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Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual cycle in a female of a reproductive age.

Reproductive health means a total well-being in physical, emotional, social and behavioural aspects in reproduction.

Error               Correction 

(a) me            us 

(b) enjoy        enjoyed 

(c) who          how 

(d) in             of

Spermiogenesis: The transformation of immature spermatids into mature spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis. 

Following are the steps involved in tissue culture techniques in plants:

(i) Proper explants is excised from the plant which may be a cell, tissue or a piece of plant organ. After surface sterilization of the explants by disinfectants it is transferred (inoculated) into a suitable nutrient medium.

(ii) The culture is grown in tissue culture room having appropriate physical condition, temperature and humidity.

(iii) Callus, an organized mass of cells is produced due to growth of the explants. It develops due to proliferation of cells from explants because of mitosis.

(iv) Growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins in proper proportion are provided to the callus to induce formation of organs (organogenesis). Usually, an excess of auxin promotes root culture where as that of cytokinin promotes shoot culture. The tissue or cell multiplies and then form plantlets.

(v) Next step is hardening by which the plantlets are gradually exposed to environmental conditions. After hardening the plantlets are transferred to field conditions. 

Industrial melanism is an adaptation where the moths living in the industrial areas developed melanism pigments to match their body to the tree trunks. The occurrence of industrial melanism is closely associated with the progress of the industrial revolution in Great Britain, during the nineteenth century.

Before the industrial revolution, peppered moth (Biston betularia) existed in two strains : light coloured (white) and melanic (black). The bark of trees was covered by which lichens, so white moths escaped unnoticed from predatory birds, on the contrary, the black coloured were conspicuous and were easy victims for the predatory birds, hence they were rare. After industrialistion, the bark got covered by smoke, so the white moths were selectively picked up by birds. But black moths escaped unnoticed so they managed to survive resulting in more population of black moths and less population of white moths.

Thus industrial melanism supports evolution by natural selection

(a) (iv) be 

(b) (iii) by 

(c) (ii) were 

(d) (iii) are having 

(e) (iv) are

(a) Streptococcus Streptokinase

(b) Clot buster (c) Monascus purpureus Statins

(d) Lowering blood cholesterol

(e) Lacrobacillus sps Lactic Acid

(f) Lactic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavouring agent.

We are at the mercy of nature — Veda is life giver and destroyer — whims and fancies of the Goddess — once wanted the tank to be built and after some years wants to kick the stones of the tank away — for her river Veda is plaything — Nature impacts upon us in different ways — at different times. We can't understand why it acts as it does — we must protect nature and should not exploit.

Detailed Answer :

We are at mercy of Nature. In general, it is Goddess. It knows whom and how to treat, when to treat and where to treat. We would be aware of the whims and fancies of the Goddess, Nature. If people protect nature, it protects them. On the contrary, if they destroy Nature, it destroys them. So nature is the mirror of their own deeds. The play has also brought the same idea. River Veda has been portrayed as life giver as well as destroyer. When people do not use Veda properly, it advises them in form of dream to Mara, to build a tank for proper utilization of water. It is a productive way for people which nature has gifted them. After some years, Veda causes flood to remind her presence. She wants to kick the stones of the tank away. This happens not because of nature's fluctuation but because of man polluting the rivers. It causes anger to Nature. For men, Veda is plaything. So she cautions the men by using them as a plaything in the form of floods. Nature advises people to use it in a productive way, being gifted to them. And when they become too much selfish by over-utilizing water and not remembering the Goddess, she incarnates and causes floods and havoc. So we must protect nature and should not exploit it as Nature is both protective and destructive, depending on its use. So we see, Nature impacts us in different ways at different times. But we people can't understand why it acts as it does.

(a) (iv) be 

(b) (ii) were 

(c) (iii) are having 

(d) (iv) are

(a) (iii) into 

(b) (ii) built 

(c) (i) on 

(d) (iv) by

escaped, went, married, had met.

a, in, an, to.

We present the computation in the following table

Given, property value = Rs. 2,40,000

Rate of premium = 90 paise% = Rs. 0.9 %

Since, the shop is insured for 75% of its value 

:.  Policy value = 75% of property value

:. Policy value = 75 x 100 x 240000

= Rs. 180000

Now, amount of premium = 0.9% of policy value

= 0 .9/100 x 180000 = Rs.1620

Δ ABC and Δ PQR are congruent. Then one additional pair is BC = QR. Given: 

∠B = ∠Q = 90∠C = ∠R BC = QR 

(iii) Therefore,Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR [By ASA congruence rule]

4K - 28 + 8 = 0

4K - 20 = 0

4K = 20 

K= 5

cot²θ - 1/sin²θ

= cot²θ - cosec²θ

= -1

Diameter of the circle = diagonal of square = 16 cm

Let x be the side of square

x √2 = 16

x = 8 √2

Area of square = x² = (8√2)² = 128 cm²

Arranging the given data in ascending order, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 16, 19 

Mode is the observation occurred the highest number of times = 14 Median is the middle observation = 14

3,3-dimethyl pentan-2-ol

Benzoic produces effervescence with the liberation CO₂ when treated with sodium bicarbonate solution phenol does not.

