the study.

• Griffin leaves the study and moves to the passage and then to the kitchen from where he moves out

• Their money disappears and at one point they hear a sneeze in the hallway but are unable to locate or see the intruder.

• The Buntings looked at each other and wondered what really had happened in their house.

Maximum retail price (MRP) printed on packets is beneficial for us : 

(i) The seller cannot sell more than the printed price (MRP). 

(ii) We can bargain with the seller to sell at lesser cost than MRP.

(i) It did away with all privileges based on birth. 

(ii) It established equality before law and secured the right to property. 

(iii) It simplified administrative divisions and abolished feudal system.

Constitution has the capacity to help people because it is based on basic norms of social justice. It has the potential for the meaning of social justice to be extended. Social movements have also aided the Courts and authorities to interpret the contents of rights and principles in keeping with the contemporary understanding social justice. For instance, the Directive Principle on village panchayats was moved as an amendment in the Constituent Assembly. After forty years it became a Constitutional imperative after 73^rd Amendment in 1992. 

Secularisation has usually meant a process of decline in the influence of religion. With the advent of modernisation attitude have changed to religion and to the celebration of festivals. As a result of the mushrooming of urban areas and lifestyles, celebration of festivals and following rituals has become a necessary part of one’s identity. Thus, the emphasis on rituals is to attain the secular goal of asserting one’s cultural identity. Rituals also provide men and women with occasions for socialising with their peers and for showing family wealth. Thus, apart from one’s identity, the status, political and economic dimensions of rituals has become increasingly important. 

Constitution has the capacity to help people because it is based on basic norms of social justice. It has the potential for the meaning of social justice to be extended. Social movements have also aided the Courts and authorities to interpret the contents of rights and principles in keeping with the contemporary understanding social justice. For instance, the Directive Principle on village panchayats was moved as an amendment in the Constituent Assembly. After forty years it became a Constitutional imperative after 73^rd Amendment in 1992. 

Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf, Iran and Central Asia right from the Harappan period; the Mediterranean region, including Egypt, especially during the Roman Empire; eastern Africa; China; Southeast Asia (including what is today Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and beyond).

Nāṭya corresponds to drama; it is the dramatic element of a stage performance. Nṛtya is the rhythmic movement of the body in dance (combined with emotion or rasa and bhava). Nṛtta stands for rhythmic movements and steps; nṛtya and nṛtta are therefore the chief components of dance.

It implies that dharma is the overarching concept guiding the society (this is reflected in Aśoka’s Edicts, for instance). But dharma is not a simple “law” identical for everyone; there was, in theory at least, a dharma for every caste, a dharma for every stage of life, a very demanding dharma for the ruler (hence many royal inscriptions boasting of a “dharmic” rule), etc.

Many answers are possible. Grammar alone can give precision and clarity to language, and language was seen in India as central to knowledge. Language is also the vehicle of sacred mantras (in the Vedas, for instance), intellectual texts, debates, inquiries, none of which are possible without elaborate grammar, which explains the very high importance attached to grammatical tradition in India, not only in Sanskrit but in every classical language, and the important contributions from a number of great scholars, beginning with Pāṇini.

First, the production of cotton and silk, both of them non-existent in the ancient western world. Then the varieties of textiles produced out of those two fabrics; variety of designs, of colours (and therefore dyes) and of techniques (painting, printing, embroidery) to create those designs.

(1) Possible lines of answer: The mārgī form of Indian arts corresponds to their classical expression. It is codified, rests on a theory of aesthetics (such as the one developed in Nāṭyaśāstra), and in time integrated art forms from all over India, whether in drama, dance or music (the performing arts). The deśī tradition is not codified, freer and more spontaneous, but has influenced the mārgī form and vice versa. The same interaction can be seen in the module on painting, where classical and folk forms have existed side by side. 

