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Political Party: 

i. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programs for the society with a view to promote the collective good. 

ii. They try to persuade people as to why their policies are better than others, seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections. Political parties have three components – the leaders, active members and followers. 

Suggestions: 

i. A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution etc. 

ii. It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party. 

iii. There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses.

Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur Chennai, etc.

Golden Quadrilateral: It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic corridor, to connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai Kolkata. With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time- distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimized.

The values that are associated with democracy producing a harmonious social life are : 

(i) Equality among all human beings. 

(ii) Respect for individual freedom. 

(iii) Democracies accommodate various social divisions. 

(iv) Democracies reduce the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent. 

(v) Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

Multi –National Corporations(MNCs) interlink production across countries :
(i) There are varieties of ways in which the MNCs are spreading their production and interacting with local producers in various countries across the globe.
(ii) By setting up partnership with local companies, by using the local companies for supplies, by closely competing with the local companies or buying them.
(iii) MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at the distant locations.
(iv) As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked.
(v) Example – Cargill Foods , Parakh Food

HTML(Hyper text Markup Language) is used to write the above code.

<message>,</message> <text> and </text> are predefined tags of the HTML language.

Output :

(i) Bake the mixture in oven for an hour

(ii) Remove from oven

(iii) Allow the mixture to stand for ten minutes

(iv) Serve

Statement:

jTextAreal.append("ABC") ;

Amit can use setLineWrap(true) and setWrapStyleWord(true) for this Purpose.

Sources of systematic errors :

(i) Imperfect calibration of instruments – Instrumental error.

(ii) Impact method of observation (percentage error).

Any two Differences.

Detailed Answer :

If Reynold's number Re < 2000, then the flow is streamline flow.

It Re > 2000, the flow is turbulent flow.

class Node

{

int n;

Node link;

void FindNode (Node str, int b)

{

Node t;

t = str;

while (t ! = null)

{

if (t. n = = b)

{

system. out. println ("Number is present in linked list");

system. exit(0);

}

t = t. link;

}

system. out. println ("Number is not present in linked list");

}

}

class Register

{

String stud [ ];

int cap, top;

Register (int max)

{

cap = max;

top = – 1;

stud = new int [cap];

}

void push (String n)

{

if (top = = cap – 1)

System. out. println ("OVER FLOW");

else

{

top ++;

stud [top] = n;

}

}

String pop ( )

{

if (top = = – 1)

return ("$ $");

else

{

String w = stud [top];

top – – ;

return (w);

}

}

}

(b) Stack

import java. io. * ;

class Capital

{

String sent;

int freq;

Capital ( )

{

sent = " "; freq = 0;

}

void input ( )

{

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System. in)); 

system. out. println ("Enter one sentence"); 

sent = br. readLine ( );

String [ ] word = sent. split (" \\ s");

for (int i = 0; i < word. length; i ++)

{

if (isCap (word [i]) = = true)

freq ++;

}

}

boolean isCap (String w)

{

if (Character. isUpperCase (w. charAt (0)) = = true)

return true;

else return false;

}

void display ( )

}

System. out. println (sent);

System. out. println (" the frequency of the words beginning with a capital letter is "+ freq);

}

public static void main ( )

{

Capital Ob = new Capital ( );

Ob. input ( );

Ob. display ( );

}

}

import java. io. *;

class EqMat

{

int a [ ] [ ];

int m, n;

EqMat (int mm, int nn)

{

m = mm;

n = nn;

a = new int[m][n];

}

void readarray ( )

{

int i, j;

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System. in)); 

System. out. println ("Enter" + m + n + "values"); for (i = 0; i < m; i + +)

{

for (j = 0; j < n; j ++)

a [i] [j] = Integer. parseInt (br. readLine ());

}

}

int check (EqMat P, EqMat Q)

{

int i, j;

for (i = 0; i < m; i ++)

{

for (j = 0; j < n; j++)

if (P. a [i] [j] ! = Q. a [i] [j]) return (0);

}

return (1);

}

void print ( )

{

int i, j;

for (i = 0; i < m; i ++)

{

for (j = 0; j < n; j ++) System. out. print (a [i] [j]);

system. out. println ( ) ;

}

}

public static void main (String args [ ])

{

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System. in));

system. out. println ("Enter no. of rows of matrix");

int row = Integer. parseInt (br. readLine ( ));

system . out. println ("Enter no. of Columns of matrix ");

int col = Integer. parseInt (br. readLine ( )); 

EqMat Ob1 = new EqMat (row, col);

Ob1. readarray ( );

Ob1. print ( );

EqMat Ob2 = new EqMat(row, col);

Ob2. readarray ( );

Ob2. print ( );

EqMat Ob3 = new EqMat (row, col);

if (Ob3. check (Ob1, Ob2) = = 1)

system. out. println (" Matrices are equal"); 

else

system. out. println (" Matrices are not equal");

}

}

X – 2, 8, 6 

a) Since ‘X’ has three energy shells and period number of an element is equal to the number of energy shells, X belongs to 3rd period.

b) X has 6 valence electrons it belongs to group 16.

c) Valency will be 2. To acquire noble gas configuration it will gain 2 electrons.

