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Since E_p is 0.2, that is less than one or inelastic demand, then an increase in price of good will result an increase in the expenditure. Because in case of inelastic demand, price and expenditure are positively related.

Decrease in price= 4%
Rise in expenditure= 2%

ΔE = ΔP[q + (1 + e_d)]

Since the price has decreased, the expenditure on the good will increase. This implies that the percentage of change in demand has increased more than the percentage decrease in price.
Thus, elasticity = (% change in demand)/(% change in price)

The numerator is more than the denominator. This means that elasticity is more than 1.
we can say that small change in price has led to a bigger change in demand, and as a result, the demand is elastic.

Decreasing returns to scale (DRS) holds when a proportional increase in all the factors of production leads to an increase in the output by less than the proportion. For example, if both labour and capital are increased by ‘n’ times but the resultant increase in output is less than ‘n’ times, then we say that the production function exhibits DRS. 

F(nL, nK) < n. f(L, K)

Kirchoff's First Law:

At any junction in a circuit, the sum of the currents arriving at the junction = the sum of the currents leaving the junction.

Kirchoff's Second Law:

In any loop (path) around a circuit, the sum of the emfs = the sum of the pds.

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acid (carboxylic acid) that have cleaning action in water. Detergents are sodium salt of long chain benzene sulphonic acids.

Cleansing action of Soap : When soap is dissolved in water, it forms a colloidal suspension. In this, the soap molecules cluster together to form micelles. When a dirty cloth is dipped into a soap solution, its non-polar hydrocarbon end of micelles attach to the grease or oil present in dirt and polar end remains in water layer. The mechanical action of rubbing subsequently, dislodges the oily layer from the dirty surface shaping it into small globules, which can now be readily washed with water. Soap does not give froth easily with hard water, which contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soap first reacts with the calcium ions and magnesia ions to from insoluble precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acid. 

Two problem arises due to the use of detergents are : 

(i) Detergents are non-biodegradable i.e. they cannot be decomposed by microorganisms. 

(ii) Detergents have strong cleaning action.

Lungs ---> Left side of the heart ---> aorta ---> body organs.

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

(i) Decomposition Reaction : Carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose. 

(ii) Oxidation Reaction : When an iron object is left in moist air for a considerable time, it gets covered with a red brown flaky substance called rust. 

(iii) Displacement reaction : More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its salt solution. 

(iv) Displacement reaction : More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its salt solution. 

(v) Double displacement reaction : Reaction in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds.

Methods to prevent Rancidity: 

(a) Refrigeration of cooked food at low temperature. 

(b) Packing of food materials in air-tight containers. 

(c) By adding antioxidants e.g., BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole)

The ball with lower mass will rise up to a greater height.

It helps in building up of cell, in tissue culture, in the field of agriculture and genetic engineering.

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution.
Mass of solution (salt) = 50 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 350 g
Total mass of solution = 400 g
Concentration = \((\frac { 50 }{ 400 } )\) × 100 = 12.5 %

Lysosomes are called suicidal bags; as they contain digestive enzymes which can digest organic materials and can also digest a poorly working cell on its own.

Student I has performed the experiment correctly. This is because +r < +i and +i=+e 

2nd period has 8 elements, 5th period has 18 elements.

Light rays from infinity are converged at the focal point of the convex lens. Therefore, the focal length of the convex lens is 40 cm.

import java. io. *;

class Perfect

{

int num;

Perfect (int nn)

{

num = nn;

} int sum_of_factors (int i)

{

if (num = = i)

return (sum_of_factors (i/2));

else if (i = = 1) return (1);

else if (num % i = = 0)

return (i + sum_of_factors (i – 1));

else return (sum_of_factors (i – 1));

}

void check ( )

{

if (num = = sum_of_factors (num))

System. out. println (" Perfect Number"); else System. out. println ("Not Perfect Number");

}

public static void main (String args [ ] )

{

system. out. println ("Enter one number");

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System.in));

int n = Integer parseInt (br. readLine( )); Perfect ob = new Perfect (n);

ob. check ( );

}

}

(i) Anne shares the atrocities. 

(ii) whole book reveals her nature, 

(iii) war, 

(iv) Viewpoint of people who are termed as sufferers. 

(v) Book reveals about the mentality of the people during war 

(vi) Depressing end 

(vii). Every one died in the end except Mr. Frank

(i) Live a contented life,

(ii) Best quoted phrase is ‘Honesty is the best policy’ 

(iii) Simple living and high thinking, 

(iv) We should not run after materialistic world 

(v) We must not think beyond our limits.

(i) Got on her 13th birthday 

(ii) Her father gifted her

(iii) Gave diary a nickname, ‘Kitty’

(iv) Became her companion as well as good and trusted friend. 

(v) Confides everything with her 

(vi) Pen down her thoughts and feelings 

(vii) Listens to Anne without any advises and preconceptions.

(i) Nothing is good or bad only our thinking makesso 

(ii) Best things in life are free 

(iii) Life is full of problems we should solve them rather than sitting and regretting. 

(iv) Sometimes unimportant things change the meaning of life. 

