Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(i) Social factor : The Russian people were divided into separate groups. Nobles, clergy and commoners. The nobles and clergy were given high post in the society. They were appointed as the highest officers in the Church, and on other places. They were made free from taxes and had a special status in the society. The commoners or the workers were burdened to pay high taxes. This led to the Russian Revolution. 

(ii) Economic causes : The commoners/workers had to pay high taxes to the government. They had to pay 20% of their earnings as tax and they were forced to work for long hours in a day and in unhygenic places. These are known as the Economic factors responsible for the Russian Revolution.

Detailed Answer :

Social Causes : 

Some of the social causes of the Russian Revolution were that : 

(i) The peasants were not happy about how Czar was ruling Russia, because some of the peasants were too poor to buy land and also even the ones who owned land, did not have enough to feed their families. 

(ii) Also even though industrialization had been going on but very slowly, it had angered some peasants. The peasants disagreed with it because they were scared of the changes it would bring as they wanted to go back to the old ways. 

(iii) Also the peasants didn’t have a job. They moved to cities and found new jobs in new industries, but they still were not happy because they had to work for long hours and their pay was really low. 

(iv) They had to work in bad working conditions. Among these groups of workers, socialists spread ideas about revolution and reform. So on the Sunday of January 22, 1905 also known as “Bloody Sunday” a group of peaceful marchers were protesting for reform and the Czar got them shot dead. That day was a turning point for Russian people, it also ruined the faith and trust some people had in the Czar.

Economic Causes : 

(i) Serfdom was abolished in 1861, but the peasants continued to live in misery. The land they received was not enough to meet their needs and the money they had to pay was exorbitant. Their condition was worsened by a series of famines and bad harvests. Land, hunger and poverty of the peasants was a major factor. 

(ii) The conditions of the industrial workers was no better. They lived and worked under appalling conditions, with no political rights and no means of gaining even minor reforms. They did not even had the right to form Trade Unions. 

(iii) The state exchanger was bankrupt due to the spendthrift ways of the Tsar, expensive wars, maintaining a large bureaucracy and army and due to lopsided methods of taxation.

Sunrise Global School 

Agra 27th November, 2018

Mr Dhanraj Pillai 

M 114, Vasant Kunj 

Delhi 

Sub: Invitation to Annual Sports Day

Dear Sir 

It is a matter of great pride that our school is going to celebrate its 30th Annual Sports Day on 30th November, 2018. The celebration will begin at 11 am in the school ground. We cordially invite you to preside over the function as the Chief Guest and give away the prizes. 

We would appreciate it if you could confirm your acceptance by an email to Sunrisell2 @ yahoo.in 

Yours sincerely 

Karuna

Sports Secretary

Sunrise Global School

1. (a) garbage 

2. (b) enormity 

3. (b) stench 

4. (a) rampant

The Results of the American War of Independence are : 

(i) Emergence of USA : A new nation began to develop called the United States of America [USA]. They wrote the constitution of their own. America became the first country in the world which made written constitution. George Washington became the first President of America. 

(ii) Loss to England : According to the American Revolution, England lost there 13 colonies which were the most resourceful colonies. 

(iii) A lesson to England : After the loss against Americans, they turned their direction towards East and Asian countries. A belief that "Sun never sets in their kingdom" was proved wrong. 

(iv) An inspiration to the French Revolution : The efforts made by the philosophers of America and their watchwords also encouraged the French people and inspired them. 

(v) End of democracy in England : As a result of the loss over America, the English king lost his prestige and power in his country.

(i) Many kings became patrons of Buddhism. (ii) Buddhism was propagated in Prakrit language used by common masses.

M-114, Mall Road 

Delhi

7th October, 2019

The Times of India 

New Delhi 

Sub: Miserable condition in slum areas 

Dear sir 

Increasing urbanisation in developing countries is putting pressure on the provision of basic services and housing, a challenge that the government cannot afford to ignore. 

The existence of slums in every urban areas is due to the imbalance in the urban economy. 

The government, fully aware of a sizable portion of its poverty-stricken population that lives under despicable sanitation and housing conditions conveniently turns a blind eye to its cause. 

