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When vietnam was given freedom it broke up into north and south vietnam respectively north was ruled by communists but south was ruled by old kings later vietnamese people in south formed NLF national liberation front and recaptured the southern portion. but USA felt that communist power in vietnam was rising and decided to start a war for control over it. though vietnamese army cannot stand a chance in front of USA army they used gourella war fare in battle most of the people in vietnam were dead and even USA suffered a lot. the tonnage of bombs used by USA exceeded that used in world war-2 hence we can say that division of vietnam turned it into  a battle field.

Underground railways were able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis. 

(i) The underground railways carried a large number of people to and from London and solved the transport problem. 

(ii) The labour could live in suburbs only as housing was not affordable in London, and they can easily travel to their work place with railways. 

(iii) The underground partly solved the housing crisis and carried large masses of people to and from London . 

(iv) The population in the city became more dispersed.

Economic factors:

Reviewing economic growth and development literature shows that the concepts of growth and development been changed qualitatively and quantitatively. Historically, economic growth factors, have normally been associated with the economic circumstances in a particular period, e.g. when trade was the prevailing economic activity during the Mercantilist era, gold and trade were the main economic factors seen as leading to growth.

(i) Availability of national resources in abundance.

(ii) Adequate availability of capital.

(iii) Progress in science and technology.

(iv) Entrepreneurial ability.

(v) Human resource development.

(vi) Growth of population.

Non-Economic factors:

(i) Spread of education.

(ii) Desire for material betterment.

(iii) Social institutions like caste system, joint family system.

(iv) Political conditions of a country.

The peace negotiations in Geneva followed the division of Vietnam that set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield. 

(i) The peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country, i.e. North and South Vietnam. 

(ii) The division set in motion, a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death and destruction to its people as well as environment.  

(iii) The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a camp led by Ngo Dinh Diem, who built a repressive and authoritarian government. 

(iv) Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed. 

(v) With the help of the Ho Chi Minh in North, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried about the communist gaining power, it decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

When it comes to representation of women in legislative bodies, India is among the bottom group of nations in the world. Women's representation has always been less than 15% in Lok Sabha.
On the other hand, the situation is different in the case of local government bodies. 

As one-third of seats in local government bodies (panchayats and municipalities) is reserved for women, there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.

Parallel to the revolt of poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the addiction of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation states did not exist such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro- Hungarian Empire men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. 

(i) The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large number of women had participated actively over the years. 

(ii) Women had focused their own political associations, founded newspaper and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. (iii) Despite this, they were denied suffrage rights during the elections of assembly. 

(iv) When the Frankfurt Parliament was held in Church of St. Paul’s, women were admitted only as observers to stand in visitors’ gallery.

Two example of informal credit are :

(i) Moneylender 

(ii) Friend or relative

(i) Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better. 

(ii) The government can play a major role in making this possible. 

(iii) Government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and the workers get their rights. 

(iv) It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become strong enough to compete. 

(v) It can negotiate with WTO for fairer rules. 

(vi) It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in WTO. 

(vii) If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers.

Few measures adopted for conservation of water resources are given below :

• Construction of multipurpose projects and canals.
• Solving river water disputes quickly.
• Inter basin transfer of water.
• Measures to raise underground water table.
• Rainwater harvesting and watershed development.
• Avoiding pollution of water bodies.
• Preventing the wastage of water.

Markets have transformed in the following ways:

(i) The goods and services are produced globally as a result, production is organised in increasingly complex ways.

(ii) Production is widely dispersed location is getting interlinked.

(iii) Foreign trade have resulted in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.

(iv) More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries.

(v) Technology has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

The gram sabha is a meeting of all adults who live in the area covered by a panchayat. Anyone who is 18 years old or more and who has the right to vote is a member of the gram sabha.

The functions of Gram Sabha are

(i) It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat.

(ii) It supervises the work of the Gram Panchayat.

(iii) It approves the annual budget of the Panchayat.

(iv) It reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.

