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The recently concluded general election of 2019 ended with a sliding victory for the National Democratic Alliance with Bharatiya Janata Party alone securing about 303 seats. Narendra Modi was selected as the leader of the 17th Lok sabha. He along with other fifty eight members took oath on 30 May 2019 at 7 PM which was administered by the President Ram Nath Kovind. The august ceremony was attended by prominent leaders of BIMSTEC countries as chief guests.

The cabinet of the Narendra Modi’s second tenure has been decided. As on Feb 2020; there are 58 Ministers; which includes 25 cabinet Ministers, 9 Ministers of State (Independent Charge) and 24 Ministers of State. In total there are 6 ministers who are women in this cabinet.

Cabinet Ministers:

Menocchio was a miller of sixteenth century in Italy, He reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.

1. CENTRAL/ UNION GOVERNMENT: It is the government at the head or the centre. It is the most powerful government of a given country, and has dominance over the other levels of the government. It works for the subjects included in the Union List. 

2. STATE GOVERNMENT: It is the tier of the government that comes under the central government. They work for the subjects included in the State List. In India, different state governments enjoy different powers.

3. LOCAL GOVERNMENT: This tier of the government comes under the State governments. Its work is to help the state government in its functioning. It generally helps in construction and maintenance of various public services.

Kaiser William - I of Prussia.

The Scholars Revolt in Vietnam in 1868 was led by officials at the imperial court.

Although it is said that ‘consumer is the king’, in the market, there are a number of undesirable activities taking place targeting the consumer. Some marketers indulge in several malpractices to make windfall gain.

Sellers try to shift the responsibility of product/service on the buyer. They plea that the buyer should be aware when he buys the goods. It is the responsibility of the buyer to check the goods while purchasing them. The need for consumer protection and satisfaction has been widely accepted all over the world. All this has resulted in need for creating consumer awareness in India also.

(i) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label served two purposes. One was to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the people. The second was that the label was also a mark of quality. When the buyers saw “Made in Manchester” written in bold on the label, they felt confident about buying the cloth.

(ii) Besides words and texts, they also carried images. Beautifully illustrated images of Indian Gods and Goddesses appeared on these labels. For example, images of Kartika, Laxmi, Saraswati were shown on imported cloth label. 

(iii) Historic figures like those of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were used to create respect for the product. The image, the labels, the historic figures were intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people. 

(iv) Manufacturers printed calendars to popularise their products calendars could be used ever by people who could not read. Advertisement could be seen day after day, throughout the year, when hung on the walls.

The Scholar’s Revolt in Vietnam in 1868 was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power.

(D) more than one correct response

(B) HNO₃ + KOH → KNO₃ + H₂O

(B) KNO₃ and K₂SO₄

Gandhiji Sources to know about mahatma Gandhi and nationalist role 

I. Writings of Gandhiji &other political members 

II. Speeches of Gandhiji and his contemporaries on his political role.

III. Personnel and private letters on political & private thoughts about the country. 

IV. Journals published by the govt., harijan, etc 

V. Autobiographies (retrospective account) 

VI. Records written by policemen & officials 

VII. Newspapers on the conversion of political movement into mass movement. 

VIII. Records prepared by home ministry department. 

IX. Information from the localities and common people. 

X. Pictures of Gandhi reveal how he was perceived by the people. 

XI. Fortnightly reports of various provinces.

Causes and Repercussions 

- Increased industrialization

- Intensive agriculture

- Grazing

- Deforestation

- Floods, forest fires, droughts

(a) Hindu-Muslim divide

The Azamgarh proclamations of 25th August 1857 stressed on the issue of unity among Hindus and the Muslims of the country. The proclamation constantly appealed  to people belonging to different  caste and creed to remain together in this hour of crisis.

Majority of the proclamations were  carried out under the name of the  Muslim princes or by them but they also  addressed the sentiments of  Hindus.The rebellion act was considered as a war in which  both Muslims and Hindus were to be affected equally in case of loss or win.

The ishtahars drew attention to the pre-British era where both the  Hindu-Muslim experienced a glorified past and the coexistence of  various communities during the reign of  Mughal Empire.

The proclamation which was issued under the name  of Bahadur Shah made a heartfelt request to the people to come together  and fight under the acceptance of both Mahavir and Muhammad. It was commendable that there was hardly any noticeable incident of  religious divisions between the community of Hindus and Muslim  during the uprising despite attempts were carried out by the British to create one.The British spent Rs 50000 in Bareilly, western Uttar Pradesh  to instigate the Hindu community against  the Muslims but failed.

(a) (i) on 

(b) (iii) the 

(c) (ii) meant 

(d) (ii) the

(i) Side AC 

 Side BC 

(ii) Slope. 

K = Voltmeter, L = Rheostat, M = Ammeter, N = key

(i) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is an essential ingredient in most antacids because it is slightly alkaline in nature.

(ii) When sodium chloride is electrolysed, sodium is obtained at cathode which then reacts with water to give alkali and hydrogen. Thus alkali is the main product. On the other hand, chlorine is obtained at anode. So it is called chlor-alkali process.

