Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

• Use of markets or market based processes rather than government regulations,
• Policies to solve social, political & economic problem for e.g. privatization

Evaporation depends on upon the following factors:

(i) Nature of the liquid: The evaporation depends on the strength of intermolecular forces. The liquids having low intermolecular forces evaporate faster in comparison to the liquids having high intermolecular forces. For example, ether evaporates more quickly than alcohol, and alcohol evaporates more quickly than water. This is because their intermolecular forces of attraction are in the order
Ether < Alcohol < Water

(ii) Surface area: Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Larger the surface area, greater the opportunity of the molecules to escape. Thus, the rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area.
A rate of evaporation ∝ Surface area

(iii) Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with the increase of temperature as the kinetic energy of the molecules increases with the rise in temperature.
The rate of evaporation ∝ Temperature

(iv) The flow of air current over the surface: The flow of air helps the molecules to go away from the surface of the liquid and therefore, increases the evaporation.

(i) England : The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing network of friendship and kin relationship. A person was more likely to get a job if he had a friend or a relative working in the factory. Many who did not have connections had to wait for weeks spending nights under bridges or in the night shelters. 

(ii) India : In India, the number of job seekers was always more than the jobs available. Industrialists usually employed jobbers, who usually were old and trusted workers to get new recruits. The jobber used to get people from his village, ensured them job and helped them settle in the city. Jobbers eventually began demanding money for the favours they showed and controlled the lives of workers.

The correlation between disability and poverty

1. Malnutrition, mothers weakened by frequent child birth, inadequate immunization, accidents in overcrowded homes etc. 
2. Disability also creates poverty by increasing isolation & economic strain, not only for the individual but for the family also.

The cultural diversity presents tough challenges are :

• Cultural identities are very powerful & can arouse intense passion. 
• Able to mobilize large nos. of people. 
• Sometimes cultural differences are accompanied by economic & social inequalities that provoke oppositions from other communities. 
• Situation becomes worse when scarce resources like river waters, jobs of Govt., have to be shared.

Factors which causes exploitation of consumers are mentioned below:

(i) Dishonesty and Malpractices: Over charges, hoarding, adulteration, black marketing, tampering weight and measures etc.

(ii) Negligence and false information: Negligence of doctors/surgeons and other staff members in the hospitals, negligence of principal/teachers in the school and negligence of government official in all public dealing offices cause exploitation of consumers.

(iii) Limited and false information about the goods or products is given to the consumers. As a result, consumers make a wrong choice and suffer loses.

(iv) Low literacy leads to consumer exploitation as they do not have complete knowledge about the products.

(v) If there is one or a few producers of a product, there is a possibility of manipulation in prices and supply. 

HDI refers to Human Development Index which is one of the criterion used by World Bank in making Human Development Report. 

Three Components of HDI:

• Life Expectancy: It is the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
• Per Capita Income: Mean income of the people is an economic unit. It is calculated by dividing the total national income of a country by population. It is calculated in dollars for all the countries so that it can be compared.
• Gross Enrolment Ratio for Three Levels: It means enrolment ratio for primary schools, secondary schools and higher education beyond secondary level.

(i) India’s exports and imports nearly halved. 

(ii) As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. 

(iii) Wheat prices in India fell by 50 percent. 

(iv) Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers. 

(v) The colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. 

(vi) India’s peasants indebtedness increased. 

(vii) They used up their savings and sold jewellery and precious metals. The Great Depression helped the urban people especially the fixed income earners. 

The meaning of the term ‘Social’ in the phrase Social Inequality and Exclusion.

• Not about individual but groups.
• Not just economic though a link is found between social & economic inequality. It is systematic & structured.

(i) The Scholars’ Revolt occurred in 1868.

(ii) This revolt was led by officials at the imperial court.

(iii) These officials were angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power in Vietnam.

(iv) They led a general uprising in Ngu Au and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed.

(v) Catholic missionaries had been active in winning converts since the early seventeenth century and by the middle of the eighteenth century had converted some 300,000.

(vi) The French crushed the movement. But this uprising was in no way less important. It inspired other patriots to rise up against the colonial power.

The Human Rights Commission Act, 1993 established the National Human Rights Commission. A human rights cell was also created in the home ministry. States have been advised to set-up human rights cells or Commissions to monitor and follow-up cases of alleged human rights violations by the law enforcement agencies.

• The commission is appointed by the President and includes retired judges, officers and eminent citizens.
• It does not bear the burden of deciding cases. So it can focus on helping the victims secure their human rights.
• These include all the rights granted to the citizens by the constitution.
• The NHRC cannot punish the guilty. That is the responsibility of the courts.
• Like any court, it can summon witnesses, question any government official, demand any official paper, visit any prison for inspection or send its own team for on-the-spot inquiry.

Air Transport is considered as an important means of transport in the North-Eastern part of our country because: 

(i) Big rivers: Presence of big rivers like Brahmaputra make it difficult to construct roads and railways. Airways are suitable when rivers get flooded. 