Carbon has electronic configuration 2, 4. It could gain four electrons forming C^-4 anion or lose 4 electrons to form C⁺⁴ cation . Both are not possible due to energy considerations. Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing electrons and forming covalent compounds. 

Two reasons for forming large number of compounds:

1) Catenation 

2) Tetra valency

• Flow of energy is unidirectional.
• Terrestrial plants take about 1% of the Sun’s energy and change it to chemical energy.
• A great deal of energy is -lost as heat/ used for digestion/doing work/growth and reproduction.
• Only 10% of organic matter present at each trophic level (and available to next trophic level). 
• Food chains are mainly of 3-4 trophic levels (because of 10% law)
• The number of producers are maximum (the number reduces in subsequent trophic levels).
• Food webs are more common (as compared to isolated food chains).
• Biological magnification can be observed.

i) less intake of Iodine (in the diet) 3 

ii) will lead to gigantism 

iii) timely secretion of testosterone

The company may purchase its own debentures in the open market with the objective of:

(i) Immediate cancellation

(ii) Keeping them as investments (to be cancelled at a later date).

Goodwill = Capitalised Average Profit – Actual capital employed/net assets

Where Capitalized Average Profit = Average profit x 100/Normal Rate of Return

Actual capital employed = Assets (excluding purchased Goodwill and fictitious assets) – outside liabilities

Employee Stock Option Plan means option granted by the company to its employees and employee directors to subscribe the shares of the company at a price that is lower than the market price but it is not an obligation on the employee to subscribe for it. 

Calculation of amount of sports material to be transferred to Income and Expenditure Account of Raman Bhalla Sports Club, Ludhiana for the year ended on 31^st March, 2018.

(i) Nastaliq was the art of writing or calligraphy. Akbar liked this style as it is a fluid style with long horizontal strokes. 

(ii) A piece of trimmed reed with a tip of 5 to 10 mm was used to write. It was called ‘qalam’ dipped in siyahi. Its nib usually split in the middle to facilitate the absorption of siyahi. 

(iii) Muhammad Hussain from Kashmir was one of super calligraphers of nastaliq style at Akbar’s court. 

(iv) Mohammad Hussain was honoured with the title ‘zarrin qalam’ in recognition of the perfectly proportioned curvature of his letter and beatification.

(i) The Mutiny is known for the way it was suppressed by using the brute force of policing whether it was not one sided. The mutineers also indulged into a horific level. 

(ii) Many British officials along with their family members were killed even after they surrendered to the mutineers. The mutineers mercillesly butchered English women and children whenever they were taking bath in the Ganga in Kanpur. 

(iii) The company suppressed the rebellions with vengeance. The mutineers who were captured were blown by the canons hanged on trees in countryside and like that. It seemed British government wanted to terrorise the natives. 

(iv) The British press played an important role as it forced the company to take an aggressive , stand against mutineers. There was great pressure on the company’s officials to deal ruthlessly with the natives.

In case of dissolution of partnership, the firm continue to do business but with a changed agreement. In case of dissolution of partnership firm, the firm ceases to exist, the assets of the firm are realised and its liabilities are discharged. 

Irredeemable debentures are called perpetual debentures because these are not repayable during the life span of the company. 

The primary objective of cash flow statement is to provide useful information about cash flows (inflows and outflows) of an enterprise during a particular period under operating, investing and financing activities.

(i) The rural settlements derive their life support from land based primary economic activity whereas urban settlements depend on secondary and tertiary sectors. 

(ii) Urban settlements act as nodes of economic growth, provide goods and services not only to urban dwellers-but also to the people of the rural settlements in their hinterlands in return for food and raw materials. 

(iii) Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and outlook. Rural people are less mobile, social relations among them are intimate whereas in urban areas, life is complex and fast and social relations are formal.

(i) In any country, several basic services like transport, bank, insurance, educational institutions, etc. are required and the government has to take responsibility for the provision of these services. 

(ii) The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services, such as transport, trade, storage, etc. 

(iii) As income level rises, certain sections of people start demanding many services like eating out, recreation, tourism, private hospitals, etc. 

(iv) Certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. 

(v) Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demands for such services.

 In general compounds are formed by the chemical combination (chemical reaction) of different elements, molecules with each other. Whereas mixtures are formed by the combination of different elements, molecules and even compounds which are not chemically reacted with each other. Air is considered as a mixture of gases, as the component gases does not reacts with each other. 

If the gases present in it reacts with each other then it will not considered as mixture but as a compound.

(i) Role of education : It plays a vital role in the overall development of a human being and society, therefore stress on imparting education has been given up in our Constitution. 

(ii) Role of health : The general health standard in India is quite low. This is quite inevitable as nearly one fourth of the population lives below the poverty line. 

(iii) A community based programme on health care and medical services in rural areas are launched. As a result of these efforts, there has been a fall in the incidence of certain diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy and polio.

