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Marks Unit is an unvalid variable names because no spacing is allowed in the variable's name.

(i) Firewall is a device that looks at all the data entering and exiting connection. It can block or reject data in response to an established rule.

(ii) A switch is an intelligent device that connects several nodes to form a network and redirects the received information only to the intended node(s).

Invalid variable names are :

(i) Marks Unit

Reason : Variable Name should not contain space

(iv) 2 Marks

Reason : Variable Name should not start with digit

Expanded form :

(i) GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication

(ii) IP- Internet Protoco

(i) Firewall 

(ii) Switch

(i) GSM - Global System for Mobile communications.

(ii) IP - Internet Protocol

(i) GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications/ Global System for Mobile/ Graphics Stimulator Media

(ii) IP - Internet Protocol

(i) Linux, Ubuntu are open source operating system.

(ii) Mozilla Firefox, Chromium, Midori, Pale Moon are open source web browser.

(i) Linux, Android, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, OpenSolaris, illumos, AuroraUX, Darwin, OpenDarwin, MINIX, FreeRTOS, FreeDOS, Haiku, House KolibriOS, MenuetOS, GNU, ReactOS, L4, Fiasco, Pistachio, Plan 9, AROS, Syllable, Inferno, NuttX eCos, RTEMS, HelenOS, E/OS, TempleOS, Linux, BOSS, Ubuntu, Kali Linux

(ii) Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, QupZilla, Midori, rekonq, Tor Browser, NetSurf, Pale Moon, GNOME W

Not communication media : Node

Wired media : Optical Fiber cable

Wireless media : Microwaves , Radio waves

Node is not a communication rnedia.

Microwaves and radio waves are wireless media while optical fiber cable is a wired media.

WAN (Wide Area Network) will be formed to link ABC company's computers in the Head office in New Delhi to its office in Sydney. Wireless communication media such as radio frequencies, microwave, satellite or infrared can should be used to form this network.

Type of network that will be formed :Wide Area Network(WAN)

Transmission media to be used : Satellite

ABC Company will formed the World Area Network (WAN) to link its computers in the Head office in New Delhi to its office in Sydney. Unguided or wireless media should be used to form World Area Network.

From the table

 (P ∧ Q) ∨ (P ∧ ~ Q) = P

Captain Swing was a mythical name used in the threatening letters written by the poor laborers in rural England to the rich farmers telling them to stop using threshing machines or face the consequences. The rich farmers had introduced threshing machines, due to which demand for labour decreased which caused the labourers to become agitated.  The name Captain Swing symbolised or represented the anger of the poor labourers in rural England who wanted return to the pre machine days when human labour was used.

Jahangir was on good terms with the Portuguese traders. He gave them some trade concessions.Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe, visited Jahangir’s court.

Jahangir was on good terms with the Portuguese traders. He gave them some trade concessions.Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe, visited Jahangir’s court.

Award 1 mark for each meaningful dialogue.

Detailed Answer :

I. (a) (4) Africa. 

(b) (3) Western archaeologists ignored the possibility that India could have a more ancient past. 

(c) (1) leprosy was prevalent in India even before Alexander came.

(d) (4) both (2) and (3).

II. (a) the word’ Bharata’ is mentioned in the Puranas. 

(b) the Indian civilization is 250,000 years old. 

(c) Homo heidelbergensis was a proto human who was an ancestor of modern Homo sapiens i.e humans. 

(d) it was because the archaeological interest in India started very late. 

(e) Though the ancient city of Harappa was known to exist as early as 1842 CE, its archaeological significance was ignored and the later excavations corresponded to an interest in locating the probable sites referred to in the great Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana (both of the 5th or 4th centuries BCE) while ignoring the possibility of a much more ancient past for the region. 

III. (a) pedigree 

(b) antiquity 

(c) indigenous

Methods to Improve Flexibility

1. Active Stretching 

2. Passive Stretching 

3. Isometric Stretching 

4. Dynamic Stretching 

5. Ballistic Stretching

Correct option is (d) Fartlek 

(d) Catching a ball 

Correct option is (c) ASD.

(d) Sensory impairment

(a) The narrator was driving from her parent’s home to Cochin on Friday morning. 

