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The Raikas were found in the deserts of Rajasthan:

a. Raika were a nomadic community living in deserts reared sheep's and goats.

b. They are divided into many groups, one group is Maru that lived in deserts and herded camels.

c. The other reared sheep, goats.

d. Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.

e. They are basically confined in the UP, Rajasthan, Punjab, Mahrashtra.

f. During monsoons, raikas in Rajasthan generally stayed at homes.

g. In october, they moved to other places in search of pastures.

Slogans are used by political parties to focus public attention on some big issues. They want to attract the public attention to that issue and get them to vote for their party on that basis.

These are the various successful slogans given by different political parties in various elections : 

(i) Garibi Hatao [Remove Poverty]: This slogan was given by Smt. Indira Gandhi led Congress Party in the Lok Sabha elections of 1971. 

(ii) Save Democracy : This slogan was given by Janata Party in the next Lok Sabha elections held in 1977. The party promised to undo the excesses committed during Emergency and restore civil liberties. 

(iii) Land to the Tiller: The Left Front used this slogan in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977. 

(iv) Protect the Self-Respect of the Telugus : This slogan was used by N.T. Rama Rao, the leader of the Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.

Under the ‘Right to Seek Redressal’, consumers have the right to seek redressal against trade practices of exploitation and seek a fair settlement of the genuine grievances. They can seek redressal through consumer courts functioning at district, state and national levels and may get compensation from a manufacturer/trader if any harm is done.

Distinction between revenue receipts and capital receipts :

National Income = Wages and salaries + Social security contributions by employers + Rent + Interest + Royalty + Profit – Net factor income paid to abroad

= 1,000 + 100 + 200 + 300 + 50 + 400 – 10 

= 2,050 – 10 

= ₹2,040 Crore

The need for water is increasing day by day due to growing population, intensive industrialisation and urbanisation.

1. Due to increase in population, more people use water resources.

2. Due to increase in the industries. All industries use water.

3. Due to use of more machines , appliances that use water.

4. Due to urbanization, use of water increases in urban areas.

5. Due to increased demand for all products in use by people, manufacturing of goods require water.

(c) Customs duty

(b) Loan from public 

(i) Munshi Premchand drew tradition of Kissagoi storytelling. His novels are filled with all kinds of powerful characters, drawn from all levels of society. 

(ii) His novels include characters such as aristocrats and landlords, middle level peasants and landless labourers and women from margins of society. He focussed on social issues like child marriage, dowry, suppression of downtrodden classes by landlords. 

(iii) The women characters are strong individuals coming from lower classes and are not modernized. 

(iv) His novels look towards the future without forgetting the importance of the past. 

(v) Drawn from various strata of society, his characters create a community based in democratic values. 

He rejected the nostalgic obsession with ancient history, but looked towards the future without forgetting the importance of the past. Drawn form various levels of society Premchand’s characters create a community based on democratic values.
Surdas is a visually impaired beggar of untouchable caste is the central character of his novel Rangabhoomi. In Godan,
Hari and Dhania represent- the landless labour class of our society who fight against the landlords, moneylenders, etc ’ who are powerful section of society and retain their dignity in the end. ’

(i) The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. In China, woodblock were used for hand printing. 

(ii) Upto the 6th century, print was used only by the scholar officials but later it became common. 

(iii) The Buddhist missionaries introduced hand printing technology from China to Japan. It was Marco Polo, a great explorer, who brought printing knowledge of woodblock from China to Italy.

Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) may be defined as the proportion of income that is consumed out of additional income. Thus, MPC = \(\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta\gamma}\)

In other words, marginal propensity to consume refers to the ratio of change in consumption to change in income. There is direct relationship between marginal propensity to consume and marginal propensity to save. Change in income is either consumed or saved. Hence, marginal propensity to consume and marginal propensity to save will always be equal to one. Thus,

MPC + MPS = 1.

Industrial locations are complex in nature. They are influenced by both physical and human factors.

Three important factors that influence the location of industries in a region are as follows :

(i) Availability of raw material: Raw materials required for the industry must be available cheaply and at close range or at well-linked places. In case of industries using bulky raw material like iron, bauxite, etc., the ideal location is near the raw material sources.

(ii) Power resources: Power, energy or fuel is essential for the working of any industry. They are required for running the machines and as fuel in smelters in case of mineral based industry. So, power resources like coal and electricity must be available in abundance in the vicinity where an industry is located.

(iii) Market: The goods produced must have a market for their sale. The market influences the demand as well as type of goods produced in a region. For example, cold regions like Jammu and Kashmir will have requirement for woollen garments. So woollen textiles will be located in that region. Consumer goods industries and automobile industries are located near big towns and cities.

(i) Premchand’s novel ‘Sewasadan’ lifted the Hindi novel from simple entertainment to a serious reflection on the lives of ordinary people and social issues. 