The slum people of India are treated like third rate citizens in their own country. Jobs, food, water, housing, sanitation, all the basic amenities are not enjoyed by this class of people.

Lack of education breeds criminal tendencies among them; rowdyism is the profession for many a young man. Drug abuse finds its roots here. Their localities are a haven of diseases. Defecating on the streets, child marriages and gross negligence of hygiene has lead to a high mortality rate among them. 

I hope that you will give space to my concern in your esteemed daily. 

Thank you 

Yours truly 

Karan

1. The city planners of Srinagar were caught unaware by the unprecedented floods in September 2014. They were not foresighted and were driven only by the history of disasters in the past rather than their future possibilities.

2. Unplanned urbanisation, shrinkage of water bodies, unauthorised colonies, encroachments on Dal Lake were the reasons that led to such a sorry state of affairs in the state. The Dal Lake shrank from 75 sq km to around 12 sq km. 

3. Srinagar continued expanding without showing any mercy to its water bodies and natural habitat. Encroachments, unplanned constructions and unauthorised colonies only worsened the situation and destroyed the hydrology of the region. 

4. Sultan Zain ul Abidin built the Nallah Mar Canal as the main artery of communication between the city of Srinagar and the villages near Dal Lake. He understood the sensitivity of promoting the linkages of water bodies and so was far ahead of his time.

1. (c) embankments 

2. (c) geological 

3. (a) artery 

4. (b) hydrolog

C-15, Mayur Vihar New Delhi 

20th March, 20×× 

The Editor The Hindustan Times New Delhi

Sub: Consequences of Climatic Changes Sir

Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I want to express my deep concern and anxiety on the climatic changes due to various manmade reasons.

Man is responsible for all the degradation of the environment. It started with the indiscriminate felling of trees. The deforestation has led to innumerable harms to the environment and ecology. Trees provide oxygen and absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere. The clearing of forests led to droughts and dryspells. This has resulted in global warming and sudden climatic changes.

Pollution of air, water and land is making our living quite miserable. Our seas, rivers and lakes are also polluted. They have become dumping grounds for human and industrial wastes. Glaciers are melting. So are the ice volumes of the Poles.

Man’s unlimited needs and limited natural resources are further aggravating the problem. Unplanned urbanisation and industrialisation has adversely affected the landscape and climate. Let us check degradation of the environment and make this planet a pleasant place for human habitation. 

Yours faithfully 

Radha/Raghav

(i) Origin of Earth

(ii) The first Olympic Games

(iii) Hegira Era

(iv) Unifications of Italy

(v) Disintegration of the Soviet Union

1. (a) bloom 

2. (b) motivation 

3. (c) transformation 

4. (c) negative

1. We are always under the sway of our mind. We are always performing and desiring according to our likes and dislikes. 

2. When we are confronted by darkness, we should not get nervous and tense. It is better to light one little candle than to stumble in the dark. 

3. There are two paths of life. The first is the path of ignorance. The other is the path of knowledge. When our minds are in the grip of ignorance, we lack knowledge. When our minds, ideas and actions are illuminated, we are on the noble path of life. 

4. We can certainly reconstruct our life and personalities. We can do so through the growth of awareness, development of consciousness and awakening of our inner faculties.

Political Cause

American Enlightment

Military Cause

Navigation Act

Economic Cause

Quebec Act

Role of Philosophers

Detailed Answer : 

The main causes of American War of Independence were : 

(i) Defective Administration : The Administrative System of England in the American Colonies was defective. Each Colony had its Assembly and the elected members. But, the nominated Governors to each colony by the British Parliament became intolerable on the part of the Colonists. Many times conflict between the Governors and the elected representatives of different colonies became inevitable. The Governors did not do anything without the permission of the British Parliament. Thus, the administrative system of each colony was controlled by the British Parliament. The British Parliament did not recognise the colonial problems. Thus, the colonists became intolerable and raised their voice against the defective administrative system of England. 

