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Commodification.

(a) Semipermeable membrane is a membrane which allows the solvent molecules, but not the solute molecules, to pass through it, Example, cellulose. 

(b) Reference electrode is an electrode whose potential is arbitrarily taken as zero or is exactly known. 

Correct Option  (b) KOH 

Correct Option  (c) 3

[2x + 3(– 2) = 0 ⇒ 2x – 6 = 0 ⇒ 2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3]

Correct Option  (d) Zn₂SiO₄

Ionic solids are formed by the force of attraction between ions of opposite charges and force of repulsion between ions of same charges. These opposite forces result into ordered 3D arrangement which is hard. Due to absence of free electrons, they are brittle.

Correct Option (b) Na₂SO₄ 

[Al₂SO₄ → 2Al³⁺ + 3SO₄^2– (5 particles),

Na₂SO₄ → 2Na+ + SO₄^2– (3 particles),

MgCl₂→ Mg²⁺ + 2Cl^– (3 particles),

KCl → K⁺ + Cl^– (2 particles)]

Correct Option  (c) [A ]₀/2k

Third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfectly ordered crystalline substance is zero at absolute zero of temperature.

Its two uses are : 

(a) To determine the absolute entropy of any substance either in solid, liquid or gaseous state at any desired temperature.

(b) To calculate thermodynamic properties.

Shalabhasana: 

Benefits: 

(1) Relief to slipped disc problem 

(2) Strengthens the muscles of spine, buttocks and arms and legs. 

(3) Improves posture. 

(4) Helps in relieving stress 

(5) Removes constipation 

(6) Alleviates lower back pain 

Contra indicators: 

(1) Weak spine 

(2) Weak heart 

(3) High blood pressure

(4) Coronary problems 

Gomukhasana: 

Benefits: 

(1) Strengthens legs 

(2) Improves functionality of lungs 

(3) Flexibility of shoulder joint 

(4) Reduces stress and anxiety. 

(5) Improves function of kidney 

Contra indicators: 

(1) Individual suffering from Shoulder, knee and back pain should avoid 

(2) Chronic Hip Injury

   If the incident energy is hv and the work function is ϕ then maximum K.E. is given by K_max= 1/2 mv²_max=hf-ϕ . So maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends only on frequency, so is independent of the intensity of the incident radiation.   

B₁ will glow as the diode D₁ is forward based.

In the α−particle scattering experiment, if a thin sheet of solid hydrogen is used in place of a gold foil, then the scattering angle would not be large enough. This is because the mass of hydrogen (1.67 × 10 −27 kg) is less than the mass of incident α−particles (6.64 × 10 −27 kg). Thus, the mass of the scattering particle is more than the target nucleus (hydrogen). As a result, the α−particles would not bounce back if solid hydrogen is used in the α-particle scattering experiment.

(i) SID=varchar().

DOB = date.

(ii) SELECT Name FROM Salesperson WHERE Salary BETWEEN 30000.00 AND 40000.00;

(iii) SELECT Name, Phone, DOB FROM Salesperson WHERE DOB< '1 - 11 - 1992' ;

(iv) SELECT Name, Salary FROM Salesperson ORDER BY Salary DESC;

(v) SELECT DISTINCT(Area) FROM Salesperson;

(vi) SELECT SlD,Name,Salary+500 FROM Salesperson;

(vii) SELECT Area, Phone FROM Salesperson;

(viii) SELECT Name FROM Salesperson WHERE Name LIKE "%Kumar%";

(ix)   Amit Kumar                   10

        Deepika Sharma           14

        Vinay Shrivastav           16

        Kumar Mehta                11

       Rashmi Kumar               12 

(x) North      2

    South      2

(i) Code:

float f;

if(alwar.isSelected() == true)

{

f = 200.00;

} 

else if(jaipur.isSelected() = = true)

{

f = 500.00;

} 

else

{

f = 900.00;

}

totalcharges.settext((noofpersons.gettext())*f);

if(ftgroup.isSelected = = true)

{

discamount = ((totalcharges.gettext() *10)/100);

}

amountpay.settext(totalcharges.gettext()- discamount.gettext());

(ii) organization.settext(" ");

noofpersons.settext(" ");

alwar.Selected : false;

jaipur.selected = false;

udaipur.Selected : false;

ftgroup.Selected = false;

totalcharges.settext(" " );

discamount.settext(" ");

amountpay.settext(" " );

(iii) System.exit(0);

The central bank also acts as lender of last resort for the other banks of the country. It means that if a commercial bank fails to get financial accommodation from anywhere, it approaches the central bank as a last resort. Central bank advances loan to such a bank against approved securities. As a lender of the last resort, central bank exercises control over the entire banking system of the country. 

