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Raven symbolizes death – the tree is associated with deceit and its branches harbor the Raven – strong Biblical imaginary – poet produces powerful image of oppression and death growing in the human mind.

Because : 

1. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru and she had been Congress President in the past and had also been Union Minister for Information in Shastri’s Cabinet. 

2. The senior leaders presumed that her administrative and political inexperience would compel her to dependent on them for support and guidance.

Circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri are as follows: 

1. On 10 January 1966, Shastri’s Prime Ministership came to an abrupt end when he died suddenly in Taskhent. Now the Congress had to face the challenge of political succession. 

2. The senior party leaders decided to support Indira Gandhi, but the decision was not unanimous. There was intense contest between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. The contest was resolved through a secret ballot among the MPs of the Congress. Indira Gandhi got the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress party’s MPs. Achievements of Indira 

Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister are as follows: 

1. Indira Gandhi adopted her strategy boldly and diplomatically. When the Congress had lost in 1967 elections, she converted a simple power struggle into an ideological f struggle. 

2. Indira Gandhi did not revive old Congress Party but she re-invented the party by forming an entirely different popular party to accommodate some social groups, the poor, the women, the dalits, adivasis and the minorities. Thus, she restored the Congress system by changing the nature of Congress system itself. 

3. Indira Gandhi focussed on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban poverty, removal of disparities in income and opportunity, and abolition of princely privileges. Her slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ and the programmes that followed it were part of her political strategy of building an Independent nationwide political support base. As a result, she won 352 seats with about 44 per cent of the popular votes on its own in the Lok Sabha elections of 1971. 

4. After the 1971 Lok Sabha election, a major political and military crises broke out in East Pakistan (present Bangladesh). The 1971 elections were followed by the crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak war leading to the formation of Bangladesh.

All these events added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi. Even the opposition party leaders admired her statesmanship.

The HRC shall perform the following functions:

i. It shall promote human rights education as well as advisory services, technical assistance and capacity building.

ii. It shall act as a forum for discussion on all kinds of human rights issues.

iii. It shall promote to General Assembly or the further development to international law in the field of human rights.

iv. The council shall submit an annual report to the General Assembly.

The number of people being displaced due to environmental disasters (both sudden and longterm) is increasing day by day. Hence it is essential to resolve the problems of being displaced due to environmental disasters regarding food, shelter, medical aid etc.

No policy has been devised by the United Nation to address the problems of the people displaced internally or internationally, due to environmental causes. International law and institutions have not recognized the rights of environmental migrants, so that are facing major problems.

Causes:

i. Breakthrough in technology like ultrasonography.

ii. Liberal abortion laws in the past were advocated as one of the measures of population control but were misused.

iii. Form of violence against women.

iv. Women are denied their basic and fundamental right to life.

Women empowerment is a process of awareness and capacity building leading to greater participation in decision marking by females.

Strategies:

i. Work with poorest and most oppressed women.

ii. Select trained activists who are gender aware and politically conscious.

iii. Encourage women to set aside time and space for themselves.

iv. Help women develop critical thinking and develop a positions self-image

After Independence, Indian policy makers adopted all measures to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains.

(i) India adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in the ‘Green Revolution’ especially in the production of wheat and rice.

(ii) The increase in food grains was, however, disproportionate. The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana, where food grain production jumped from 7.23 million tonnes in 1964-65 to reach an all time high of 30.33 million tonnes in 1995-96.

(iii) Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh, on the other hand recorded significant increases in rice yield.

(i) This period is referred to as a period of stagnant growth because Growth rate was very low, even recording a negative growth rate during 1911-1921. 

(ii) Both the birth rate and death rate were high. 

(iii) Poor health and medical services, illiteracy of people at large. 

(iv) Inefficient distribution system of food and others. 

(v) Both the birth rate and death rate were high. Keeping the rate of increase low.

For Jayanti, 

Favourable outcome is (6,6) i.e, 1

Probability(getting the number 36) = 1/36

For Pihu, 

Favourable outcome is 6 i.e, 1

Probability(getting the number 36) = 1/6

∴ Pihu has the better chance.

vector a || vector b ⇒ vector a × vector b = vector 0

⇒ i(–9 – 3λ) + k(2λ + 6) = vector 0

⇒ λ = – 3.

Let x = 0.9999 …. _(1) 

10x = 9.9999 …. _(2) 

Subtracting Eqn. (1) by Eqn. (2) 

10x – x = (9.9999….) – (0.9999…)

9x = 9 

⇒ x = 9/9 = 1, 

x = 1

Two ways are : 

(i) As cowdung cakes 

(ii) As biogas 

Biogas is better than cow dung cakes because it has high heating capacity and are non- polluting as it burns without smoke and leaves no residue like ash. Slurry left in the biogas plant is a good manure for fields.

These questions have been set to test the students’ understanding of the text and their ability to interpret, evaluate and respond to the issues raised therein. Hence no particular answer can be accepted as the only correct answer. All presentations may be accepted as equally correct provided they have been duly supported by the facts drawn from the text. The important thing is that the student should be able to justify his or her viewpoint.

Distribution of marks:

 Content

:Expression:

grammatical accuracy, appropriate words and spelling

coherence and relevance of ideas and style

-Jack possessive about the details his story

-does not take kindly to Jo’s suggested changes -‘the wizard hitting mommy’

-upset with daughter questioning parental authority -felt to be in a position similar to that of his wife (in a cage with her)

-yet no sympathy for his wife -could put neither his daughter to sleep nor help his wife paint the fence

Note- minimum one point for the daughter and one for the wife

Detailed Answer :

Jack was ‘caught in an ugly middle position’ because he was caught between two difficult situations. He was unable to escape the harsh realities of life rather he tried to habituate himself to the prevailing situation. He had to manage his family with two children, his daughter Jo and his son Bobby. And hence, Jack was entangled between two worlds. The first world belonged to Roger Fish, Roger Squirrel or Roger Chipmunk where he is telling the story of a wise owl and the Wizard with a magic wand.

The world upstairs consists of his children. Jo had raised a question about whether the Wizard should hit the mommy Skunk or not. Jack was unable to satisfy her as he was very cautious about the downside world where his wife Clare was painting. The house was not well kept and the household items were scattered. They were expecting a baby and he was supposed to go and help her as she was working hard to make both the ends meet. In this way Jack was caught in an ugly middle position between the romantic world and the real world upstairs-downstairs.  

Judewin had overheard the paleface woman talk about cutting our long, heavy hair. Zitkala-Sa was terrified. Their mothers had taught them that only unskilled warriors who were captured had their hair shingled by the enemy. In their culture short hair was worn by mourners and shingled hair by cowards. That’s why she resisted the cutting of her hair.

Tossed around like a wooden puppet -humiliated like a coward -was treated like an animal and noone to comfort her

Jo wanted her father to tell the same story but change the ending-wizard would hit the mommy and give back the rose smell to Roger -could not bear the thought of Roger with his foul smell and without any friends -father angry with Jo for interfering in his story- refused to change the endingwants her to learn to respect parents and their decisions .

Mukesh - aspires to be a mechanic, unlike his peers, dares to dream, determined to walk to a garage and learn to drive, his passion would help him break away from tradition and achieve his goal.

(a) (i) among 

(b) (ii) even 

(c) (iv) to 

(d) (iii) yet

(a) (iii) does 

(b) (ii) going 

(c) (iv) to

(d) (iv) develop

• Everyone has the right to dream-even Mukesh in spite of the challenges of his life

• But his dream is like a mirage

• Mukesh belonged to marginalized family

• disliked the profession of bangle making

• wanted to become a motor mechanic

• he lives in such poor conditions that it is impossible for him to learn to drive a car

• Bound by the tradition family of working in the bangle industry

• working for years in those bangle making mills will make him blind.

• Not equipped to break out of the vicious circle of politicians middlemen etc

• so the dream is compared to a mirage/hallucination

Sophie was an adolescent girl who always lived in a make–believe world of her own. She always had the unrealistic expectation that she will have a successful career as a boutique owner, store manager, actress or even a fashion–designer. This was totally unrealistic, as she was from a working class family and would have to work in the local biscuit factory after passing out from school. Similarly, she unrealistically imagined that a famous footballer like Danny Casey would date her. She even went to the extent of waiting beside the canal for him. After he did not turn up, she realised that this was only her dream and Danny would never date her. Even then, she is lost in her dream world, becoming sad that Danny did not come. This shows how unrealistic were her dreams. 

The servants didn’t like the idea of giving shelter to an enemy in the house. Yumi, the governess of the children, stubbornly refused to wash the white man and threatened to leave the job if she was forced. When Dr Sadao told his gardener about the wounded white man, he got upset and even frightened. He opposed Dr Sadao for treating his enemy. In fact, all the servants in the house were critical of Dr Sadao’s sheltering the enemy. They refused to help him. They were superstitious and fearful of the wrath of nature. They tried their level best to send the white man away. Finally, when Dr Sadao didn’t listen to them and decided to give shelter to the white man in his house, they left the house. 