Benzoic acid will give the NaHCO₃ Test i.e., when NaHCO₃ is added to benzoic acid it gives a brisk effervescence of CO₂ gas where as phenol doesn't give such test.

(a) PH₃

(b) NH₃

(c) NH₃

(d) BiH₃

(a) PH₃

(b) NH₃

(c) NH₃

(d) BiH₃

3,3 - Dimethylpentan-2-ol 

(i) On passing electric current through a sol, colloidal particles start moving towards oppositely charged electrode where they lose their charge and get coagulated (electrophoresis).
(ii) Scattering of light by the colloidal particles takes place and the path of light becomes visible (Tyndall effect).
(iii) The positively charged colloidal particles of ferric hydroxide sol get coagulated by the oppositely charged Cl^– ions provided by NaCl.

(i) This is because bond dissociation enthalpy of H—S bond is lower than that of H—O bond.
(ii) This is because two bonds share a double bond in the resonance hybrid structure of NO₂^– while three bonds share a double bond in the resonance hybrid structure of NO₃^– . This is because NO₂^– has bond order 1.5 while NO₃^– has bond order 1.33.

(iii) This is due to tendency of oxygen to form multiple bonds with metal atom.

= Sin² 55° + Cos² 55°

= 1   [ Sin² θ + Cos² θ = 1].

The given equation is y = px + (a/p),  ......(1)

Which is in Clairaut's form. So replacing p by c in (1) the solution is

y = cx + (a/c) or c²x - yc + a = 0. ........(2)

Now, c - discriminant relation of (2) is

B² - 4AC = 0;   i.e.,

(-y)² - 4xa = 0   or y² = 4ax .......(3)

Now, y² = 4ax gives 2y(dy/dx) = 4a or p = 2a/y. Putting this value of p in (1), we get y = (2ax)/y + (y/2) or y² = 4ax which is true by (3) satisfies (1) so y² = 4ax is the required singular solution.

The given equation is y = px + (a/p),  ......(1)

Which is in Clairaut's form. So replacing p by c in (1) the solution is

y = cx + (a/c) or c²x - yc + a = 0. ........(2)

Now, c - discriminant relation of (2) is

B² - 4AC = 0;   i.e.,

(-y)² - 4xa = 0   or y² = 4ax .......(3)

Now, y² = 4ax gives 2y(dy/dx) = 4a or p = 2a/y. Putting this value of p in (1), we get y = (2ax)/y + (y/2) or y² = 4ax which is true by (3) satisfies (1) so y² = 4ax is the required singular solution.

A metric space is an ordered pair (S, d) where S is a set and d a function on S × S with the properties of a metric, namely: 

1. d(x, y) = d(y, x) ≥ 0. 

2. d(x, y) = 0 if x = y. 

3. The triangle inequality holds: d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z) 

for all x, y, z in S.

Definitions

Let X be a set. A metric on X is an assignment of a distance d(x, y) ∈ R to every pair of "points" x, y in X 
(that is d: X × X→ R) satisfying the following:

1. (Positivity) For all x, y ∈ X, d(x, y) ≥ 0 and d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y,

2. (Symmetry) For all x, y ∈ X, d(x, y) = d(y, x),

3. (The triangle inequality) For all x, y, z ∈ X, d(x, y) + d(y, z) ≥ d(x, z).

A metric space is a set X together with such a metric.

Examples

The prototype: The set of real numbers R with the metric d(x, y) = |x - y|.This is what is called the usual metric on R.

polythene is a non-biodegradable substance and can't be broken into the simpler substance by the microorganisms. It remains as such in the environment. It is poisonous and is harmful for the animals when eaten by them, as they blocks the alimentary canal of the animals. Polythene is equally harmful to environment also. These are the major reason for blocking of sewage.

The two alternatives to the polythene bags are as follows:

(i) Plastic bags are non-biodegradable and, therefore, require dumping sites.

(ii) Plastic bags when dumped into ground damage soil.
Alternatives : Use jute bag or bag made-up of cotton.

(1) Polyblend, a fine powder of recycled modified plastic, was developed by Ahmed Khan’s company. 

(2) This mixture is mixed with the bitumen that is used to lay roads. 

(3) In collaboration with R.V.College of Engineering and the Bangalore City Corporation, Ahmed Khan proved that blends of Polyblend and bitumen, when used to lay roads, enhanced the bitumen’s water repellant properties, and helped to increase road life by a factor of three. 

(4) The raw material for creating Polyblend is any plastic film waste. 

(5) So, against the price of Rs. 0.40 per kg that rag pickers had been getting for plastic waste, Khan now offers Rs.6

Mature female gametophyte have 7 haploid cells which are 2 synergids, 1 egg cell, 3 antipodal cells and one central cell.

The two ecosystem services are: 

(i) Forest ecosystem purify air, mitigate droughts and floods. 

(ii) The cycle nutrients generate fertile soil and maintains biodiversity.

Birth rate = No. of individuals born/Total no. of individuals = 10/20 =  0.2 plants per year.

(i) Chandragupta II was the son of Samudragupta. He became the king in 3 8 CE. He increased his power and extend his kingdom. 

(ii) Chandragupta II conquered Bengal and Avanti. The great victories were over Malwa, Kathiawar, and Gujarat. He got victory over Saka rulers and adopted the title of Vikramaditya. 

(iii) During the reign of Chandragupta II, art and literature was developed. Poet and writer Kalidas was in his age. Administration run very smoothly. 

(iv) In his kingdom people were happy and rich. After evaluation the age of his rule, it is easy to quote that Gupta empire reached to its height during the rule of Chandragupta II.

Trade relations of Harappa 

i. Copper was probably brought from Oman 

ii. Mesopotamian texts refer to copper coming from a region called Magan 

iii. Mesopotamian texts mention contact with regions named Dilmun (probably the island of Bahrain), Magan and Meluhha, possibly the Harappan region. 

iv. The products from Meluhha: carnelian, lapis lazuli, copper, gold, and varieties of wood. 

v. Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at Omani sites. Such thick coatings prevent the percolation of liquids. 

vi. They established settlements such as Nageshwar and Balakot in areas where shells were available. 

vii. Other such sites were Shortughai, in far-off Afghanistan, near the best source of lapis lazuli, a blue stone that was apparently very highly valued 

viii. Lothal which was near sources of carnelian (from Bharuchin Gujarat), steatite (from south Rajasthan and north Gujarat) and metal (from Rajasthan)

(i) The economic life of the people of Harappa was based on different professions and earned their livelihood by these professions.

(ii) The main profession of Harappan people was agriculture. They cultivated the land properly to grow various crops-wheat, barley, rice and cotton. Wooden ploughs were used in fields. Irrigation system was good to irrigate their fields.

(iii) Cattle rearing was another profession of Harappan people. They reared cow, ox, goats, sheep and dogs.

(iv) Harappan people were very good traders. Trade way the main profession. They had trade relations with Afghanistan, Iran, Bahrain etc. 

(v) People of Harappan culture were engaged in different business or industries. The craftsmen were efficient in the making of utensils of mud, copper and brass. Beautiful ormaments of gold and silver were also made by them.

Miss Wheeler defended herself bravely against the Indian rebels in Kanpur.

(1) Different parts marked are A – Sludge tank, B – Gas holder, C – Charge Pit
(2) Biogas plant consists of a concrete tank (10-15 feet deep) in which the biowastes are collected and slurry of dung is fed. A floating cover is placed over the slurry which is allowed to rise as the gas is produced in the tank due to the microbial activity of methanogens. Methanogens grows anaerobically on cellulose present in cow dung producing large amount of methane (CH₄), hydrogen (H₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The biogas plant has an outlet being connected to a pipe to supply biogas. The spent slurry is removed through another outlet and is used as a manure.

Baculoviruses are known as the pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. These are used as a biological control and are excellent candidates for species-specific insecticidal applications. They do not show negative impact on plants, birds and non-target insects. Therefore, they are used as biological control agents.
In organic farming it is beneficial for conserving desirable insects to aid in an overall integrated Pest Management (PM) programme. They are also used when an ecologically sensitive area is being treated to kill harmful insects and conserve the beneficial ones

DDT being a toxic substance gets accumulated in the organism and passes on to the next higher trophic level because it cannot be metabolised or excreted. Thus, concentration of DDT has increased in the birds in the given case. The high concentration of DDT disturbs the calcium metabolism in birds, causes thinning of eggshells, their premature breaking and eventually causes a decline in the bird population. The phenomenon is called biomagnification.

A coalition government is one in which multiple political parties come together and often reduce the dominance of the party that has won the highest number of seats. Coalition governments are formed as seldom does a political party win the necessary number of seats to form the government on its own. In India, the first coalition government to complete its full-term was the Atal Bihari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance from 1999 to 2004. While some say that coalition governments generate more inclusive policies, others believe that coalitions impose constraints on policymaking.

A Coalition Government might also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis,
e.g. during war time or economic crisis. In such times, parties can form an all party coalition.
Impact of coalition Government on Indian politics can be understood from the instances below
(i) After the General Election in 2009, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) (consisting of 13 separate parties) formed the government. Indian National Congress (INC) had to enter an alliance with many parties, including several regional parties to form a government at the Centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State Governments.
(ii) In 2014 General Election, Bharatiya Janata Party won 282 seats and formed the government. It is for the first time since 1984 Indian general elections that a party has won enough seats to govern without the support of other parties. Though Bharatiya Janata Party formed the government, but no Central Government can ignore the federal structure of India.

Accelerated eutrophication is nutrient enrichment of water bodies due to human activities like passage of sewage.

Its consequences are: 

(i) Large amount of nutrients in waters causes excessive growth of planktonic (free-floating) algae, called algal bloom which impart characteristic colour to water bodies. 

(ii) Depletion of oxygen content of water leading to the death of the aquatic organisms.

The symptoms of amoebiasis are: 

(i) Abdominal pain and cramps 

(ii) Stools with excess mucus and blood clots 

(iii) Constipation. Causative organism–Entamoeba histolytica.

ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) can be used to detect the presence of a pathogen.