It is true some people think that democracy produces a less effective government because : 

(i) Non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion. They can be very quick and efficient in decision-making and implementation. 

(ii) But democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is bound to take place. 

(iii) Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone. 

(iv) Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information with citizens. 

(v) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population.

There characteristics of Arid soils in India are:

(i) They range from red to brown in colour.

(ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

(iii) In some areas salt content is higher and common salt is obtained by evaporation of water. Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humans and moisture.

Application of centrifugation are:

• Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine test.
• Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
• Used in a washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.

(i) Defection in politics means moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit. It means changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected to a different party. 

(ii) It happens when a legislature, after having been elected from a particular party leaves it and joins in other party. 

(iii) The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLA’s and MP’s from changing parties. Now the law says that if any MLA and MP changes parties, he or she will lose seat in the legislature. The new law has brought defection down and has made dissent even more difficult. 

As studied by World Bank, following are the features of global poverty scenario:

(i) The proportion of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty defined by the World Bank as living of less than $ 1.25 per day has fallen from 43% in 1990 to 22% in 2008.

(ii) Poverty declined substantially in China and South-East Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development.

(iii) In the countries of South Asia, the decline has not been as rapid.

(iv) In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact decline from 51% in 1981 to 47% in 2008.

(v) In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

(vi) Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where officially it was non-existent earlier.

(i) Of the country’s total population, 59 percent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. 

(ii) Another 40 percent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. 

(iii) Remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German. 

(iv) In the capital city Brussels, 80 percent people speak French while 20 percent are Dutch speaking.

Five reasons for the popularity of novels in 18th century in Europe:

(i) The improvement in printing technology make the price of books cheaper.

(ii) Due to the era of cirulating libraries helped the workers to read books.

(iii) The novels help the reader to spend in a world of fantast.

(iv) Besides novels allowed the pleasure of reading in private as well as the joy of publicly discussing or reading stories with friends and relatives.

(v) Novels written in vernacular or spoken languages of the people were particularly popular because these were closer to the heart of the reader.

The Ethnic Composition of the small country like Belgium is very complex because of various languages speaking people like:

(i) Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language.

(ii) Another 40 per cent live in the “Wallonia region” and speak French.

(iii) Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German.

Besides, in the capital city of Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch speaking.

The features of advancing monsoon are:

(i) It begins by early June.

(ii) The low-pressure condition over the northern plains attracts the: trade winds of the southern hemisphere. As these winds blow over warm oceans, they bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent.

(iii) As a result, the windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall, and the Deccan Plateau and parts of Madhya Pradesh also receive some amount of rain in spite of lying in the rain shadow area.

(iv) The maximum rainfall of this season in the world is received by Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills.

(v) Another phenomenon associated, with, the monsoon, is its, tendency to, have `breaks' in, rainfall. The 'break' in monsoon means the monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time.

(vi) The monsoon is known for its uncertainties. While it causes heavy floods, in one part, it may be responsible for droughts in the other.

Power may be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. There is a system of 'reserved constituencies' in our country. This type of arrangement in meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.

The trade route that linked the eastern and western parts of Asia is called the Silk route. The Chinese mainly used these routes for the worldwide export of silk.

1. The silk routes linked Asia with Europe and northern Africa.

2. Metals like gold and silver were brought from Europe to Asia.

3. Textiles, spices, and pottery were exported from India and other countries of Southeast Asia through the silk routes.

4. Buddhism emerged from eastern India. It spread to other countries of Asia through the silk route.

Thus, the silk route which was mainly used for trade linked the countries.

Our government has done much more to provide food security to the poor by launching various schemes such as buffer stock, PDS, Antyodaya Anna Yojana and Annapurna Scheme.

Following are the three schemes launched by the government to provide food security to the poor:

(i) Public Distribution System (PDS): The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society which is known as PDS. This scheme was launched in 1992.

(ii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana: This scheme was launched in December 2000 for the poorest of the poor by providing them foodgrains up to 35 kg at lowest rates, wheat Rs. 2 per kg and rice at Rs. 3 per kg. The scheme has been further expanded twice by additional 50 lakh BPL families in June 2003 and in August 2004.

(iii) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) to provide children up to 6 years of age supplementary nutrition, immunisation, health check-up, referral services’, pre-school non-formal education as well as nutrition and health education for their mothers.

Caste can take the following forms in politics:

(i) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes, so as to muster necessary support to win elections.

(ii) When government are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.

(iii) Political parties and candidates make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.

(iv) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one person one vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support of different sections of society.

Various forms of Caste in Politics :

When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.

(i)  Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.

(ii)   Universal adult franchise and the principle of one–person – one – vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low.

Every expression of social division does not lead to disasters: Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world. Wherever they exist, these divisions are reflected in society and politics.

(i)  In a democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.

(ii)  Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others. In many countries there are parties that focus only on one community. Yet all this does not lead to disintegration of the country.

(iii)  We can take the example of India in this, and see how the diverse culture , language and even religion still coexist peacefully in spite of multiple political representations.

“Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper or judicious use of resources.”

Resource planning is a complex process which involves :

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.