(ii) Dissected relief: Uneven surface-not suitable for the construction of roadways and railways costly affair-can be easily travelled by airways. 

(iii) Dense forests: Dense forests hamper the construction of roadways and railways.

(iv) International Frontiers: International borders of Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, etc., can be easily travelled by airways without much hassles. 

It’s the process by which a nation improves the economic, political and social well-being of its people. The two basis of measuring economic development are human development index and per capita income.

Social Exclusion It is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others enjoy.
According to the concept of social exclusion, poverty must be seen in terms of the poor having to live only in poor surroundings with other poor people, excluded from enjoying social equality with better-off people in better surroundings.

Example: Its typical example is the working of caste system in India. In this system, people from certain castes are excluded from equal opportunities

Government attracts foreign investment in the followings ways:

(i) Special Economic Zones have been set up to have world-class facilities such as cheap electricity, roads, transport, storage, etc.

(ii) The companies set up their units in SEZs which are exempted to pay tax for initial period of five years.

(iii) Labour laws are made flexible.

(iv) Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly for short period when there is intense pressure of work.

Rural settlements are most closely and directly related to land. People are generally engaged in primary activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing etc. The settlement size is relatively small.

The problems related to the rural settlements of the world are mentioned below

Water Supply - Water supply is not adequate. People, particularly in mountainous and arid regions have to walk long distances to fetch drinking water.

Water borne diseases - Cholera and jaundice are the common diseases which breakout in villages.

Drought and Floods - The countries of south Asia face conditions of drought and floods very often. Crop cultivation sequences, in the absence of irrigation, also suffer.

Health Problem - The general absence of toilets garbage disposal facilities cause heath related problems.

(a) Rural settlements are most closely and directly related to land. They are dominated by primary activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing etc. The settlements size is relatively small. 

(b) There are two types of settlements: 

(i) Compact settlements 

(ii) Dispersed settlements 

(c) Difference 

• compact settlements: 

(i) In these settlements large number of houses are built very close to each other. 

(ii) These settlements develop along river valleys and in fertile plains. 

(iii) Communities closely knit and share common occupations. 

• Dispersed settlements: 

(i) In these settlements houses are spaced far apart and often interspersed with fields. 

(ii) A cultural feature—place of worship or a market binds the settlement together.

Improvement in technology has stimulated the process of globalisation : 

(i) Past fifty years have seen several improvement in transportation technology.

(ii) This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distance possible at lower costs. 

(iii) In recent times technology in the areas of telecommunication, computers and internet has been changing rapidly. 

(iv) Technology has facilitated the satellite communication devices. 

(v) Telecommunication facilities are used to contact one another around the world. 

(vi) Internet also allow's us to send instant electronic mail(e-mail), talk(voice mail) across the world at negligible costs. 

(vii) Technology has facilitated the satellite communication devices.

In 1885, European leaders met at the infamous Berlin Conference to divide Africa and arbitrarily draw up borders that exist to this day.

To some extent complaints are treated as testimony to the success of democracy. We can prove the statement by analysing certain facts like :
(i) Slow and inefficient government: Some people complain that democracy is a less effective government and it is slow in functioning. There is no doubt that non-democratic governments can be more effective because they are fast in their decision making. But it is not certain that decisions are right or wrong.
(ii) Unsuccessful in reducing economic exploitation: There is no denying the fact that democracies do not appear to have been successful in reducing economic inequality. But, it is only possible in a democracy that people can raise their voice against not only economic inequalities, but also against all types of inequalities.
All these facts show that complaints are treated as testimony to the success of democracy.

Liberalisation means :
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalization:
Impacts of Liberalisation :
(i) Competition would improve the performance of producers within the country.

(ii) Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. This meant that goods could be imported and exported easily.
(iii) Foreign companies could set up factories and offices to boost up production.
(iv) It allows to make decisions freely.
(v) The competition would improve the performance of producers within the country since they have to improve their quality.

Positive effects of Globalisation :
(i) Globalisation has brought greater competition among producers – both local and foreign producers has been of advantage to consumers particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas.
(ii) There is greater choice before consumers. They enjoy improved quality at lower prices.
(iii) People today, enjoy much higher standards of living.
(iv) Local companies supplying raw materials have prospered.
(v) The top Indian companies have been able to benefit from increased competition.
(vi) Some Indian companies have gained from successful collaboration with foreign companies.
(vii) MNCs have increased their investments in India over the past 20 years, especially in cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks etc.
(viii) Many Indian companies have emerged as Multi Nationals themselves.
Example- Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints etc.
(ix) Globalisation has created opportunities for new jobs.

Colonial Government repressed the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ : 

(i) The Colonial Government took brutal steps to repress the Civil Disobedience Movement. The government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places. 

(ii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested (April 1930). 

(iii) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar facing armored cars and police firing, many were killed. 

(iv) Gandhiji was himself arrested. 