(b) The narrator saw her mother besides her on the seat. She was dozing with her mouth open. 

(c) T is the narrator Kamala Das. 

(d) Her face looked colourless like that of a corpse.

              A Narrow Escape 

I got up in the middle of the night, I was sweating profusely. I switched on the light only to find that there was some kind of electricity failure. I came out of the room to get some fresh air. It was stormy outside and that might have been the reason for the electricity failure. I drank cold water, took a chair and sat in the verandah. Suddenly, I heard a loud shriek. It was coming from our neighbour’s house. I was so confused, about what to do. Then I gathered courage and went inside to fetch a torch. I took the torch and started moving towards my neighbour’s house. I peeped inside from the window and saw two people who were holding the owners at gun-point. I stepped back and started thinking of my next step. At that moment, I heard a motorbike approaching near. It was cobra police on their patrolling. I signalled to them. They stopped and asked me the reason for stopping them. I told them the whole story. They immediately went inside to help the old couple. The miscreants were shocked at the sudden arrival of the police. They tried to escape but the policemen took prompt action and caught them. We heaved a sigh of relief. Suddenly, the whole area was illuminated as the power supply had resumed. The old couple saw me and thanked me for my sharp wittedness.

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty repeated Griffith’s experiment in an in vitro system in order to determine biochemical nature of transforming principle. They concluded that DNA is the hereditary material.

Frederick Griffith (1928) conducted experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacterium causing pneumonia). He observed two strains of this bacterium—one forming smooth shiny colonies (S-type) with capsule, while other forming rough colonies (R-type) without capsule. When live S-type cells were injected into mice, they died due to pneumonia. When live R-type cells were injected into mice, they survived. When heat-killed S-type cells were injected into mice, they survived and there were no symptoms of pneumonia. When heat-killed S-type cells were mixed with live R-type cells and injected into mice, they died due to unexpected symptoms of pneumonia. He concluded that heat-killed S-type bacteria caused a transformation of the R-type bacteria into S-type bacteria but he was not able to understand the cause of this bacterial transformation.

Data format of MARC 21 

(i) Bibliographic Data Format: contains format for encoding data elements needed to describe, retrieve and control various forms of bibliographic materials 

(ii) Holding Data Format: control format specification for encoding data elements pertinent to holding and location data for all forms of materials. 

(iii) Authority Data Format: contains format specification for encoding data elements that identify and control the content related to authority control. 

(iv) Classification Data Format: contains format specification for encoding data elements related to classification number and caption associated with. 

These steps provide the tool to translate the titles into specific notation 

To identify specific subject of the content of the material 

To assign appropriate class number 

a. APUPA stands for Alien-Penumbral-Umbral-Penumbral-Alien 

b. In this pattern, one arranges the most relevant documents at the centre, provides documents of marginal relevance on both sides of relevant documents, and totally disconnected documents are far from the center. 

c. On the basis of APUPA, a subject gets placed in the classification scheme 

d. This is the best way to maintain filiatory sequence 

e. APUPA arrangement diagram 

f. Example . . .

a. Internet provides access to the library and its services round the clock as it gives accessibility to the members from remote. 

b. Searching library resources- web-OPAC 

c. Renew of issued materials 

d. Reservation of materials 

e. Downloading or reading e-resources of library from anywhere through internet. 

f. Online reference services 

g. Member can check the status of his/her request, complain, suggestion, etc 

h. Online payment, if any.

(i) True

(ii) True

(iii) False

(iv) True

(v) True

(vi) False

(vii) True

(viii) False 

(ix) True

(x) True 

(i)  Malware

(ii) <table>

(iii)  Web browser

(iv) Website

(v) <td>

(vi) Worm

(vii) href

(viii)  Spyware

(ix) Quotes

(x) Trojan Horse 

Griffith observed two strains of the bacterium—one forming smooth shiny colonies (S-type) with capsule, while other forming rough colonies (R-type) without capsule. He injected live S-type cells into live mice and observed that they died due to pneumonia. He then injected live R-type cells into live mice and observed that they survived. When he injected heat-killed S-type cells into live mice, they survived and there were no symptoms of pnuemonia and when heat-killed S-type cells were mixed with live R-type cells and injected into mice, they died due to unexpected symptoms of pneumonia. He thus, concluded that heat-killed S-type bacteria caused a transformation of the R-type bacteria into S-type bacteria but he was not able to understand the cause of this bacterial transformation.

(a) 

(i) According to the one of the first models proposed for the genetic code by physicist George Gamow, each amino acid in a polypeptide was encoded by three sequential nucleotides. The code words, or codons, for amino acids were nucleotide triplets. 

(ii) In 1968, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg for their work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis, showing how the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids, which carry the genetic code of the cell, encode the proteins synthesized by the cell . They established the biological language or genetic code common to all living organisms, is spelled out in three-letter words: each set of three nucleotides codes for a specific amino acid.

(iii) Nirenberg and Mathaei used a synthetic poly (U) RNA and deciphered the genetic code by translating this as polyphenylalanine. 

(iv) Over the course of several years, Marshall Nirenberg, Har Khorana and Severo Ochoa and their colleagues elucidated the genetic code - showing how nucleic acids with their 4-letter alphabet determine the order of the 20 kinds of amino acids in proteins. In 1959, Nobel Prize for the discovery of RNA polymerase was given to Ochoa.

(b) The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells.

• They are unambiguous means that one codon specifies only one amino acid and not any other. 

• They are universal means that the genetic code is applicable universally, i.e., a codon specifies the same amino acid from a virus to a tree or human being.

• They are degenerate means some amino acids often have more than one codon. Only methionine and tryptophan have singlet triplet codons. All other amino acids are specified by two to six codons.

Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues used fruit fly, or Drosophila melanogaster to study linkage. 

Morgan carried out several dihybrid crosses in Drosophila to study sex-linked genes. In one such experiment, he crossed yellow-bodied, white-eyed females with brown-bodied, red eyed males (wild type). He found that the two genes did not segregate independently of each other and the F2 ratio deviated from the 9:3:3:1 ratio, (expected when the two genes are independent). 

Morgan attributed this due to the physical association or linkage of the two genes and coined the term linkage. He stated that higher the linkage between two genes, lesser are the chances of recombination. 

Microsporogenesis 

• The process of formation of microspore from a pollen mother cell by meiosis is called microsporogenesis.
• Each cell of the sporogenous tissue in a microsporangium acts as a potential pollen mother cell (PMC) or microspore mother cell. 
• PMC undergoes meiotic divisions to form cluster of four cells called microspore tetrad. 
• On maturity, the anther dehydrates and the microspores separate from each other to form pollen grains.

Thermal power plants release particulate and gaseous pollutants in the environment. Inhalation of these pollutants can cause breathing or respiratory symptoms, irritation, inflammation, damage to lungs and even premature death.

(a) Primary succession on rocks

• Lichens are the pioneer species on a bare area.
• The lichen secretes some acids to dissolve rock and help in weathering and soil formation. 
• Later, some small bryophytes invade and hold the small amount of soil.
• The bryophytes are succeeded by herbs, shrubs and ultimately big trees.
• At last, a stable climax forest is formed.
• The xerophytic habitat gets converted into a mesophytic one. 

(b) Algal bloom 

• Domestic sewage contains nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus which favour the excessive growth of planktonic (free-floating) algae called an algal bloom.
• Algal bloom causes fish mortality and deterioration of water quality.
• Excessive growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), the world’s most problematic aquatic weed, also called “Terror of Bengal”, grows abundantly in eutrophic water bodies and imbalances water ecosystem.

Spirulina produces single cell proteins.

Azospirillum.

‘Tailing’ of hnRNA take place during conversion of hnRNA into functional mRNA, it takes place at 3'-end.

Capping and tailing.

(a) Replication and Transcription.

(b) If both the stands take part in transcription.

• one segment of DNA would be coding for two different proteins which will complicate the genetic information machinery.
• Two RNA molecules will be produced, complementary to each other, hence form a double-stranded RNA.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages.

Male produces 2 different types of gametes
XO - e.g. grasshopper /
XY e.g. human , it is the type of sperm fertilising the egg that determine the sex of the offspring

Female produces 2 different types of gametes
ZW eg. : Birds , it is the type of egg getting fertilised with the sperm that determine the sex of the chick