(ii) Restrictions on Colonial Trade : The British Government regulated the colonial trade for its own advantage. The Trade Policy of England was based on the benefits of profitable trading in which the flow of raw materials from the colonies that profited England was turned into finished goods which had a higher value than raw materials. The Navigation Act which was passed in 1660 was again practised by George Grenville, the Prime Minister of England. Before this Act, the Colonist’s accepted the manufactured goods of England only by exporting the raw materials to England. But when the Navigation Act was reintroduced, the Americans were forbidden to export their native products directly to other European countries. They could import their necessary goods only through England from other countries. The British Government imposed taxes on the American Colonies. 

(iii) Influence of Seven Years War : The Seven Years War which was started in 1756 and ended in 1763 had an impact on the American Colonies. By defeating France, England occupied Canada. The Americans were freed from the French menace. This enabled the people to stand by themselves. They did not felt the necessity of maintaining the British Army at their own expense. After this Seven Years War, the American Colonies began to be revolutionary. 

(iv) Role of the Writers and Philosophers : The writers and philosophers played an important role in the American War of Independence. Thomas Paine through this writing ‘Commonsense’ inspired the Americans to raise their voice against the British Government. Samuel Adams, another writer sowed the seed of independence among the Americans through his writings. Besides this, the Americans were influenced by the writings of Locke, Rousseau, Adam Smith and Milton.

(v) The Boston Tea Party : In 1773 Lord North introduced a new Tea Act and allowed the East India Company to sell tea directly in America. It created severe reactions among the Americans. The agitators in Boston formed the ‘Boston Tea Party’. The chief motive of this party was to resist the East India Company to sell tea in America. The first cargoes of Tea sent by East India Company arrived at Boston. 

On 16 December, 1773, under the leadership of Samuel Adams, some agitators of Boston Tea Party entered into the ship in the disguise of Red Indians and threw 343 chests of the tea into the sea. This event was famous as ‘The Boston Tea Riot’. Out of anger, Lord North passed the Boston Port Act in 1774 and the port was closed. This incident gave an impetus to the American War of Independence.

(i) Faith in peaceful co-existence.

(ii) Faith in independent policy.

(iii) No faith in arms.

(iv) Opposed to imperialism and colonialism.

(v) Opposition to Racial Apartheid and Colour Policy.

(vi) Policy of Action but non-intervention.

(vii) All nations are equal.

(viii) Faith in UNO.

(ix) Faith in common health.

(x) Sympathy towards divided nations.

Code Napoleon

Religious Reforms (concordat)

Economic Reforms

Public wars

Art and Architecture

Educational Reforms

Legion of honour

Detailed Answer : 

Reforms introduced by Napoleon : 

(i) Equality : Napoleon took away the liberty of the people but provided them equality. He completely abolished the distinction between the lower class and the upper class. Anybody could get the highest post in the government on the basis of merit. 

(ii) Beautification and Art : Napoleon was a great lover of art and he encouraged it a lot. He wanted to beautify the city of Paris and for this purpose he had imported several artistic objects to Paris from Italy. Napoleon asked the craftsmen of France to make beautiful articles, and thus hundreds of unemployed craftsmen could get work. He also encouraged literature. 

(iii) The Legion of Honour : Napoleon established the Legion of Honour in order to inject feeling of honour among the French people. The people were added to it on the basis of their merit and not on that of hereditariness. Those who influenced Napoleon by their ability, courage or by any other work of outstanding quality, were given the title of Legion of Honour. He also developed a new kind of nobility by awarding pieces of land to his well wishers. In fact, both these were against the principles of revolution because it gave birth to new classes. But Napoleon thought that the institution of the Legion of Honour was necessary to encourage his supporters. 

(iv) Economic Reforms : The economic condition of France had deteriorated rapidly during the course of the Revolution. The taxes were not realised properly. Trade and commerce and agriculture were badly affected. Napoleon paid his earnest attention to reforming the ailing economy. First of all, he cut down the state expenditure and the responsibility for collecting taxes was handed over to the Central Government. It proved to be beneficial for the government as well as for the tax-payers. To increase the credit of France, he established the Bank of France. He abolished the Guild System and prohibited the merchants from making fresh guilds, because according to Napoleon Bonaparte these guilds were the centres of corruption and indiscipline. In order to settle the disputes between the merchants and the labourers, an Industrial Committee was formed by Napoleon, but the merchants had their majority in this committee. 