(ii) Issues like child marriage and dowry are woven into the novel. 

(iii) Premchand’s characters created a community based on democratic values. 

(iv) The character in ‘Rangbhoomi’- Surdas is a visually impaired beggar from the most oppressed section of the society.

The two levels of federalism are the national and state levels. 

• The national level is the federation that brings together the different states. 
• The states are smaller bodies that have their own political systems. 
• For example, in the USA, there is a state government for Arkansas, and also a federal government.

Twin planks/measures :
(i) Promotion of energy conservation.
(ii) Increased use of renewable energy sources.
As concerned citizens we can do our bit by :
(i) Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
(ii) Switching off electricity when not in use.
(iii) Using power–saving devices.
(iv) Using non-conventional sources of energy.

Many methods are their to solve this problem, some are as below:

(1) To use renewable source of energy like wind energy, tidal energy or solar energy.

(2) To use CFL, LED lights which consumes less energy.

(3) Switch of the lights or fans if not required.

(4) Try to avoid vehicals in small distance.

(5) Power off your car or bike on signals.

Twin planks/measures : 

(i) Promotion of energy conservation. 

(ii) Increased use of renewable energy sources. 

As concerned citizens we can do our bit by : 

(i) Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. 

(ii) Switching off electricity when not in use. 

(iii) Using power–saving devices.  

(iv) Using non-conventional sources of energy.

Public Interest Group :

Public interest group or public interest pressure group are those groups which seek to promote the interests of the large section of society not for its member only. For example, a group fighting against bonded labour or child labour rights.

Functioning of Public Interest Group:

Sometimes the members of a public interest group may undertake activity that benefits them as well as others.

For example, BAMCFF is an organisation largely made up of government employees who campaign against caste discrimination. It fights a for the problem of its members who are victimised by caste discrimination. But its main concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.

Two broad measures to develop a sustainable path of energy development are: 

(i) Promotion of energy conservation. 

(ii) Increased use of renewable energy sources. As concerned citizens, we can do one bit by: 

(i) Using public transport system instead by individual vehicles. 

(ii) Car pool can be practised in metropolitan cities. 

(iii) Switching off electricity when not in use. 

(iv) Using power saving devices. 

(v) Use of Non-conventional sources of energy.

The following points state functions and importance of WTO

• The WTO has fueled globalization with both positive and negative effects.
• The main focus of the WTO is to provide open lines of communication concerning trade among its members.
•  It is also a centre of economic research and analysis.
• It is an organisation that intends to supervise and liberalise international trade.
• It oversees the implementation, administration and operations of the covered agreements.

(i) As handwritten books were expensive, only the rich, the aristocrats and the church could employ Scriber. 

(ii) The scriber wrote only for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries. 

(iii) With the coming of the wood block printing, merchants and traders started buying books in large numbers, with the result that booksellers could afford to hire scriber. 

(iv) One bookseller could employ 50 scribers due to the new technology in printing. 

(v) It was no longer the monopoly of the rich and influential.

In the recent times, dams have come under great opposition because: 

(i) Construction of dams has resulted in problems like excessive sedimentation, water-logging, soil erosion, sudden floods, large scale deforestation, extinction of species, displacement of communities and tribal communities loosing their livelihood. Dams also fragment rivers, making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning. 

(ii) Dams that were built to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoirs. Big dams have been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. The release of water from the dams during heavy rainfall worsens the situation. 

(iii) Dams also cause earthquakes, waterborne diseases and pollution due to excessive use of water.

Source is not an attribute of <A>tag .

• The speed of 4G is about 10 times faster than 3G 
• We can stream audio and video content using 4G

 Open Source Software.

Blog is an alternative word for weblog. People often write about their opinion or thought on a  particular topic just like they write in their diary or journal. People who write on blogs are called bloggers.

Full form of HTTP is Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.

She should use XML.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Full form of URL is Uniform Resource Locator.

A web browser is an application program used for exploring the information resources available on the World Wide Web to retrieve the required information. Two popular web browsers are Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox.

CELLSPACING controls the space between table cells and CELLPADDING sets the amount of space between the contents of the cell and the cell wall.

• While social movements seek to bring in social change, counter movements sometimes arise in defence of status quo. 
• For example-formation of Dharma Sabha against Sati. 

Induced catalyst: When a chemical reaction increases the rate of another chemical reaction, it is called induced catalysis. 

Example:  

Sodium arsenite solution is not oxidised by air. but when air is passed through a mixture of the solution of sodium arsenite and sodium sulphite, simultaneous oxidation of both takes place. Thus the oxidation of sodium arsenite is induced by oxidation of sodium sulphite.

The following steps should be taken :

(i) Before imposing trade barrier, interest of the developing countries should be taken care off.

(ii) Rules and regulations should be uniform.

(iii)  Ensure that the developed countries do not retain trade barriers unfairly.

(iv) Labour laws should be implemented properly.