(v) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten. About 100,000 people were arrested.

Need to conserve mineral resources : 

The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rate of consumption. Mineral resources are finite and nonrenewable. 

Four ways to conserve mineral resources : 

(i) Use of mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner. 

(ii) Improved technology needs to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs. 

(iii) Recycling of minerals. 

(iv) Use of scrap metals. 

(v) Use of alternative substitutes

Net power, P = P₁ + P₂ = + 4D - 2D  = +2D  

∴ F = 1/P = 1/2 = 0.50m = 50cm

When excess of HCl is added, the colour of the final mixture will be colourless because the pink colour of sodium hydroxide is neutralised with the acid.

(i) The tendency to exhibit –3 oxidation state decreases down the group due to increase in size and metallic characters. 

(ii) Acidic character increases from H₂O to H₂Te because decrease in bond enthalpy for the dissociation of H – E bond down the group. 

(iii) F – F bond is weaker than Cl–F bond due to small size and high electron density, more repulsion between fluorine atoms therefore F₂ is more reactive than ClF₃. Where as When we compare to Cl₂, with ClF₃,Cl – Cl bond is stronger than ClF₃. Therefore ClF₃ is more reactive than Cl₂ 

(i) Stamen and Carpel. 

(ii) Located in the flower. 

(iii) Carpel is made up of three parts–the bottom swollen part is ovary, middle elongated part is the style, terminal sticky part is stigma.

A disc shaped organ or special tissue in the uterus of pregnant mammal, nourishing and maintaining the foetus through the umbilical cord. 

Functions of Placenta : 

(i) Provides large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from mother to the embryo. 

(ii) Removal of waste generated in the developing embryo into the mother’s blood.

The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to its hydrogen ion concentration. This means that the solution having lower pH will have more hydrogen ion concentration. Thus, solution A will have more hydrogen ion concentration. 

A solution with pH < 7 is acidic. Hence, solution A is acidic. 

A solution with pH > 7 is basic. Hence, solution B is basic.

(i) Hormones are also known as chemical messengers as they act at a place different from the site of their manufacture. 

(ii) Their hyper and hypo secretion may cause disorder. 

(iii)They help in control and co-ordination of the activities of living organisms.

(i) Third Period or Group – 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 respectively. 

(ii) Ionic or Electrovalent 

(iii) A and B

 (iv) G or H 

(v) CG₃

The smallest vessels have walls which are one-cell thick and are called capillaries. Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells takes place across this thin wall.

(i) Photosynthesis is an enzymatic process. The enzymes function within an optimum range of temperature which is neither very low nor very high. At low temperature the activity of enzymes is lowered due to which the rate of photosynthesis is also low. Again when the temperature is very high, the activity of enzymes decreases which leads to low rate of photosynthesis. 

(ii) Green light is least useful in photosynthesis, because chlorophyll does not absorb green light.

Iron decoction.

Feel a real tremor.

Tula Rani Hazra.

Ali used to visit that post-office everyday. He had been visiting the place for many years with the hope that one fine day he would receive a letter from his only daughter, Miriam.

(a) We saw a yellow coloured bus full of excited children. 

(b) We guessed they were on the way to the planetarium. 

(c) This was part of their study tour. 

(d) Such tours ensure their mental growth.

It was summer season and the day was hot. A snake came to his water trough to drink water beside the big dark carob-tree, which was strange and scented. The poet had to wait there with his pitcher until the snake left.

The frog told the nightingale that he was the owner of that sumac tree and was famous for his ‘baritone’ there. He informed her that he wrote for the ‘Bog Trumpet’ and thus, was able to impress the nightingale.

The pinching of the bureau points towards Mrs. Slater being materialistic. It reinforced the theme of greed by exposing the greedy and mean nature of Mrs. Slater who stole the bureau and then lied to the Jordans to satisfy her greedy nature.

(a) It was very difficult to find a real princess. 

(b) He travelled all over the world in search of one. or In search of one he travelled all over the world. 

(c) He saw many but no one seemed to be real. 

(d) He lost all hope of finding one.

Error           Correction 

(a) in           with 

(b) father     father's 

(c) teach      taught 

(d) a             the

(a) He taught me algebra and geometry twice a week. or Twice a week he taught me algebra and geometry. 

(b) I was very poor in these subjects earlier. or Earlier I was very poor in these subjects. 

(c) He never lost his trust in me. 

(d) I have become very proficient in them now. or Now I have become very proficient in them. or I have now become very proficient in them.

(a) The most remarkable feature of time is its preciousness. 

(b) Time once gone never comes back. 

(c) Every moment brings with it thousands of golden opportunities. 

(d) We must not allow such precious time to slip away.

Four ways to ensure accident free home for grandfather: 

1. Floor should be non-slippery and uncluttered. 

2. Rugs and carpets should be fixed. 

3. Stairs should be well lit. 

4. Windows should have grills. 

5. Proper light and ventilation in the room. 

6. Toilets should have grab bars.