(v) Educational Reforms : Napoleon carried out several reforms in the field of education but he was of the opinion that the educational institutions should be under the control of the state. The courses of Paris University and the affiliated colleges were decided by the Government. Some limitations were placed on the study of politics, philosophy and history. Napoleon used to think that the study of these subjects raised several problems in the smooth way of life. The following schools were flourishing in France during the reign of Consuls.

(vi) Religious Reforms (Concordat) : Napoleon used to say that "a state without a religion is like a vessel without a compass." The Pope agreed to the decision of the revolutionary period that the property of the Church which was confiscated during the course of Revolution would not be given back. The education would be controlled by the State. No official of the Church was to be allowed to open educational institutions without the prior permission of State. No clergyman was to be allowed to leave his parish. All the officials of the Church would receive their salary and take an oath of loyalty to the Government. The clergymen who were imprisoned during the course of Revolution were to be released; and those who had fled from France, were to be permitted to return to France.

Role of Martin Luther in the Reformation Movement : 

Martin Luther was born in a peasant family in Germany. He became a monk of the Augustinian order. When he visited Rome, he was shocked to see the worldliness of the Church of Rome and thus, he thought of breaking away from the Church of Rome. When John Tetzel, the agent of Pope Leo X came to Germany to sell indulgences, Martin Luther opposed it and nailed his famous “95 thesis on the Church of Rome. Thus, ideas of Martin Luther spread across Germany. Thus, began the Reformation Movement in Germany. Martin Luther is called as the Father of Reformation Movement. Martin Luther even burnt the paper order of excommunication for which he was declared as an outlaw by Pope Leo X and he was to be arrested. However, he was given protection by Frederick of Saxony during which period he translated the Bible into German. The people of North Germany protested for the action taken against Martin Luther and they were nicknamed as “Protestant”.

Factors of human evolution : 

(i) One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism-the ability to walk on two legs-evolved over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics- such as a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language developed more recently. Many advanced traitsincluding complex symbolic expressions, art and elaborate cultural diversity emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years. 

(ii) Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably between 2 million and 1.8 million years ago. They entered Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and 1 million years. Species of modern humans populated many parts of the world much later. For instance, people first came to Australia probably within the past 60,000 years and to America within the past 30,000 years or so. The beginnings of agriculture and the rise of the first civilizations occurred within the past 12,000 years. 

(iii) The process of evolution involves a series of natural changes that causes species (populations of different organisms) to arise, adapt to the environment, and become extinct. All species or organisms have originated through the process of biological evolution. In animals that reproduce sexually, including humans, the term species refers to a group whose adult members regularly interbreed, resulting in fertile offspring that is, offspring themselves are capable of reproducing. Scientists classify each species with a unique, two-part scientific name. In this system, modern humans are classified as Homo Sapiens. 

(iv) Evolution occurs when there is change in the genetic material- the chemical molecule, DNA - which is inherited from the parents, and especially in the proportions of different genes in a population. Genes represent the segments of DNA that provide the chemical code for producing proteins. Information contained in the DNA can change by a process known as mutation. 

(v) The way particular genes are expressed - that is, how they influence the body or behavior of an organism can also change. Genes affect how the body and behavior of an organism develop during its life, and this is why genetically inherited characteristics can influence the likelihood of an organism’s survival and reproduction.

Contribution of Greeks

(i) Literature : Greeks wrote so many valuable books.

Homer — The Iliad and the Odyssey

Soppo — Lyrics

Aeschulus — Prometheus Bound

Herodotus — Persian Wars

Aristotle — The politics, Athens Constitution

(ii) Oratory : Means the art of speaking in public. We learnt this from Ancient Greeks.

(iii) Philosophy.

(iv) Language and literature.

(v) Religion.

(vi) Art and Architecture.

(vii) Science.