(v) Like a lesson taught by crow and the hemlock how to take adverse season in stride and work for the better life

Caste alone cannot determine election results in India because:

• No parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of one single caste.
• No party wins all the votes of a particular caste.
• Regarding voters, they may have more than one candidate from their caste, while other may not have any candidate from their caste.

Democracy accommodates different social groups by providing equality to all in terms of economic, political and social life. A democratic government also makes several provisions for the weaker sections of the society, such as the introduction of reservations in education etc. Hence, a democracy involves not only the strong groups of the society, but also the weak groups.

(i) Under the phenomena of power sharing, powers are shared among different social groups, the religious and linguistic groups or among other weaker section and women.

(ii) This type of power sharing signifies giving accommodation in the government and administration to diverse social groups in order to uplift their status.

(iii) Minorities are well accommodated through the reserved constituencies in assemblies and the parliament of our country.

(iv) Women are also ensured political participation through reservation of seats.

(v) Power sharing among social groups is an example of prudential set of reason.

Resource Planning is essential because:

(i) Resources are limited in nature.

(ii) Resources are unevenly distributed.

The first two stages of resource planning are:

(i) The first stage includes surveying mapping and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources.

(ii) The second stage examines resources with respect to technology economy and need.

Role of MNCs in the economic development: 

i. MNCs place order for production with small producers 

ii. MNCs are setting up partnerships with local companies. 

iii. They are interlinking markets all over the world. 

iv. Any other relevant point.

Impact of Globalization in India: 

i. Stiff competition for local producers and manufacturers. 

ii. No job security 

iii. Workers are denied their fair share of benefit 

iv. Long working hours and low wages to the worker. 

v. Expansion of unorganized sector. 

vi. New opportunities for IT sector 

vii. Increase in investment and foreign trade 

viii. Any other relevant point.

Credit is a crucial element in economic development of a country because: 

i. It helps to meet the ongoing expenses of production 

ii. It helps in increasing earnings 

iii. It helps in completing production in time. 

iv. Any other relevant point.

Formal sources of credit preferred over Informal sources of credit because: 

i.Formal sources have low cost of borrowing 

ii.Higher Income through cheap borrowing 

iii.No exploitation and debt trap. 

iv. Any other relevant point. 

Sustainable development is crucial for development of a country as it: 

i. Promotes use of renewable resources like solar energy, tidal energy, etc 

ii. Puts a check on over usage of resources 

iii. Promotes protection and conservation of resources for future generation.

(i) In the 19th century, the areas irrigated by the new canals built by the British-Indian Government were called the ‘Canal Colonies’. 

(ii) They were introduced in Punjab. 

(iii) They were developed to transform semi-desert waste lands into fertile agricultural lands to grow wheat and cotton for export.

Classification of industries according to their main role : 

(i) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. Iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting. 

(ii) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers–sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans, etc.

(i) In the 19th century, the areas irrigated by the new canals built by the British-Indian Government were called the ‘Canal Colonies’.
(ii) They were introduced in Punjab.
(iii) They were developed to transform semi-desert waste lands into fertile agricultural lands to grow wheat and cotton for export.

According to their main role :
(i) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. Iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
(ii) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers–sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

Characteristics of Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Iron-ore belt in India :
(i) The region lies in Chattisgarh and Maharashtra.
(ii) Very high-grade haematite ores are found in the famous Bailadila ranges of hills in the Bastar district.
(iii) The range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of super high-grade haematite iron ore.
(iv) It has the best physical properties needed for steel making.
(v) Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.

Pipeline transport network is the new mode of transport these days. In the past, pipelines were used to transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
Merits :
(i) Useful in transporting liquids and solid slurry from far away locations.
(ii) Subsequent running costs after laying down the network are minimal.
(iii) It rules out trans–shipment losses or delays.
Demerits :
(i) An initial cost of laying pipelines is high.
(ii) Pipelines can burst or can have leakage leading to wastage of valuable resources like water, mineral oil, etc.

Incorrect                              Correct
(a) which                              who
(b) that                                 it
(c) near                                nearly
(d) he                                   they
(e) peoples                          People

(i) My uniform is so itchy that I can’t wait to take it off.
(ii) Early rising is good for both, adult and old.
(iii) I love the weekend because I can be myself and dress down.
(iv) One can finish one’s work early and go for a walk.
(v) Music has an important place in our lives.

(i) Snake.
(ii) It looked all around as he was the lord of the world.

(iii) Simile
(iv) To the crack in the wall, on dark hole.

God created this beautiful universe, and every creation has a definite role and place and has a right to be here. But man deviated from this plan, he did not adhere to it and every act of his has been to prove his supremacy over nature and God. He killed his own brethren, did not spare the animals and then reached for the wildlife. Animals never come to the habitation of man, they remain within their own territories. But man went into the jungles, killed them for sport and fun. Various accessories used by human beings are animal products. Ruthless killing and cruelty to animals has resulted in the extinction of various species and some others are on the verge of extinction. 

Man robbed these denizens of the wild of their habitat. With their natural habitat gone, some of the birds have built their nests inside the letter-boxes! It is high time man realises his mistake and becomes aware of his wrongdoings. In order to maintain this balance in nature, he must not cut trees, and stop killing animals. 