When two coins are tossed simultaneously, the possible outcomes are(H, H),(H, T),(T, H),(T, T) which are all equally likely. Here (H, H) means head up on the first coin (say on Rs.1) and head up on the second coin (Rs.2).Similarly (H, T) means head up on the first coin and tail up on the second coin and so on.

The outcomes favorable to the event E, at least one head' are (H, H), (H, T) and (T, H).

So. the number of outcomes favorable to.E is 3.

Therefore,  P(E)=3/4

i.e., the probability that Harpreet gets at least one head is 3/4.

(i) Select cust_name from customer c,transaction t where c.Acc_No=t.Acc_No and Transaction_Type= "Debit";

(ii) Select cust_name, t.* from customer c, transaction t where c.Acc_No=t.Acc_No;

(iii) Select cust_name from customer c,transaction t where c.Acc_No!=t.Acc_No;

(iv) Cartesian Product:

Number of Rows: 20

Number of Columns: 9

Degree: 9

Cardinality: 20

(v)  2301003      65000

2201002       20000

(vi) Sometimes we do not want to see the whole output produced by a statement with Group By clause. We want to see the output only for those groups which satisfy some condition. It means we want to put some condition on individual groups (and not on individual records). A condition on groups is applied by Having clause. 

For example consider the following query:

select Acc_No, sum(Amount) from Customer c, Transaction t where c.Acc_No=t.Acc_No group by c.Acc_No having Transaction_Type="Credit";

This query will create account number wise groups and instead of displaying the total amount of all type of transactions, it will only display the total of credit transactions only.

(i) A common man should have an electronic gadget like smart phone or computer. 

(ii) A common man should be oriented for online financial safety measures.

1. Absolute liability is the principle that can be used for claiming relief for Chintu and his friends. 

2. Absolute Liability was introduced by the Supreme Court in the aftermath of the two instances of gas leaks from factories injuring many. The first case was about the infamous Bhopal gas leak disaster of 1984 and the second incident of 1985 in Delhi, due to leaked oleum gas. 

3. The then Chief Justice of India P.N Bhagwati, in the famous 1987 case of M.C. Mehta v. Shri Ram Foods and Fertilizer Industries, held: "We are of the view that an enterprise, which is engaged in a hazardous or inherently dangerous industry, which poses a potential threat to the health and safety of the persons working in the factory and residing in the surrounding areas owes an absolute and non-delegable duty to the community to ensure that no harm results to any one on account of hazardous or inherently dangerous activity in which it is engaged must be conducted with the highest standards of safety and if any harm is done on account of such activity, the enterprise must be absolutely liable to compensate for such harm and it should be no answer to the enterprise to say that it had taken all reasonable care and that the harm occurred without any negligence on its part." 

4. The principle of absolute liability has evolved from the principle of strict liability. Strict liability torts do not care about the intention or carelessness of the defendant when the defendant caused the injury. The claimant does not have to establish any sort of or level of blame attributable to the defendant based on the intention or the degree of carelessness. However Strict liability is available in a very limited context.

The technique that will help the authorities to establish the identity of the dead is known as DNA fingerprinting. 

Basis of DNA Fingerprinting - DNA fingerprinting is a method for comparing the DNA sequences of any two individuals. 99.9% o{ the base sequences in all human beings are identical. It is the remaining 0.1% that makes every individual unique. In this, certain specific regions called repetitive DNA sequences that are different for every individual are used for comparative study. This repetitive DNA is separated from the bulk DNA as different peaks during density gradient centrifugation in which bulk DNA forms major peak and the other small peaks are referred to as satellite DNA. These sequences show high degree of polymorphism and form the basis of DNA fingerprinting.

Methodology of DNA fingerprinting ---

The DNA fingerprinting technique involves following steps :

(i) Isolation of DNA 

(ii) Digestion of DNA by restriction endonuclease 

(iii) Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis 

(iv) Transfer of separated DNA fragments to symthetic membrane 

(v) Hybridisation of separated fragments using labelled VNTR probes 

(vi) Detection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography After autoradiography, different bands are obtained which are characteristics of an individual. The presence of similarities between the casualties and their relatives determines their relatedness on the basis of which the dead bodies handed over to their respective relative

The prophase I stage of meiosis plays vital role in r-DNA formation because crossing over occurs at this stage which helps in recombination.

The lymphocytes produced migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like spleen, lymph nodes, etc. They trap the microorganism thereby activating the lymphocytes present in the lymph nodes and produce an immune response affecting the immunity.

Commensalism

Due to global warming, stenothermals would either migrate or die due to change in the temperature.

Eurythermals show a wide range of distribution on earth, as they show tolerance for wide range of temperatures.

Meloidegyne incognitia, a nematode infects the roots of tobacco plants thereby causing reduction in yield. RNA interference (RNAi) process is used to develop transgenic tobacco plant that protects the plant from Meloidegyne incognitia. This method involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the mRNA (silencing).

Nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plant.

Transgenic tobacco plants are produced in following way: 

(i) To prevent the roots of tobacco plants from infections a strategy was adopted based on the process of RNA interference (RNAi). 