Detailed Answer : 

Contribution of Greeks : 

(i) Mathematics : The Greeks were good in mathematics. Pythagoras formulated the principle of geometry that bears his name the Pythagorean Theorem. 

(ii) Euclid : Recognized as the “ Father of geometry” 

(iii) Archimedes : Advanced the method of measuring the circumference of a circle. He also discovered the principle of the specific gravity. 

(iv) Aristarchus : Discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun while rotating on its own axis. 

(v) Erastostheneswas : Able to make an estimate of the circumference of the world. He was also the first to draw the longitude and the latitude lines on the map of the world. 

(vi) Architecture : The goal was to honor the God. The most beautiful structures were the temples, theatres, baths, stadiums and markets were constructed. 

(vii) Drama : The theme of the drama was how fate or destiny dictated on events occurring in the world. The subject of their drama was the problems in life. 

(viii) Sophocles, Euripedes and Aeschylus are the famous writers of Greek tragedy. 

(ix) Painting : The common design was the daily work of the people like singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, taking a bath and other activities. 

(x) Medicine : Greeks established a school for study of medicine where the cause of illness was investigated and where sick was treated based on observation. 

(xi) Religion : The tradition in Greek was the worship of different Gods headed by Zeus. 

(xii) Philosophy : Socrates–famous because of his philosophy that reason and riot emotion should prevail. Plato–for him law was supposed to be for all and not for the strong and rich only. Aristotle–was the intelligent student of Plato. He studied animals, plants anatomy and physics. According to him one should accept any theory if this conforms to observable data.

Hominoids lived on trees and gathered their food. Ice age Reduced the forests and expanded the grassland, plains and deserts. The climate change forced Hominoids to get down from the trees and live on land. Tools making lead to food production, finally he settled down in a permanent place and began cultivation. (Explain the part)

The Contribution of Greeks are as follows : 

(i) Greek Civilization is one of the oldest civilization of the world. (ii) Greeks have contributed much to the world by their Art and Architecture. 

(iii) Their architecture includes three types, Dorhic, Ionic and Gothic style of architecture. 

(iv) They were the great builders, they built many monuments with marbles. One such monument is the Temple of Virgin in Athens. 

(v) Pericles is the most famous ruler of the Greek Civilization. He rebuilt the Athens which was destroyed during the Persian wars. Hence, his period is known as Golden Age in the History of Greeks.

The causes of the First World War are : 

(i) Military Policy of Russia : The Russian Government considered Germany to be the main threat to its territory. This led to huge fight between Russia and Germany. 

(ii) Arms Race : Arms race is one of the major cause for the First World War. The world was divided into two 

groups : Triple Alliance, Tripple Entire and there was a competition for storing weapons. 

(iii) Aggressive Nationalism : And there was nationalism in whole of Europe. Entire Europe was divided into groups and there was keen competition between the European countries. 

(iv) Role of Newspaper : The newspaper played a major role by publishing the various factors of the two groups. This increased the gap between the two powers. 

(v) Immediate cause : The immediate cause for the First World War was the murder of the Austrian Prince Archduke Ferdinand. 

Results : 

(i) Lots of people were killed and millions of people were injured. 

(ii) It overthrew the old kingdoms. 

(iii) After the First World War, a large number of nations started to prevent further wars. 

(iv) The Treaty of Versailles was signed which ended the First World War. 

(v) After the First World War, the countries like Poland and others got independence.

Walking with two legs.

(a) Peasants were not allowed to carry arms and only the samurai class could carry swords. 

(b) Disarmament of peasants ended frequent wars and established peace. 

(c) Funds were raised by levying an agricultural tax. Textile machinery was imported from Europe, and foreign technicians were employed to train workers, as well as to teach in universities and schools. 

(d) Population growth boosted commercial economy and use of money created financial and credit systems. Land was surveyed and owners were asked to pay regular tax. 

(e) Paying for imports with gold and silver was stopped. Silk industry had achieved an extraordinary growth. 

(f) Cultural growth occurred. People developed new reading habits. Study of ancient Japanese literature came into being. Patronization of art and theatre also began by the merchants. 