At room temperature (25°C), water is a liquid because it has the following characteristics of liquid:

1. At room temperature, water has no shape but has a fixed volume i.e., it occupies the shape of the container in which it is kept.

2. At room temperature, water flows easily.

Three measures of conservation of resources are :

1. The mass production should be replaced by or replaced with the production by masses.

2. A person should use resources according to their needs not to their greed.

3. The resources should not be polluted and also not to be wasted.

In the modern India, caste system is changing with time in following manner:

• Society is not as rigid as it used to be in ancient India.
• With the increasing population it is not possible to make a segregation of people in different caste.
• The notion of caste is diluting but with a slow pace.
• Inter-caste marriages are happening in our society.
• The idea of caste is slowly taking a back seat.
• In times to come we may expect that the society will eventually become caste-less if not a class-less one.

Democracy is dominant form of government in the contemporary world democracy is considered to be successful when

1. Not rich and powerful people but the rulers elected by the people must take all major elections.

2. A choice and opportunities should be available to all people based on political equality.

3. Their elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the rulers if they wish to do so.

National political party have units in the various states, they follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level.
Conditions required :
(i) A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in general elections of Lok Sabha or assembly elections in four states.
(ii) Wins at least 4 seats in Lok Sabha.

The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional and cultural diversities.
(i) They amended their Constitution four times so as to work out an innovative arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in peace and harmony, i.e., there was sharing of power between the Dutch and the French both in the Central Government, State Government and Community Government. They followed a policy of accommodation.
(ii) This helped to avoid civic strife and division of the country on linguistic lines.
(iii) On the other hand, the Sinhalese who were in majority in Sri Lanka as compared to the Tamils followed a policy of majoritarianism and adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy by passing an Act of 1956.
These measures alienated the Tamils leading to civic strife between the two communities.

The three major function of Election Commission of India are:

• The Election Commission announces the date of elections.
•   Its biggest function and responsibility is to conduct free and fair elections.
•  It controls the government officers who are posted on the election duty.

India adopted multi-party system for the following reasons

(i) India is a large country and has social and geographical diversities. 

(ii) It is easy to absorb different social and geographical diversities in multi-party systems.

(iii) The multi-party system in India evolved over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social, regional division, its history of politics and its system of elections.

(iv) Multi-party system ensures a healthy competition between different parties and prevents dictatorship of a single party.

Iron and steel industry is the basic industry as :
(i) All the other industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.
(iii) It provides a variety of consumer goods.
(iv) Construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipments, are the gifts of iron and steel industry.

“Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue to extract at the present rate, the reserves would last only 35-40 years more.” Crude oils are produced in thousands of years by the decomposition of organic matter under the surface of the earth under extreme temperature and pressure. The production rate of these reserves is very slow in comparison to the extraction rate by the human beings. Because fossil fuels are basic for every industry as well as vehicles, with the rapid development of Industries this rate has jumped and multiplied. Ways to solve it:

(i) Judicial use of available resources :  We need to ensure that the available resources are used in a very judicious way and not wated.

(ii)  Finding Substitutes:  We need to evolve substitutes like solar energy and wind energy , which are clean ,green and renewable.

(iii)  Creating Awareness:  We require to educate th new generation about conservation of resources and aiming towards sustainable development.

Consequences of majoritarian policies adopted by Sri Lankan Government were :
(i) Tamils felt the government was not sensitive about Tamil language and culture because Sinhala was declared the official language.
(ii) Tamils felt discriminated against securing jobs and education which were given preferentially to the Sinhala speakers.
(iii) Tamils felt the government was practising religious discrimination because the State fostered
Buddhism. Relations between Tamils and Sinhalese became strained.

(i)  The cost of informal loans is much higher and often leads to a debt trap. Also, people who might wish to start a new enterprise by borrowing may not do so because of the high cost of borrowing in such a case.

(ii)  Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and do Iitle to increase the income of the borrowers. Thus, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence of the poor on informal sources of credit reduces.

(iii)  It is important that the formal credit sources like Banks are distributed more equally in rural and urban areas so that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.