(2) Possible lines of answer: Let us note first that a pond or lake is much more valuable than a well, as they are water harvesting devices and serve a larger number of people. But the text chiefly means that nothing is more precious than a tree — it gives shade, fodder, medicinal bark and roots, firewood, sometimes fruit, etc. This at a time when the word “afforestation” did not exist; the message for today is obvious. Finally, the association between a tree and the four aims of life brings another dimension, that of the sacredness of nature, to which some ecological thinkers are returning today.

A good answer would be that the ancient educational system took care of all aspects of the student’s personality, including the physical body, which was developed and maintained through exercises, yoga, games, and martial arts. All techniques of wrestling, combat, etc. were regarded as noble and part of a desirable all-round development, and the educational system took care to impart them. It seems to compare favourably with our current system, in which the place given to physical skills and accomplishments is minimal.

1. A good answer would point out rigorous planning, sanitation, a general sense of civic order, examples of standardization.

2. Today’s urban problems are clearly far more challenging and complicated than those the Harappans had to face; however, we do not seem to be coping with them well, judging by the condition of our cities. The Harappans, on the other hand, seem to have been efficiently managing issues of water supply, sanitation, perhaps even garbage disposal.

1. The concepts are mainly the four stages of life (āśramas) and their respective dharmas, and the four ends of life (puruṣārthas). A good answer could briefly comment on their components and remark that a life lived along such concepts will be a well-ordered, purposeful life. Niśkāma karma may be mentioned, although it is not a concept meant to “order” life; it is a practice part of the broader concept of karma yoga.

2. A good answer would point out that in today’s context, brahmacarya as the phase of studentship, followed by gṛhastha, the stage of the householder, still have applicability. Vanaprastha, since retiring to forests is no longer in fashion, is now simply retired life. When the retired person has spiritual inclinations or pursuits, it may be said to be a rough equivalent to saṁnyāsa. Broadly, therefore, the classification remains applicable.

3. This answer may be allowed a degree of subjectivity, since perhaps no historical figure will be a perfect embodiment of niśkāma karma. Several freedom fighters, from Tilak to Gandhi, would provide fair answers. Many spiritual figures, such as Kabir, Swami Vivekananda and many more, or a teacher such as Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray, would provide fine examples too.

(a) Amad → Persian Word meaning entrance.

- Trad. entry (used to be preceded by Vaadana)

- May include Salami

- Madhyama Laya.

(b) Vachika → Spoken abhinaya Expression through speech. Use of poetry in the musical completion. Creating of the mood and emotion in the presentation.

(c) Paran → A toda set exclusively to the bol of the pakhawaj.

- Very fast tempo

- Very intranets rhythmic patterns

- High control over foot work

(d) Tukda → Small groups of syllables composed in same frequency from sam to sam usually completed within two avartan of a taal.

(e) Khaali → Constituent part of a taal.

→ Wave in the air

→ Denotes unaccented beat of rhythm

→ sing – ‘O’

Abhinaya: Carrying forward of emotion invitation or expression of feelings and conditions for an audience

Four kind Angika → Of the limbs. Physical movement

Vachika → Of the speech. Spoken word/Music

Aharya → Of costume. Dress and presentation

Sattiska → Of involuntary impulse. Pure expression of 8 types

Importance →Creates vasa or appreciation through the representation of Bhava without it dance would be bland

Items →Vandana /Thumri/Dharma/Bhajar/Tappa/Dadra Kavith

• India’s National Auto-fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles. The Energy Conservation Act passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency. 

• The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.

Elections are a central feature of democracy. For elections to express the will of the electorate, they must be ‘free and fair’.

‘Free’ means that all those entitled to vote have the right to be registered and to vote and must be free to make their choice. In South Africa every citizen over the age of 18 is entitled to vote. An election is considered ‘free’ when you can decide whether or not to vote and vote freely for the candidate or party of your choice without fear or intimidation. A ‘free’ election is also one where you are confident that who you vote for remains your secret.