The Central Bank transfers government funds from one place to another place and form one account to another account. In India, the Reserve Bank of India has branches in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Kanpur, etc. It has five zonal offices and 19 regional offices in most state capitals. At other places, the branches of the State Bank of India act as agents of the Reserve Bank of India. This helps in the transfer of the government funds.

Thus, as a banker to the government, the Central Bank transfers government funds.

Marmagao port is situated on the mouth of Zuari estuary.

Knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology-

(i) Understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire.

(ii) Understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.

(iii) The laws of aerodynamics are used to develop faster planes.

(iv) Any other relevant point. 

Two areas of high latitudes where hunting and food gathering is practiced are:

(a) Scandinavian countries

(b) Siberian areas 

Correct option (c) New Delhi 

On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified as:

(i) Public Sector:

These industries are aimed and operated by the government agencies.

(ii) Private Sector:

These industries are owned and operated by private entrepreneurs, e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Reliance Industries and Dabur Industries, etc.

(iii) Joint Sector:

These industries are jointly run by the state and individual or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sectors.

(iv) Cooperative Sector: 

These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

(i) Gathering is practiced in regions with harsh climatic conditions. Generally primitive societies who extract plant and animal products to complete their need for food, shelter and clothing. 

(ii) High latitude zones of Northern Canada, Northern Eurasia and Southern Chile. 

(iii) Low latitude zones of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia, interior parts of South East Asia.

Correct option (c)  Salinization of soil

(i) Public Sector Industries are owned and managed by governments. In India there were a number of Public Sector undertakings. Socialist countries have many state owned industries. Mixed economics have both public and private sector enterprises. 

(ii) Private Sector Industries are owned by individual investors. These are managed by private organisations. In capitalist countries, industries are usually owned privately. 

(iii) Joint Sector Industries are managed by joint stock companies. Sometimes the private and public sectors together establish and manage the industries.

Correct option (a)  Kharif

Possibilism: With passage of time, humans developed better and efficient technology. This gave him many choices and possibilities to use resources offered by the environment. They become free to use natural resources according to their convenience and necessities. Man has created health resorts on highlands, huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards and pastures in the plains, ports on the coasts and satellites in space. This was termed Possibilism by earlier scholars. 

Determinism: In the earlier stages of Human evolution, There was no technology to modify environment by man. Thus, the human beings adapted to the dictates of the nature. The naturalised human was afraid of nature and worshipped the forces of nature such as fire, floods, rains, etc. 

1 Hirapur, Kulti and Bumpur, West Bengal. 

2 Coal from Raniganj, Jharia and Iron ore-Singhbhum 

3 Water is obtained from Barakar River.

(i) The commercial part of a harbour containing facilities for embarking and disembarking passengers loading and unloading and facilities for storage are called ports. 

(ii) International trade (90-95%) is carried out through ports. Major part of the of the international trade is carried out through waterways and ports are two ends of a waterways. 

(iii) The ports provide facilities of docking, loading, unloading, storage facilities for cargo. In order to provide the facilities, the port authorities make arrangements for maintaining navigable channels, arranging tugs and barges and providing labour and managerial services.

1.  Ports provide facilities of docking, loading and unloading of cargo.

2.  Ports provide storage facilities for cargo

3.  Labour and managerial services are provided at the ports.

(b) Discrimination

Economics is a social science. Paul Samuelson calls it the queen of social sciences. It is concerned with the solution of society economic problems. In fact, many of the world’s most pressing problems, such as unemployment and inflation, budgetary deficits and public debt international trade and protection, are economic in nature.