The values that are associated with democracy producing a harmonious social life are :
(i) Equality among all human beings.
(ii) Respect for individual freedom.
(iii) Democracies accommodate various social divisions.
(iv) Democracies reduce the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent.
(v) Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

Formal sector loans :

These resources work under the supervision of the Reserve Bank of India. The rate of interest is very low. Commercial banks, cooperative societies are the main source of formal source of credit. They provide ensured services and also have a set protocol for deliverance of loan activities . In formal sector interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment together comprise what is called the terms of credit. The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another. They may vary depending on the nature of the lender and the borrower. 

 (i) Imputed value of what grown by farmer for self-consumption must be included.

(ii) Purchase or sale of financial assets like shares is not included while calculating national income.

(iii) Imputed value of self-consumed services rendered by family member to each other is not included in the national income.

National income (income method) = Compensation of employees + Profits + Rent + Interest + Mixed income of self employed - Net factor income to abroad = 700 + 600 + 200 + 310 + 350 - 10 = 2150 crores National income (expenditure method) = Govt. final consumption expenditure+Net domestic capital formation+Net exports+Private final consumption expenditure-Net indirect taxes-Net factor income to abroad=750 + 385 - 15 + 1100 - 60 - 10 = 2150 crores

Capital appreciation. 

(1) Ragner Frisch.

(2) Autonomous.

(3) deficit

(4) Inelastic

(5) Accept deposits

(1) True

(2) True

(3) False

(4) True

(5) False

(6) False

Microeconomics studies the economic behaviour of an individual economic unit. The smallest part of an economy such as individual household, individual firm, individual income is considered as an individual economic unit. Microeconomics splits the economy into small individual units and further studies such units separately.

It refers to the additional utility derived by a consumer from additional unit of a commodity consumed. It is the utility derived from the last unit of a commodity. In short, MU is the addition made by last unit to TU.

MU_n TU  − U TU_(n-1)

Elasticity of Demand is the degree of responsiveness of quantity demand for a commodity towards change in its price. It is calculated as 

E_d =  % change in demand for × good/% change in price of × good

According to Pigou, “The national income is that part of the objective income of the community including, of course, income derived from abroad, which can be measured in money.”

According to Fisher,” The national dividend or income consists solely of services as received by ultimate consumer, whether from their material or from their human environments,”.

(i) According to Lord Keynes, the equilibrium between aggregate demand and aggregate supply determines the point of effective demand. It is the actual expenditure incurred by all the people, on all types of consumer goods and capital goods in the economy during a given period of time. The flow of expenditure, in turn, determines the flow of income.

(ii) Thus, in the economy : Effective Demand = Total Expenditure = National Income = National Output.

Definitions of Budget :

(i) According to Prof. Johnson, “A state budget is a statement of the states estimated income and expenditure in a commencing period usually one year”

(ii) According to Prof. Dimock, “Balanced estimate of expenditure and receipt for the given period of time”. The word Budget is derived from the French word ‘Bougette’ which means a bag or a wallet containing financial proposals. These financial proposals are in the form of the government’s revenue and expenditure. The government budget is an annual statement of ‘collection of revenue’ and ‘Payments on expenditure’ prepared by the financial authority during a fiscal year. The key objective of budget is to regulate the financial and economic affairs of the country.

Production of agricultural commodities depends on natural factors such as rainfall, climatic conditions etc. Due to unforeseen changes in weather, the agricultural productions is low, then their supply cannot be increased even at a higher price. As a result, the supply of agricultural commodities is relatively inelastic.

The supply of land cannot be either increased or decreased but only the quality of land can be improved. The availability of land is fixed at-any time, hence, the supply of land is inelastic.

The statement is True.

Reason – In monopoly market, there is a single seller or a single producer. Under monopoly, he has no rivals and he faces no competition. Entry of other firms are strictly restricted. Therefore, monopoly firm and monopoly industry is one and same. Hence, it can control the supply of goods.