In so many parts of the world, people are pledging to become vegetarians. They have taken vows to preserve animal life at any cost. Trees are being planted. Of course, besides animals breeding, everywhere wildlife preservation is the aim  of so many organisations in all over the world. Reverence and care for wildlife is becoming evident in so many parts of the world, which is heartening indeed!

(i) She bought the Ouija board at a cheap price from a bargain sold. She justifies her decision to buy it by telling her husband that she bought it for him. 

(ii) The ship had been stuck in the ice for days. There seemed to be no way out of it. The appearance of the albatross through the fog cheered the men. They gave it food to eat and regarded it was a good omen, as the ice split soon after its arrival. The albatross was a sign of life seen by the Mariners after a very long time. It was considered a good omen and a creature from God itself and hope for them. 

(iii) First, he would visit his lawyer to alter his will. Second, he would go to the insurance office and pay his premium. Third, he would marry Mrs. John Shorrocks, the keeper of the ‘Ring-O-Bells’ in Philip’s Church. 

(iv) Her beauty. The woman is searching for her lost youthful charm and beauty in the depths of the lake. 

(v) Miss. Louisa Mebbin was Mrs. Packletide’s paid companion who escorted her for the shooting. No, she was not at all devoted to her. Rather, her actions at the platform revealed that she was money-minded and a manipulative woman. She felt that she must in no case offer her services more than the amount she had been paid for. On the other hand, she dissuaded Mrs. Packletide saying that she ought not to have paid such a heavy amount for the old tiger. Shrewd as she was, she further advised Mrs. Packletide that if the beast did not touch the goat, she must not pay for shooting. She paid companion of Mrs. Packletide. She was moneyminded and clever-lady.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas 

CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It mainly comprises methane gas which can produce engine power after it is mixed with air and fed into an engine's combustion chamber.

Yes, it is possible to extract petroleum from under the sea bed using a giant drilling machine.

The d-block has 10 columns because a maximum of 10 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a d subshell. 

 Decreasing order of solubility in water of following species is 

C₂H₅ NH₂ > (C₂H₅)₂NH > C₆H₅NH₂

I. (a) (1) try to find out more about them. 

(b) (1) not easy. 

(c) (4) all of the above. 

(d) (3) both (1) and (2). 

II. (a) The writer says so because when we pass judgement on others, we often look down on them, as if we are so much better than them and that creates division between people. 

(b) We don’t make an effort to get to know the people, or understand them, or see whether our judgment is right or not.

(c) Time and effort are essential to build bridges with people. 

(d) Loving others can change our lives as when we love others, they also develop love for us and they are ready to help us in need. 

(e) It is difficult because usually we are not so aware of being judgemental. Greater awareness needs to be practiced in order to observe one’s thoughts. 

III. (a) guarantee, 

(b) judgemental, 

(c) build bridges.

I. (a) (1) overcome male prejudice. 

(b) (3) both (1) and (2). 

II. (a) They are successfully earning their livelihood and are striving hard to become economically independent. 

(b) UN has passed resolutions expressing the economic independence of women. 

(c) In these countries women are struggling to meet both ends. They are financially very poor. 

(d) Single women these days are not marrying and pursuing careers. They are earning well and even taking on the responsibility of adopting a child. 

(e) In personal relationships, they can have their way if they are also earning. They have a job to fall back upon. if the husband is very unreasonable and makes too many demands. 

(f) Adequate awareness campaigns need to be organized to familiarize women with the economic options that are available to them. 

III. (a) niche

(b) resolution

(i) The people in south India was strongly opposed to Hindi. 

(ii) They viewed every propaganda for Hindi as cutting the root of the provincial language.

A. TITLE: Festivals Commercialised 

NOTES : 

1. festivals a decade back: 

1. had religious significance 

2. sanctity 

3. had no association with must-have products 

4. meant fun and appreciatn of what it symbolised 

2. festivals today mean: 

1. buying latest product 

2. new ciths 

3. comer 

4. indulging ourslvs 

3. impact of advertising and comer 

1. brands attempt to spread festive cheer 

2. exploit eager custmr 

3. eat into spirit of fes 

4. child unaware of their sig 

5. increase in envir polluters e.g. firecrackers 

Key to Abbreviations 

appreciatn : appreciating 

ciths : clothes 

comer. : commercialisation 

ourslvs : ourselves 

custmr : customer

fes : festival 

envir : environment 

B. SUMMARY 

A decade back festivals had religious sanctity and were appreciated for what they symbolized. They were fun to celebrate and were not associated with buying ‘musthave products’. Today festivals mean indulging ourselves by buying the latest products and new clothes. This is due to the commercialization of festivals through advertising. Advertising attempts to spread festive cheer thus exploiting the customer. This has eaten into the spirit of festivals. Children are unaware of the significance of festivals. Commercialization has increased environmental polluters like firecrackers especially during Diwali.

(i) Akbar felt that abolishing of pilgrim tax will create good feeling between the Hindus and Muslims.

(ii) Communal harmony will be established in the state.