(g) Schooling was made compulsory for boys and girls and by 1910 almost universal. Tuition fees were minimal. 

(h) All young men over twenty had to do a period of military service. A modern military force was developed. 

(i) A legal system was set up to regulate the formation of political groups, control the holding of meetings and impose strict censorship.

(a) It was the custom of all the city dwellers to collect and store enough food grains for the whole of the next year immediately after the harvest, carried off all the wheat, barley, beans and lentils and left to the peasants various kinds of pulse- after taking a quite a larger proportion to the city. 

(b) The country people had to resort to unhealthy foods in the spring; they ate twigs and shoots of trees and bushes and bulbs and roots of inedible plants. 

(c) The passage reveals the selfishness of the citydwellers, as they thought about themselves only. They stored enough food grains for the whole of the next year, while the country people had to resort to unhealthy foods in the spring.

Fossils are the remains or impressions of a very old human which have turned into stone. These are often embedded in rock, and are thus preserved for millions of years.

The term ‘barbarian’ is derived from the Greek word ‘barbaros’ which meant a non Greek, whose language sounded like a random noise: ‘bar-bar’. They are considered as cruel, greedy and politically unable to govern.

(a) (i) Martin Luther was the founder of Protestant Movement. 

(ii) Martin Luther(1483-1546) launched a campaign against the Catholic Church and its many evils i.e. sale of indulgence. 

(iii) He argued that a person did not need priests to establish contact with God. He asked his followers to have complete faith in God, for faith alone could guide them to the right life and entry into heaven. 

(iv) This Movement – called the Protestant Reformation – led to the churches in Germany and Switzerland breaking their connection with the Pope and the Catholic Church. 

(b) (i) William Tyndale was an English scholar who is best known for his translation of the Bible. 

(ii) He was deeply influenced by Martin Luther King and the Reformation Movement. 

(iii) He was disturbed by the fact that the common man was unable to read the Bible. He wanted to make the Bible accessible to his countrymen in Germany and England. 

(iv) This encouraged a desire for literacy in order to facilitate a personal understanding of the scriptures. 

(c) (i) Protestants started claiming the right of a people to remove an oppressive ruler and to choose someone of their liking. 

(ii) The Catholic Church also began to reform itself from within. In Spain and in Italy, churchmen emphasised the need for a simple life and service to the poor.

(iii) In England, the rulers ended the connection with the Pope. The king/queen was from then onwards the head of the Church.

(iv) In France, as in many other parts of Europe, the Catholic Church allowed Protestants to worship as they chose.

(a) (i) Hard Times is the tenth novel written by Charles Dickens and published in 1854. 

(ii) The process of industrialization and its effect on the labour force was the main theme of the novel. 

(iii) He focussed on the life of industrial workers and terrible conditions of urban life. 

(iv) According to him human beings were reduced into simple instruments of production due to industrialization. 

(v) Industrialisation led to the misery of workers. 

(b) (i) He described Coketown, a fictitious industrial town, as a grim place full of machinery, smoking chimneys, rivers polluted purple and buildings that all looked the same. 

(ii) Here workers are known as ‘hands’, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. 

(c) Student will write his/her own views on industrialisation.

There lies huge difference between the Venetian and the French governments. 

 Venetian Government The best way to describe the Venetian Government is ‘Venice über alles’, meaning ‘Venice above all’. This statement proves that Venice had a more just and efficient government as compared to any other European governments in contemporary times. On the other hand, the 15th century French government has been referred as ’Feudal barbarism’ by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Venetian administration was mostly controlled by the Great Council which comprised of the some of the prominent members of the city. The state for these patricians was a mere extension of their family and individual interests. These people understood that an efficient administration of the state is important for the effective functioning of the trading, which was the primary source of revenue of the land.

People of the lesser ranks such as the merchants, doctors and lawyers also had an important role to play in the state. They served as the ambassadors and diplomats. 

 The lower ranks also had important rights and obligations. Thus, the administration of Venice was a participative practice. The government made all efforts to fulfill the needs of the poor. Provisions were made for the supply of food, conducting great ceremonies and celebrations, and assurance of legal system with justice for all.