Money serves as a unit of value in which the value of all goods and services measured and expressed. The value of each good and service is expressed as a price. This helps measuring in the exchange value of the commodities. The problem of expressing of the value of each commodity in terms of other goods can be avoided. This function of money makes possible of keeping business transactions.

Deposits which are fixed for a particular period of time, before which money will not be withdrawn. Higher rate of interest is there on time deposits as compared to saving deposits.

 Deferred payment refers to those payments which are made in future. Money as standard of deferred payment has facilitated market transactions of buying, selling, pension, borrowing etc. When we borrowed money from somebody in the present we have to return both the principle as well as interest amount at future date. It is easy to make such payments in terms of money because their prices remain relatively constant compare to other commodities.

Equilibrium refers to a state of rest when no change is required. A producer is said to be in equilibrium when it has no inclination to expand or to contract its output. This state either reflects maximum profits or minimum losses. The conditions of producer's equilibrium can be explained through the MR-MC approach. In this approach, the producer attains equilibrium where the following two conditions are fulfilled. 

(i) MR = MC:

As long as MC is less than MR, it is profitable for the producer to go on producing more because it adds to its profits. He stops producing more only when MC becomes equal to MR.

(ii) MC is greater than MR after MC = MR output level:

When MC is greater than MR after equilibrium, it means producing more will lead to decline in profits.

According to the schedule, at 3 units of output, both the conditions of producer’s equilibrium are satisfied. That is, at this level, both MR and MC are equal to 10 and MC is rising. Thus, the producer’s equilibrium is 3 units of output. 

Questionnaires are a common and inexpensive research tool used by private companies, government departments, individuals, groups, NGOs etc to get feedback, research, collect data from consumer, customers. or from general public depending on the need. Questionnaire plays an important role in surveys and in other purposes for which it is being made and there are many points which needs to be kept in mind so as to get the desired results. These are one of the most important part of primary surveys and the data collected us generally meant for the end-user/company for which survey is being conducted. However when the data collection is large an independent firm or a department can be given the task of getting the questionnaire filled. It is not possible to conduct a primary survey without a questionnaire.

Following are the characteristics of a good questionnaire:

(i) Questions must be worded simply and clearly, not ambiguous or vague. It must be objective.

(ii) Attractive in appearance (questions spaced out and neatly arranged).

(iii) Write a descriptive title for the questionnaire.

(iv) Write an introduction to the questionnaire

(v) Order questions in a logical sequence.

(vi) Keep questionnaire uncluttered and easy to complete.

(vii) Design for easy tabulation.

(viii) Design to achieve objectives.

(ix) Define each and every term.

(x) Avoid double negatives (I have no money).

(xi) Avoid double barreled questions (this AND that).

(xii) Frame questions for all respondents.

A good measure of dispersion should possess the following characteristics:

(i) It should be simple to understand.

(ii) It should be easy to calculate.

(iii) It should be based on all the observations of the series.

(v) It should be suited for further algebraic treatment.

Money is not all that a human seeks. Along with it a secure and safe environment to live and survive is also important. All seek to live in a pollution free area, with proper public facilities like schools, hospitals, parks etc. Not only this, the ambience of equality and freedom are important for the proper development of one self. Thus though money can earn you short-term happiness, it does ensure a sense of contentment and fulfillment.

(i) Apart horn money, the infrastructure and facility like health and education is required to live well. You can’t buy all services and goods by money until the facility arrangements are available at required time and place.

(ii) The reason behind undernourishment of 40% people of India is poverty and unavailability of resources or employment to learn and the second reason is the distribution of food. The food distribution system is not good in most of the rural parts of country, which remains most of the people undernourished.

The output is:

14: 7

8 : 49

The correct C++ code after removing any/all syntactical errors:

typedef int Count: 

void main ()

{

Count C;

cout <<"Enter the count : "; cin>>c;

for(int K=1 ; K<= C ; K++)

cout<<c<<"*"<<k<<end1;

}

def checkval():

x = raw_input(“Enter a number”)

if x % 2 = = 0 :

print x,”is even”

elif x<0 :

print x,”should be positive”

else :

print x,”is odd”