‘Fair’ means that all registered political parties have an equal right to contest the elections, campaign for voter support and hold meetings and rallies. This gives them a fair chance to convince voters to vote for them. A fair election is also one in which all voters have an equal opportunity to register, where all votes are counted, and where the announced results reflect the actual vote totals.

Mahatma Gandhi found 'Salt' a powerful symbol:
Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands on 31st January 1930. The most stirring of all was to abolish the salt tax. Salt was one of the most essential items of foods. It was consumed both by rich and poor alike. He urged them to peacefully defy the tar imposed on salt. On 6th April he reached Dandi and violated the law.

Compiler converts the high level language program into machine language in one stroke. Whereas, Interpreter converts the high level language into machine language line by line. It takes one statement at a time of HLL and converts it into machine code.

Operating System is defined as a collection of programs that coordinates the operations of computer hardware and software. It acts as a bridge for the interface between man and machine. Examples of Operating System are: Windows, Linux, BOSS etc.

break takes the control out of the current loop. continue stops the current iteration and starts the next iteration.

The credit creation by commercial banks is determined by amount of initial deposit and the legal reserve ratio. 

Suppose customer deposits Rs. 1000 in bank. Bank has to pay interest on this amount for which bank should lend this money to someone. A part of the amount is to be retained with bank to meet its customer’s obligations. Say, if LRR is 20%, the banks will keep 20% of deposits as reserves and will lend remaining 80% i.e. Rs.800. Those who borrow will spend this money and same 800 will come back to banks in form of deposits. This raises the total deposits to Rs.1,800 now. Banks again keep 20% of Rs. 800 as reserve and lend Rs. 640 to those who needs. This will further raise the deposits with banks. In this way deposits will go on increasing 80% of the last deposit. The number of times the total deposit will become, is determined by money multiplier i.e. 1/LRR = 1/0.2 = 5 times. 

Total deposits will be Initial Deposits X Money Multiplier = Rs.1000 X 5 = Rs. 5,000 

(i) For the year 2011 as it’s the base year 

(ii) The Real GDP declined in the year 2015-2016. It could be due to high rate of inflation or price levels.

Central bank acts as a banker and financial advisor to the government. As a banker to the government, it performs the following functions :

(a) It manages the account of the government.

(b) It accepts receipts from the government and makes payment on behalf of it'

(c) it grants short-term loans and credit to the government'

(c) It performs the task of managing the public debt.

(e)The central bank advises the government on all the banking and financial matters.

As government’s banker, central bank keeps the banking accounts of the government, both of the centre and of the states. As a banker, the central bank offers all those services to the government which a commercial bank offers to the general public. It accepts deposits from government departments as well institutions and operate their accounts on regular basis. It also collects cheques and drafts drawn on other banks in favour of the government. It also makes available cash for the payment of salaries, wages and other disbursements by the government. The central bank makes advances to the government to meet temporary demand, till taxes are collected or loans from the public arc raised. The government can also take extraordinary advances during a period of depression, war or emergency

a. Externality occurs when the actions of consumers or producers give rise to negative or positive side effects on third party who are not part of these actions, and whose interests are not taken into consideration. E.g. :- 

introduction of metro rail on one hand has increased the prices of property but has also saved the time and money of general public and has provided safe means of transport 

b. National Income by Expenditure Method = Private Final Consumption 

Expenditure + Government Final Consumption Expenditure + Net Domestic Capital Formation + Net Exports + NFIA - NIT 

National Income by Expenditure Method = v + ix + vi + iii + viii - ii 

National Income by Expenditure Method = 900 + 400 + 200 + (-25 ) + (-10) - 100 

National Income by Expenditure Method = Rs. 1365 Crores 

(i) True, as planned savings are more causing the Marginal Propensity to Consume to reduce thus Aggregate Demand will fall and producers will have accumulation of inventory. 

(ii) False, Inflationary Gap exists when actual Aggregate Demand is more than Aggregate Supply corresponding to full employment level of output in the economy. 

(iii) False, at income levels which are lower than break-even point, Average propensity to save can be negative as there will be dissaving in the economy.