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Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment: 

Open Unemployment:

1. When a country’s labour force does not get opportunities for adequate employment, this situation is called open unemployment. 

2. This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas. 

Disguised unemployment: 

1. This is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but actually they don’t have full-time employment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required. 

2. This type of unemployment is generally found in an unorganized sector where either work is not constantly available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not require so many hands. 

(i) Schools became an important place for political and cultural battles.
(ii) The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vienna through the control of education.
(iii) They tried to change the values, norms, and perceptions of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilization and the inferiority of the Vietnamese.
(iv) Vietnamese intellectuals, on the other hand, feared that Vietnam was loosing not just control over its territory but its very identity, its own culture, and customs were being devalued and the people were developing a master-slave mentality.
(v) The battle against French colonial education became part of the large battle against colonialism and for independence.

Europe was closely allied to the ideology of liberalism in the following way:
(i) Ideas of national unity in the early 19th century, Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.
(ii) The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ which means free.
(iii) For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
(iv) Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
(v) Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representatives government through parliament.

A Cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been drawn.
(i) The facility of cheque against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle the payments without the use of withdrawal.
(ii) For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account with the bank makes out a cheque of a specific amount.
(iii) The money is transferred from one bank account to another in a couple of days. The transaction is complete without any payment of cash.

Service conditions of Organized and Unorganized Sectors –

(i) Organized sector is registered by the government whereas, the unorganized sector is largely outside the control of the government.

(ii) In organized sector the workers enjoy security of employment whereas, in unorganized sector jobs are

insecure, low paid and irregular.

(iii) In organized sector the numbers of working hours are fixed whereas in unorganized sector the numbers of working hours are not fixed.

(iv) In organized sector workers get several benefits such as paid leaves, payment during holidays, provident fund etc, whereas in unorganized sector such facilities are not available.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three points of distinction to be explained.

Consumer awareness among consumers to avoid exploitation –

(i) The formation of various organizations such as Consumers Forum or Consumers Protection Council.

(ii) To guide consumers on how to file cases in the Consumers Courts.

(iii) Consumer’s education to be promoted through advertisement/mass campaign/publicity/against malpractices of traders.

(iv) By writing articles/ holding exhibition/rallies.

(v) Strict laws to be enforced in market places.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

Importance of cheap and affordable credit for the country’s development –

(i) Cheap and affordable credits would lead to higher income.

(ii) Many people could borrow for a variety of needs

(iii) It encourages people to invest in agriculture, do business and set up small scale industries etc.

(iv) It enables more investment which will lead to acceleration of economic activities.

(v) Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial role for the country’s development.

Reasons are:

(i) Cheap and affordable credit leads to higher incomes and encourage people to invest in agriculture, engage in business and set up small scale industries.

(ii) Cheap credit reduces the dependence on informal sources.

(iii) Affordable credit also ends the cycle of debt trap and lead to sustainable economic activity.

Importance of cheap and affordable credit for the country’s development –

(i) Cheap and affordable credits would lead to higher income.

(ii) Many people could borrow for a variety of needs

(iii) It encourages people to invest in agriculture, do business and set up small scale industries etc.

(iv) It enables more investment which will lead to acceleration of economic activities.

(v) Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed by the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. According top Prof. Friedrich List, the aim of the zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation.