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(C) KC₂H₃O₂ and HC₂H₃O₂

(E) no correct response

(i) When DDT enters the food chain then they reach water. Since they are not degradable these get accumulated progressively at each trophic level. As they reach higher trophic levels, the concentration of DDT also increases. 

(ii) Biological magnification.

The size of an isoelectronic species increases with a decrease in the nuclear charge (Z). For example, the order of the increasing nuclear charge of F– , Ne, and Na+ is as follows: F – < Ne < Na+ Z 9 10 11 Therefore, the order of the increasing size of F– , Ne and Na+ is as follows: Na+ < Ne < F–

1. Production of vacuum : Remaining gas present in a vessel after creation of vacuum can be absorbed on the surface of charcoal, so that more efficient vacuum can be produced.
2. Heterogeneous catalysis : In such catalysis, reactants get adsorbed on the surface of catalyst so that collision among the reactant molecules increases as well as the enthalpy of adsorption is utilised in providing the activation energy to reactants to undergo the reaction.
3. Froth floatation process : Ore particles get adsorbed on the surface of pine oil, hence they can be separated as froth by blowing air through it.

Conductivity : The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity. Conductivity is the conductance of the electrolytic solution (due to the movement of ions and electrons) of one metre length and unit area of cross section. Mathematically, conductivity, K = 1/p
Conductivity varies with concentration. As the number of ions per cm³ of solution decreases, conductivity decreases.

Molar conductivity : The conductivity of one molar electrolytic solution is termed as molar conductivity. Mathematically,
Molar conductivity (Δ_m) = k/c,
where c = concemtration (in mol m^-3)
K = conductivity (in S m^-1)
It should be noted that for strong electrolytes there is only a small increase in Δ_m value with dilution. However for weak electrolytes, there is a large increase in Δ_m value with dilution.

Two characteristic properties:
(i) Low hysteresis loss
(ii) Low coercivity

1. Silent Valley (Kerala), A dam was proposed to be built up here but opposition from environmentalists and others forced to government to convert it into biosphere reserve.

2. Garwal Himalayas (Uttarkhand). 'Chipko Andolan' prevented the destruction of forests and saved the environment from deterioration.

3. Kelase Forests (Karataka). The felling of trees in the forests was opposed by 'Apiko Chaluvati' led by Pandurang Hegde.

Platinum-pallidium Rhodium

CO₂,H₂O and CO

Nitric oxide

(a)  ii.  their real life experiences.

(b) iv.  the foundation 

(c) ii.  creativity

(a) Over 40 percent of the world’s sugarcane is produced in India. 

(b) Ethyl alcohol extracted from sugarcane can be used as fuel for cars.

(c) Gasoline is not the only thing that can power automobiles. 

(d) Hydrogen also can be an alternative energy source.

(a) (i) Leslie Norris 

(b) (i) for his prey 

(c) for drinking water 

(d) stay hidden, not coming to the forefront 

(a)  i.  limiting education to academic boundaries.

(b) iv.  to focus on overall development.

(c)  iii.  iIntellectual development.

(a) (i) Sinclair Lewis 

(b) (ii) hack driver 

(c) Oliver’s mother had shouted at them, threatened them with an iron from the stove, laughed at them, driven them away. 

(d) looking inside, trying to find something

(i) Mendel conducted experiment on garden pea plant selecting seven visible contrasting characters. He selected and crossed homozygous tall pea plant having the genotype TT with a homozygous dwarf pea plant having the genotype tt. F₁ generation consists only of tall plants having genotype Tt. 

The expressed allele T for tallness is dominant over the unexpressed allele t for dwarfness. Hence, the trait of tallness is dominant while dwarfness or shortness is the recessive characteristics. Thus, Mendel’s experiment showed that traits may be dominant or recessive. 

(ii) Mendel performed an experiment in which he took two different traits like tall and dwarf plant and round and wrinkled seeds. In F₂ (second) generation, some plants were tall with round seeds and some were dwarf with wrinkled seeds. There would also be dwarf plants having round seeds. Thus, the tall/short traits and round/wrinkled seed traits are independently inherited.

(i) Mendel conducted experiment on garden pea plant selecting seven visible contrasting characters. He selected and crossed homozygous tall pea plant having the genotype TT with a homozygous dwarf pea plant having the genotype tt. F₁ generation consists only of tall plants having genotype Tt.
The expressed allele T for tallness is dominant over the unexpressed allele t for dwarfness. Hence the trait of tallness is dominant while dwarfness or shortness is the recessive characteristics.
Thus, Mendel's experiment showed that traits may be dominant or recessive.
(ii) Mendel performed an experiment in which he took two different traits like tall and dwarf plant and round and wrinkled seeds. In F₂ (second) generation, some plants were tall with round seeds and some were dwarf with wrinkled seeds. There would also be dwarf plants having round seeds. Thus, the tall/short traits and round/wrinkled seed traits are independently inherited.

The Mendel's law of independent assortment.. which states "that factors for contrasting characters(allelic genes) do not blend with EACH other but seggerate (up to this is law of seggregation which is derived from the monohybrid cross) but pass on to different gametes and express them(3rd law... law of independent assortment).

From the dihybrid cross, law of independent assortment can be derived which states that, when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters.

Catalytic converters have expensive metals like platinum–palladium and rhodium as catalysts. As exhaust emission passes through catalytic converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are changed to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. 

Unleaded petrol is the best fuel.

The IUPAC Name of K₂​[PdCl₄​] is Potassium tetrachloridopalladate(II)

Banana develops from an ovary without fertilisation having non-viable seeds so it is called parthenocarpic fruit. An orange contain seeds with more than one embryo thus, it shows polyembryony.

Types of Tumors

Pollinating agent is wind. Pollen grains are light, dry and non-sticky.

Strategy for breeding 

(i) Superior males and superior females of the same breed are selected for mating to obtain the progeny. 

(ii) Among the progeny, superior males and females are again identified for mating to obtain a further good variety. 

(iii) One major advantage of inbreeding is that it increases the homozygosity. 

(iv) Inbreeding is necessary to develop a pure line in an animal. 

(v) Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. 

(vi) Inbreeding facilitates the accumulation of superior genes and elimination of the less desirable genes as per the requirement of breeding procedure. 

(vii) Sometimes close inbreeding reduces fertility and even productivity which is called inbreeding depression 

(viii) Outbreeding, it refers to the breeding of unrelated animals either of the same breeds (but do not have common ancestors) or of between different breeds (cross-breeding) or even different species (interspecific-hybridisation).

Quick decision-making.

 Benefits of Autocratic or Authoritarian leader:

a. This leadership style is effective in getting productivity in many situations.

b. Quick decision-making is also facilitated by this style of leadership. 

(a) Both the girls A and B are suffering from rare genetic disorder of adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA–SCID). In the absence of this enzyme, toxic levels of the phosphorylated form of its substrate, deoxyadenosine, accumulates in T lymphocytes (white blood cells essential to an immune response) and kill them

(b) ADA deficiency can be treated either by bone marrow transplantation or by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) by giving an intravenous injection of ADA. However, both approaches are not completely curative as these lymphocytes are not immortal and require repeated treatment. Girl A must have been treated with one of these therapies. 

(c) Girl B must have been treated using gene-therapy where the gene isolate from marrow cells producing ADA was introduced into cells at an early embryonic stage for a possible permanent cure.

The chromosome theory of inheritance states that the genes (Mendel’s factors) are located on specific location on the chromosomes called locus, and the chromosomes follow Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment during meiosis and recombine at the time of fertilization in the zygote. Walter Sutton along with Theodore Boveri, noted that there was marked resemblance between chromosomes and Mendel’s factors called genes. They found the following similarities:

(i) Chromosomes exist in pairs and segregate during meiosis, as did Mendel’s factors. 

(ii) Behavior of chromosomes during the meiotic process paralleled the behavior of the hereditary factors (genes). 

(iii) On studying chromosomes, several of Mendel’s findings could be explained by Sutton, such as 

• gametes could contain only one allelomorphic part (allele) of each gene; 

• gametes containing either of the two alleles are in equal proportion; and 

• two gametes fertilize to produce a zygote having two alleles for each trait.

The target cells of luteinising hormone in males are the Leydig cells and in females are the mature growing follicles. 

LH in males stimulates the Leydig cells (interstitial cells) of testes to synthesise and secrete androgens which in turn stimulate the process of spermatogenesis. LH in females stimulate the ovulation (release of ovum), transformation of Graafian follicle into corpus luteum to secrete progesterone which prepares the endometrium to receive and implant blastocyst.

Biofortification is the idea of breeding crops with higher levels of nutritional value. In 2000, maize hybrids that had twice the amount of amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, compared to existing maize hybrids were developed. Wheat variety, Atlas 66, having a high protein content, has been used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat.

MOET stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology. 

Procedure: 

(i) In this method a cow is administered hormones, with FSH–like activity, to induce follicular maturation and superovulation. 

(ii) Due to superovulation the cow produces more than 6–8 eggs per cycle instead of one egg per cycle. 

(iii) This superovulated cow is mated either with an elite bull or artificially inseminated. 

(iv) The fertilised eggs at 8–32 cells stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.

Adaptations in Kangaroo rat : The Kangaroo rat in North America deserts is capable of meeting all its water requirement by internal oxidation of its body fat. It can also concentrate its urine so that minimal volume of water is used to expel excretory products.

Adaptation in Desert plants: Many desert plants have a thick cuticle on their leaf surface and have their stomata arranged in deep pits to minimise water loss through transpiration. They also have a special photosynthetic pathway known as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) that enables their stomata to remain closed during day time so as to minimise transpiration.  

Some desert plants like Opuntia have no leaves. Their leaves are reduced to spines and photosynthesis occurs in flattened stems.

Darwin’s theory of natural selection: 

• Varying degrees of similarities can be observed between existing life forms and those existing millions of years ago. 
• There has been gradual evolution of life forms with new forms arising at different periods of history. 
• Any population has built-in variations in characteristics which adapt it better to the environment. 
• The characteristics which enable some populations or individuals to survive better in natural conditions (climate, food, physical factors) would out-breed others (Survival of the fittest). 
• Those populations which are better fit (reproductively fit) in an environment will be selected by nature and will survive more (Natural selection). 
• Adaptability is inherited and fitness is the end result of ability to adapt and get selected by nature.

(i) Corpus luteum secretes large amounts o{ progesterone and some small amount of estradiol hormone. Both these hormones are essential for the maintenance of the endometrium which is necessary for the implantation of fertilised ovum. It also inhibits the release of FSH so that it may not develop additional follicles and eggs. 

Placenta secretes human placental lactogen which ensures energy,v supply to the foetus by modifying the metabolism of the mother during pregnancy. It has anti-insulin property which reduces the maternal insulin sensitivity there by increasing the level of blood glucose. It also secretes Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone. It maintains the corpus luteum in the pregnancy and stimulates the release of progesterone.

(ii) Gonadotropins like LH and FSH are secreted during follicular phase. They stimulate the follicular development as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles. During parturition, oxytocin is released which leads to the contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium of the uterus and directs the full term foetus towards the birth canal. 

After the Independence (1948), the leaders of the Sinhala community of Sri Lanka took some Majoritarian measures to establish their dominance. 

These are:

(i) Majors taken in majoritarianism gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the sri Lanka Tamil.  

(ii) In 1956 an act was passed making sinhalas as an official language thus disregarding Tamil.

(iii) Government polices favored sinhalas applicant for university position and government job.New constitution was setup now state have to protect bhuddism.

(iv) They felt that government polices and constitution has denied them equal rights in securing jobs and education.

A pressure group is a body that tries to promote its interests. They fight and try to achieve a common objective. Political parties contest elections because their aim is to achieve political power. They have more than one interests, they have their own ideology. They represent various interests and have their own way of achieving their aims.

The printing press first came to India with Portuguese missionaries to Goa in the mid-sixteenth century.

Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanara languages. Catholic priests published the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin and in 1713, the first Malayam book was published by them. By 1710,Dutch Protestant missionaries had published 32 Tamil Texts, many of them translation of olderr works.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is launched in 2000 for ensuring food security among the poorest of the poor by the Government of India.

Main three features of Antyodaya Anna Yojana(AAY} are:

(i) Under the scheme the poorest among the BPL families were identified for the targeted public distribution system.

(ii) Poor families were identified by the respective state rural development departments through the BPL survey.

(iii) 25 Kg (revised to 35 kg in 2002) of food grains were made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate of Rs. 2/ kg for wheat and Rs. 3/ kg for rice.

The textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy, because it contributes :
(i) Significantly to industrial production (14 percent).
(ii) It generates employment (35 million persons directly).
(iii) Earns foreign exchange (about 24.6 percent).
(iv) It contributes to a larger amount towards GDP (4 percent).
(v) It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

This is like the rules of cricket. A change in rules for LBW decisions helped to reduce negative batting tactics. But no one would ever think that the quality of cricket could be improved mainly through changes in the rules. This is to be done mainly by the players, coaches and administrators. Similarly, democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens. 

What is required is the cooperation of the citizens, i.e. the mindset of the citizens should be changed. They need to be reasonable, active, cooperative and willing to perform their duties. Legal constitutional changes and the cooperation of the citizens are the need of the hour.
Thus, legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy.

1. The flow of trade: The flow of trade refers largely to trade in goods. For example, wheat travelled from Russia, America and Australia to Britain.
2. The flow of labour: This includes the migration of people in search of employment. For example, more than 50 million people migrated from Europe to America and Australia In search of jobs.
3. The movement of capital: This covers the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances. For example, capital flowed from financial centers such as London to other parts of the world.

The Gujjar Bakarwals migrated to Jammu and Kashmir in the 19th century in search of pastures for their animals.

1. Winter: When the high mountains were covered with snow and there was lack of pastures at the high altitude, they moved to low hills of the Shiwalik. The dry scrub forests here provided pastures for their herds. By the end of April, they began their northern march for their summer grazing grounds.
2. Summer: With the onset of summer, the snow melted and the mountain sides became lush green. By the end of September, the Bakarwals started their backward journey.

Man protested – animals did not include anyone from man's side — told it was impossible. Animals defended their stand — no one was educated enough to understand the intricacy of jungle law — nothing to fear — members are men of repute and impartial — they were chosen by God to take care.

Detailed Answer : 

The man protested on seeing the personnel of the Enquiry commission because animals did not included anyone from man's side. He asked, if it was not necessary to include a member from his side in the commission. But he was told that it was impossible, since no one from his side was educated enough to understand the intricacy of jungle laws. Defending their stand, animals further told him that there was nothing to fear, for the members of the commission were all men of repute for their impartiality in justice. In their favour, they said that they were chosen by God to look after the interest of race.

To sell their news paper.

The German Elite guards ruled the city ruthlessly — boys hated them — so they joined the resistance movement — their extreme youth, size and their knowledge of hills made them useful — carried messages — hid letters in their shoes — passed information on the movements of the German Troops.

Detailed Answer : 

During the war, the German Elite guards established headquarters in Verona and ruled the city with ruthless severity for three dreadful years. Since the boys hated those harsh, unwanted masters, so when the resistance movement began secretly to form, they were amongst the first to join. Their extreme youth and insignificant size, added to an intimate knowledge of neighbouring hills and made them immensly valuable. They were used to carry messages to the forces of liberation; hide letters in their shoes and passed information on the movement of the German troops

Frederick Douglass was born into slavery — discrimination against black children — mother was separated from him — died when he was seven — knew little about his mother — like any other mulatto children he suffered — not allowed to question — slaves were treated badly — but Douglass had a deep conviction — slavery would not be able to hold him within its pout embrace — escaped from slavery — did succeed.

Detailed Answer : 

Frederick Douglass was born into slavery. He was separated from his mother before he was twelve months old during night time. He lost her when he was seven years old. So he knew little about his mother. He never enjoyed any care and communication in those years. 

If the slave is born to a slave woman, that boy has to suffer more than other slaves as he was a mulatto child. He was a constant offence to his owner's mistress. Captain Anthony was his overseer who would manage the slaves. at owner's farms who would whip the slaves mercilessly. It was an inhuman and terrible scene. Since childhood, when he was under slavery, Douglass had a deep conviction that he would not be a slave in future; he would escape from it – it was his strong faith and spirit in him. This living faith and spirit of hope made him to say that "slavery would not be able to hold me within its foul embrace". His strong willpower made him at last escape from slavery and lead an independent life. He was not allowed to visit her even during her illness, death or burial.

Once the speaker was young — now matured — duty to turn his attention to harsh realities — casualties caused by war, slavery — epidemic diseases — curses of countless centuries — exploitation of poor, invalids, slaves.

Detailed Answer : 

Once the speaker was young, he loved his beloved deeply. Now he is matured. He comes to realize that there are other truths to be attended. He honestly tells her that his love would be same but he can't spend the time for her because his duty is to turn his attention to harsh realities of life casualties caused by war, slavery, epidemic diseases, curses of countless centuries, exploitation of poor, invalid and slaves.

 Procedure of removing old tea stain from white cotton shirt: 

1. use salt water 

 2. soak in glycerin 

3. soak in lime juice 

4. pour boiling water over borax 

Precautions to be followed while removing stains:

1. try to remove the stain when it is fresh 

2. try chemicals on the corner of the fabric 

3. use dilute and mild reagents first 

4. rinse the garment several times to remove the effect of chemicals 

(a) Colour: Every stain has a specific colour, for example, curry and pickle are yellow while coffee and tea stains are brown, and grass stain is green. 

(b) Smell: Some stains have a peculiar smell eg. Stains of eggs or paints. These stains can be recognized by the smell. 

(c) Feel: Some stains also change the feel of the fabric and can be recognized on that basis. For example paint or sugar syrup makes the fabric stiff to touch, whereas lipstick or shoe polish make the fabric feel slippery.