(ii) Nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plants using Agrobacterium vectors. 

(iii) The introduction of DNA was such that it produced both sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. 

(iv) These two RNAs being complementary to each other formed a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi and thus, silenced the specific mRNA of the nematode. (v) The parasite could not survive in a transgenic host expressing specific interfering RNA, thus plant got itself protected from the parasite.

Watson and Crick in 1953 proposed a scheme that DNA replication was semi-conservative. According to the scheme, the two parental strands separate and each strand acts as a template for synthesising a complementary strand over it. After completion of replication, each DNA had one parental strand and one newly synthesised strand. Experimental Proof for semi-conservative mode of DNA replication:

• Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958 performed experiments on E. coli to prove that DNA replication is semi-conservative. 
• They grew E. coli in a medium containing 15NH4Cl (in which 15N is the heavy isotope of nitrogen) for many generations. 
• As a result, 15N got incorporated into newly synthesised DNA. 
• This heavy DNA can be differentiated from normal DNA by centrifugation in caesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient. 
• Then they transferred the cells into a medium with normal 14NH4Cl and took the samples at various definite time intervals as the cells multiplied. 
• The extracted DNAs were centrifuged and measured to get their densities. 
• The DNA extracted from the culture after one generation of transfer from the 15N medium to 14N medium (i.e., after 20 minutes) showed an intermediate hybrid density.
• The DNA extracted from culture after two generations (i.e., after 40 minutes) showed equal amount of light DNA and hybrid DNA.

Birds being eurythermals can tolerate a wide range of temperature and thus will be able to cope with global warming more efficiently.

Advantages of seeds: 

(i) Seeds posses better adaptive strategies for dispersal to form a new colony. 

(ii) The reserve food of seed, support the growth of seedling till they become nutritionally independent. 

(iii) The hard seed coat (testa + tegmen) provide protection against injury. 

(iv) They provide genetic recombination and variation as they are the product of sexual reproduction. 

(v) Seeds are stored to be consumed throughout the year to overcome drought and natural calamities. 

(vi) Depending upon the mobility of seeds, they are used to raise crop in favourable season.

Zygote intra fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT) is a technique in in vitro fertilisation where the zygote or early embryo having up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube to complete its further development. 

Intra Uterine Transfer technique (IUT) is different from ZIFT as the embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus in IUT.

The infertile couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART). 

ZIFT: The zygote or early embryo with upto 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube called zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT). 

GIFT: It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo. 

Intra uterine transfer refers to the introduction of embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus of a female to complete its further development.

On June 25th 1975, PM INDIRA GANDHI recommended the imposition of emergency to President FAKHRUDDIN ALI AHMED. 

\(P(A) = \frac1 {1 + 2 + 4} = \frac17\)

\(P(B) = \frac27 \)

\(P(C)=\frac{4}{7}\)

Let E be the event of increasing in profit.

\(\therefore P\left(\frac EA\right) = 0.8\)

\(P\left(\frac EB\right) = 0.5\)

\(P\left(\frac EC\right) = 0.3\)

\(\therefore P\left(\frac{E'}{A}\right)= 1- 0.8 = 0.2\)

\(P\left(\frac{E'}{B}\right)= 1- 0.5 = 0.5\)

\(P\left(\frac{E'}{C}\right)= 1- 0.3 = 0.7\)

\(P\left(\frac A{E'}\right)= \frac{P\left(\frac{E'}A\right) P(A)}{P\left(\frac{E'}A\right)P(A) + P\left(\frac{E'}{B}\right) P(B) + P\left(\frac{E'}{C}\right)P(C)}\)

\(= \cfrac{0.2 \times \frac17}{0.2 \times \frac17 + 0.5 \times \frac27 + 0.7 \times \frac47}\)

\(= \frac{0.2}{0.2 + 1 + 2.8}\)

\(= \frac{0.2}{4}\)

\(= \frac2{40}\)

\(= \frac1{20}\)

\(= 0.05\)

Hence, the probability that if increases in profit does not take place, then it is due to the appointment of \(A = P\left(\frac A{E_1}\right) = 0.05\)

(y - sin²x)dx + tanx dy = 0

\(\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{sin^2x - y}{tanx}\)

⇒ \(\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac y{tanx} = \frac{sin^2x}{tanx} = sinx. cos x\)

which is linear differential equation

\(\therefore I.F = e^{\int P dx}\)

\(= e^{\int\frac1{tanx}dx}\)

\(= e^{\int cot x\,dx}\)

\(= e^{log\, sinx}\)

\(= sin x\)

\(\therefore y \times(I.F) = \int Q \times (I.F)dx\)

\(y \times sin x= \int (sinx \,cos x)sinx\,dx\)

\(= \int sin^2x \,cosx\,dx\)

\(= \frac{sin^3x}{3} + C\)

⇒ \(y = \frac{sin^2x}{3} + \frac C{sin\,x}\)

⇒ \(y = \frac{sin^2x}{3 } + C \,cosecx\)

is solution of given differential equation.