The servants in Dr Sadao’s house were openly defiant to the fact that the had decided to give shelter to an enemy in the house. They did not even enter’s the American soldier’s room and did not want to stay in the same house where the enemy soldier was lodged. They doubted their master’s very loyalty towards his own country. Though they were mindful of their courtesies but their eyes were cold. Yumi refused to clean the enemy soldier. The old gardener was sore that Dr Sadao had not let the young man bleed and die. He felt if his master healed what first the gun and the sea did, they would be avenged. The cook too was most contemptuous of the fact that their master was so proud of his skill to save life that he saved any person’s life even though he was their enemy. Finally all the servants left Dr Sadao’s house together.

When the Maharaja was born, it was predicted by the chief astrologer that the prince's death would come from a tiger. When the prince grew up, he came to know about the prediction. So he started out on a tiger hunt. When the Maharaja killed the first tiger, he was extremely happy. He sent for the state astrologer and showed him the dead tiger. The astrologer told the Maharaja that his majesty might kill ninety-nine tigers, but he must be very careful with the hundredth tiger. Thus the Maharaja banned tiger hunting by anyone except the Maharaja. It was done to enable him to kill hundred tigers. The Maharaja had killed seventy tigers. He was to kill thirty more but there was no more tigers left in the forests of his kingdom. So he married the girl of a state with a large tiger population. Thus he was able to kill ninetynine tigers. But the hundredth tiger evaded him. So he was sad and worried. 

The Dewan had kept hidden in his house a harmless and weak tiger from the People's Park in Madras. He made this tiger wander in the Maharaja's presence in the forest. The Maharaja shot at the tiger and it fell on the ground in a crumpled heap. He thought that he had killed the hundredth tiger and so felt happy. He thought that his worries had come to an end. 

M. Hamel blames:

•  people of Alsace for postponing learning .
• parents who preferred to send their children to work in fields and mills instead of sending them to school.
• himself for not fulfilling his duty as a teacher sincerely - by sending the children to water the plants in the garden & declaring a holiday whenever he wanted to go for fish

Aunt Jennifer is described as a terrified woman. The hard and bitter experiences of her married life lie heavy on her. Even after death she will still be crushed and oppressed by the ordeals that she has faced in her married life at the hands of her chauvinistic husband.

The bangle makers are caught in a vicious web because they

• are compelled by family and traditions to follow the same lineage as their forefathers that too at an early age.
• are exploited at the hands of the Sahukars, middlemen, policemen, law makers, bureaucrats and politicians
• toil day and night, but are notpaid appropriate wages
• cannot form cooperatives for their betterment.

• Wedding band: symbol of oppression in an unhappy marriage/ Ringed means encircled or trapped, losing individuality and freedom
• Aunt Jennifer: a typical victim of male oppression in an unhappy marriage, who suffers loss of individuality, dignity and personal freedom silently. She becomes dependent, fearful and frail 
•  Tigers:  symbolize untamed free spirit. Here they are antithesis of their creator‟s personality. They pace and prance freely, proudly, fearless, confident and majestic in their bearing. The use of colours implies that Aunt Jennifer's tigers and their land are more vital and enjoy a sense of freedom far greater than her. Yellow (bright topaz) connotes the sun and fierce energy, while green reminds one of spring and vitality
• Embroidery: symbol of creative expression. The artwork expresses the Aunt‟s suppressed desires and becomes her escape from the oppressive reality of her life

The peddler had written that 

• since Edla had treated him like a captain, he wanted to be nice to her in return.
• did not want her to be embarrassed at Christmas by a thief. 
•  had requested her to return back the crofter’s money that he had stolen 
• the rattrap was a Christmas present from a rat who would have been caught in the world’s rattrap, if he had not been raised to the status of captain, which motivated him to reform himself. 

In the beginning, when Charley reached the third level, he was confused.

• Later on he noticed that 'the World' a popular newspaper which had stopped its publication before 1994 was still available.
• He saw that day’s edition of 'the World'. It was dated, June 11, 1894.
• The lead story said something about President Cleveland
• This confirmed that he was back in 1894.

• Aunt is weak, meek,submissive and is scared of expressing her feelings openly. The aunt is bonded in matrimony and faces several restrictions.
• The tigers are strong, fearless and confident. They are bold creatures and are scared of no one.On the other hand, the tigers move about freely.

It is the force which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of bodies in contact. Any two advantages.

Detailed Answer :

Friction is the force which opposes the relative motion between the surfaces of the bodies in contact. 

Advantages :

(i) Brakes on a car uses friction to stop.

(ii) It makes many types of motion possible.

Sucrose gives glucose and fructose on hydrolysis. It is a non-reducing sugar as it does not contain free ketone or aldehyde group in its ring form.

Correct option (D)  Assertion is wrong, but reason is correct statement. 

Correct option  (D)  Assertion is wrong, but reason is correct statement

Two ways in which these differences and similarities can be determined are either analogy or homology.

1. In Analogy organs are functionally similar, but are anatomically different.
2. In Homology organs are structurally similar, but are functionally different.