French Government 

 The French government was different from the Venetian style of governance. It was based on the system of Feudalism. Feudalism was a social and economic system that existed in France, England and Italy during the 9th and 15th century. Here, the agricultural production was based on the relation between lords and peasants. The lords owned huge lands, and the peasants had to cultivate their own lands as well as the lords’ land.In return for the services rendered by the peasants, the lords provided military protection to them.

The lords also extended judicial control over the peasants and the settlement. This practise was highly exploitative and peasants were the major sufferers. 

(a) The Crusades left a lasting impact on the aspects of Christian Muslim relations. 

 (b) The Muslim states developed harsher attitudes towards its Christian subjects. 

 (c) In the areas of mixed populations (Muslim, Jews and Christians), religious conflicts intensified. 

 (d) There was a greater influence of Italian mercantile communities (from Pisa, Genoa. and Venice) in the trade between the East and the West even after the restoration of Muslim power. 

 (e) In the first crusade, soldiers from France and Italy captured Antioch in Syria and also claimed Jerusalem. Their victory marked by slaughter of Muslims and Jews. 

 (f) They increased the power of church in Europe and increased its ability to create wars and inflict violence in the common people. 

The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used byEuropean scholars – George Michelet in France and Friedrich Engles in Germany. It refers to the great change in the field of industries when the production of goods by hand in the houses was replaced with the help of machines in factories.

(a) Dating around 1800 BCE are tablets with multiplication and division tables, square- and square-root tables, and tables of compound interest. For Example- the square root of 2 was given as:1 + 24/60 + 51/602 + 10/603. 

 (b) Students had to solve problems such as the following: a field of area such and such is covered one finger deep in water; find out the volume of water. 

 (c) The division of the year into 12 months according to the revolution of the moon around the earth, the division of the month into four weeks, the day into 24 hours, and the hour into 60 minutes – all that we take for granted in our daily lives – has come to us from the Mesopotamians. 

 (d) Whenever solar and lunar eclipses were observed, their occurrence was noted according to year, month and day. So too there were records about the observed positions of stars and constellations in the night sky. 

 (e) None of these momentous Mesopotamian achievements would have been possible without writing and the urban institution of schools, where students read and copied earlier written tablets, and where some boys were trained to become not record keepers for the administration, but intellectuals who could build on the work of their predecessor.

The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European scholars – George Michelet in France and Friedrich Engles in Germany. It refers to the great change in the field of industries when the production of goods by hand in the houses was replaced with the help of machines in factories.

The answer is (D) Tsar Nicholas II 

The answer is (D) George Plekhanov

The answer is  (C) Soviets

The answer is (A) Popularly called the ‘holy devil’ 

The answer is (C) Five years 

The answer is (A) Autocratic Government 

The answer is  (B) Duma

The answer is (D) Reichstag 

England, Pakistan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran.

Andrei Sakharov and Boris Selsin.

STATE REORGANISATION COMMISSION 

i. Constituted by the central Govt in 1953 to recommend the reorganization of state boundaries and accepted in 1956 with the act. 

ii. By the demand of Vishal Andhra movement under the leadership of p. Sriramullu Andhra state was formed.

DMK made its entry into Indian politicsi. 

i. First, it demanded the restoration of the original name of Kallakudi railway station which had been renamed Dalmiapuram, after an industrial house from the North. This demand brought out its opposition to the North Indian economic and cultural symbols. 

ii.The second agitation was for giving Tamil cultural history greater importance in school curricula. 

iii.The third agitation was against the craft education scheme of the State government, which it alleged was linked to the Brahmanical social outlook. It also agitated against making Hindi the country’s official language

The SAARC countries share the aspiration for democracy. 

I. Ordinary citizens, rich as well as poor and belonging to different religions, view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy. 

ii. They prefer democracy over any other form of democracy and think that democracy is suitable for their country 

iii. Democracy believes in negotiation and discussions 

iv. It is transparent and provides freedom of expression and public opinion

Consumer Protection Act is popularly known as COPRA. It was introduced by the Government of India in 1986.