(v) Small producers should be supported to improve their performance till they become strong enough to compete.

Iron  is used to harden steel during manufacturing.

Offering homage to the statue of Liberty

(i) Lord Linlithgow made a declaration on 8th august, 1940. It was known as the August Offer. 

(ii) The declaration stated that after the war, a Constituent Assembly would be convened to frame the Indian constitution. 

(iii) It was promised to safeguard the interest of minorities in the new constitution. 

(iv) During the war, he declared that some Indians to his executive and war council would be nominated. It was as interim measure.

The consumer movement arose due to the following factors

(i) Dissatisfaction of consumers, as many unfair practices were being indulged by the sellers like short weighing, black marketing, adulteration, etc.

(ii) There was no legal system available for consumers to protect them from exploitation in the marketplace.
If consumers were not happy with a particular brand, product or shop, they generally avoid buying that brand or product or would stop purchasing from that particular shop.

(iii) It was presumed that it was the responsibility of consumers to be careful while buying a commodity or availing of a service.
Evolution of Consumer Movement The Consumer Movement in India started as a social force with the need to protect consumers against unfair and unethical trade practices being followed by many retailers and manufacturers.

(i) Accounts that survive of travellers are different in terms of their subject matter and strategies. Many deal with the matters of the court whereas some focused on the religious issues. 

(ii) Abdul Razzaq Samargandi, a diplomat has left the vivid description of the city of Vijaynagar in 15th century. 

(iii) Travellers who travelled within the sub continent as administrators have left interesting accounts of popular customers, the folklore and traditions. 

(iv) Whether some travellers altered to the differences others exceptional note what they find unusual. Their accounts help in reconstruction and enriching our knowledge of the past.

(i) The Shakas were the Central Asian people who had migrated and settled in northwestern parts of the sub-continent. 

(ii) They were regarded as ‘Mlechchas’ barbarians or outside by the Brahmanas. 

(iii) One of the earliest inscriptions, in Sanskrit describes Rudradaman as the best known Shaka ruler (2nd century CE). 

(iv) He is known to have rebuilt the Sudarshan Lake, described that strong Mlechchas were familiar with Sanskrit traditions.

(i) The kings of Vijayanagara were in constant competition with contemporary rulers. The conflict arising over the possession of the wealth and resources of the Raichur Doab, a fertile area between the river krishna and its tributary, the Tungabhadra. 

(ii) The struggle for the capturing of the Krishna Godavari basin which was very fertile and its many parts controlled the foreign trade of the region. 

(iii) In the Maratha territory, the main cause was for control of the Konkan and the area which gave access to it. Konkan was very narrow part of land between Western Ghats and the sea. 

(iv) It was extremely fertile, and included within it the port of Goa which was an important outlet for the products of the region as well as for the import of horses from Iran and Iraq. Good quality horses were not bred in India. The import of horses was thus of great importance to the southern states.

(i) The Indus script to date remains undeciphered. It consists of a large number of signs and symbols. According to some historians the script was pictographic. 

(ii) Other historians believed that its script is phonetic. It is not alphabetical as it has too many signs between 375-400. 

(iii) There are no positive results to match any two symbols. By the computer analysis the direction of writing has been revealed as going from right to left. 

(iv) The Indus script has not been related to any other historical context as the case with Sumer and Egyptian script.

(i) The sunset law was associated with the land revenue. 

(ii) If the payment did not come in by sunset of a particular the zamindari was known as jotedars.

1. Anthracite: It is the highest quality hard coal. It is found in parts of Jammu and Kashmir.

2. Bituminous: This coal has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.

3. Lignite: It is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. It is used for the generation of electricity.

4. Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produce peat, which has low carbon content and high moisture content resulting in low heating capacity.

(i) Bernier wrote the book ‘Travels in the Mughal Empire’. 

(ii) According to him while some womens seemed to accept their fate cheerfully, others were forced to commit Sati, became angered by burning of a 12 year old widow forcefully.

(i) Kalinga war in 261 BC. 

(ii) Due to the tremendous loss of human life, suffering consequent to the Kalinga war. He adopted the policy of Dhamma-Vijaya and gave up the ‘digvijaya’ policy.

(i) Infant Mortality Rate : It is an indicator of the availability of doctors and medical facilities in the region as well as the awareness of the people living there in regard to diseases and their prevention. 

(ii) Literacy Rate : This is an indicator of the number of schools and teachers available in a region and also indicates whether the facilities are being used or not due to societal pressures. 

(iii) Life Expectancy : This is also an indicator of available health facilities. Low life expectancy is a hindrance to economic development.

The tertiary sector is different from the other two sectors because :
(i) It does not provide or produce goods.
(ii) It provides services such as transport, I.T., communications, etc.
(iii) It is the backbone of all the sectors.
(iv) More the primary and secondary sectors develop, there increases the requirement of services.