Inflationary gap or excels demand may be defined as the excess of aggregate demand over aggregate supply at full employment. 

Following are three measures to reduce inflationary gap : 

1. Legal Reserves – Legal or statutory reserve is the fraction of total demand and time deposits which the commercial banks are required by central bank to keep with it. To reduce inflationary gap, central bank raises legal reserve ratio which in turn, reduces capacity of commercial banks to create credit. 

2. Bank Rate – Bank rate means the rate of interest at which central bank lends to commercial banks. Any change in bank rate affects credit creation by commercial banks. An increase in bank rate leads to an increase in commercial banks’ lending rate of interest. As a result, credit becomes costlier because rate of interest is cost of credit. An increase in bank rate discourages commercial banks in borrowing from central bank. Thus, increase in bank rate reduces the quantum of credit with the commercial banks that can be advanced to public as loan. 

3. Open Market Operations – Open market operation means policy of central bank to sell and buy government securities in the market. Open market operations affect the volume of cash reserves with the commercial banks and, thus the overall availability of credit. Sale of government securities by central bank to commercial banks reduces the cash reserves with the banks resulting in decline of credit. During the phase of inflationary gap, central bank sells government securities to commercial banks which motivates the commercial banks to create less credit.

Inflationary gap is the situation when AD exceeds AS corresponding to the full employment income level of income/output.

Measures to reduce the inflationary gap are :

(i) Decrease in government spending

(ii) Increase in the level of taxes.

(iii) Increase in bank rate 

Detailed Answer :

The excess of aggregate demand over aggregate supply at full employment is called inflationary gap. Inflationary Gap is the measurement of excess demand and is equal to the difference between Aggregate Demand beyond full employment AD and Aggregate Demand at full employment (ADF). Inflationary Gap = AD – ADF

Measure to Correct the Gap :

1. Statutory Liquidity Ratio : SLR refers to a fixed percentage of the total assets of a bank in the form of cash or other liquid assets that is required to be maintained by the bank. During the situation of Inflationary Gap, SLR is increased. This reduces the credit creation capacity of Commercial Banks and reduces the flow of money in the economy. As a result of that, the aggregate demand comes down and ultimately the economy attains equilibrium.

2. Repo rate : is the rate at which the Central Bank lends money to the Commercial Banks. To correct the situation of Inflationary Gap, Repo Rate is increased. As a follow-up action, the Commercial banks raise the market rate of interest (the rate at which the Commercial Banks lends money to the consumers and the investors). This reduces demand for credit. Consequently, consumption expenditure and investment expenditure are reduced. Implying a reduction in Aggregate Demand, as required to correct Inflationary Gap.

3. Legal reserves : refer to that part of bank deposits which Commercial Banks are legally required to keep in the form of cash partly with them selves (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) and partly with the Central Bank (Cash Reserve Ratio). In case of Inflationary Gap, the Central Bank can increase the Legal Reserve Ratio (LRR) so that less money is available to the banks for lending. Borrowings are reduced. AD falls.

1. Increase in cash reserve ratio. 

2. Increase in marginal requirement.

The excess of aggregate demand over' aggregate supply, at full employment, is called inflationary gap" Inflationary Cap is the measurement of excess demand and is equal to the difference between Aggregate Demand beyond full employment AD  and Aggregate Demand at full employment (ADF). inflationary, Gap = AD -ADF 

Measure to Correct the Gap :

(1) Statutory Liquidity Ratio: SLR refers to a fixed percentage of the total assets of a bank in the form of cash or other liquid assets that are required to be maintained by the bank. During the situation of Infiationary Gap, SLR is increased. This reduces the credit creation capacity of Commercial Banks and reduces, the flow of money in the economy. As a result of that, the aggregate demand comes down ultimately the economv attains equilibrium.

(2) Repo rate: is the rate at which the Central Bank lends money, to the Commercial Banks. To correct the situation of Inflationary Gap, Repo Rate is increased. As a follow-up action, the Commercial banks raise the market rate of interest (the rate at, which the Commercial Banks lends money to the consumers and the investors). This reduces demand for credit. Consequently, consumption expenditure and investment expenditure are reduced. Implying a reduction in Aggregate Demand, as required to correct inflationary Cap.

(3) Legal reserves: refer to that part of bank deposits which Commercial Banks are legally required to keep in the form of cash partly with themselves (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) and partly with the Central Bank (Cash Reserve Ratio). In case of Inflationary Gap, the Central Bank can increase the Legal Reserve Ratio (LRR) so that less money is available to the banks for lending. Borrowings are reduced. AD falls.

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Agitations or movements demanding enhancement in the political and legal status of women and improving their education and career opportunities are called Feminist Movement.

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