The events and patterns of the last 30 years — inflation rates that have soared and declined, high unemployment, recession and recovery-have made a dramatic impact on economic thinking. They have all generated additional interest in the subject matter of economics. People all over the world are now trying to more fully understand these continually unfolding economic events.

Vital theories or studies of macroeconomics are:

(i) Theory related to equilibrium level of output and employment.

(ii) Theory related to inflationary and deflationary gap in the economy.

(iii) Theory of multiplier.

(iv) Study of government budget.

(v) Study of exchange rate and Balance of Payments (BoP).

Difference between planned and unplanned inventory accumulation are:

Planned inventory accumulation. In case of an expected fall in sales, the firm will have unsold stock of goods which has been anticipated. Hence, there will be planned accumulation of inventories. Unplanned inventory accumulation In case of an unexpected fall in sales, the firm have unsold goods which it had not anticipated. Hence, there will be unplanned accumulation of inventories.
Relation between change in inventories and value added Change in Inventories of a Firm during a Year = Value Added + Intermediate

Goods Used by the Firm - Sale of the Firm during a Year and Value Added in Net Contribution Made by a Firm in the Process of Production i.e. Value Added = Value of Production - Value of Intermediate Goods Used.

The stock of unsold goods (finished and semi-finished), which a firm carry forward from one year to another year is termed as an inventory. 

Inventory accumulation can be planned or unplanned. The planned inventory accumulation refers to the inventory that a firm can anticipate or plan. For example, a firm want to raise its inventory from 1000 to 2000 units of denims and expects sales to be 10000 units. Thereby, it produces 10000 + 1000 units, i.e. 11000 units (in order to raise the inventory by 1000 units). If, at the end of the year it is found that the actual sales that got realised were also 10000, then the firm experiences the rise in its inventory from 1000 to 2000 units. The closing balance of inventory is calculated in the following manner: 

Final Inventory = Opening inventory + Production - Sale 

= 1000 + 11000 - 10000 

= 2000 units of denims 

In this case the inventory accumulation is equal to the expected accumulation. Hence, this is an example of a planned inventory accumulation. 

Unplanned inventory accumulation is an unexpected change in an inventory. There is an unplanned accumulation in an inventory when the actual sales are unexpectedly low or high. For example, let us assume, a firm want to raise inventory from Rs 1000 to 2000 and expects sales to be 10000 and thereby produces 11000 units of denims. If, at the end of the year, the actual sales realised were 9000 units only, which were not anticipated by the firm and therefore the inventory rose by 3000 units. The unexpected inventory accumulation is calculated as:

 Final Inventory = Opening inventory + Production - Sale 

= 1000 + 11000 - 9000 

= 3000 units of denims 

Hence, this is example of unexpected inventory accumulation. 

The relation between value added and the change in inventory is shown by the given equation: 

Gross value added by a firm = Sales + Change in inventory - Value of intermediate goods 

It implies that, as inventory increases, the value added by a firm will also increase, thus confirming the positive relationship between the two.

\(\frac{ar(ΔABC)}{ar(ΔPQR)}\) = \(\frac{1}{9}\)

\(\frac{ar(ΔABC)}{ar(ΔPQR)}\) = \(\frac{(AB)^2}{(PQ)^2}\) = \((\frac{1}{3})^2\) = \(\frac{1}{9}\)

(a) Revenue Deficit 

The shortfall between the total revenue received to the total revenue expenditure is revenue deficit. 

Revenue deficit = Total revenue expenditure – Total revenue receipts  

This deficit only includes current income and current expenses. A high value of deficit indicates that the government should cut down on its expenditures. The government may increase its revenue receipts by increasing tax income. Disinvestment which means selling off assets is another remedial measure to reduce revenue deficit.

(b) Fiscal Deficit 

A fiscal deficit is a gap by which government’s total expenditures exceed the government’s total generated revenue. This, however, does not include the government borrowings.

Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – Total receipts excluding borrowings

Fiscal deficit indicates the amount of money that the government will need to borrow during the financial year. A greater deficit implies more borrowing by the government and the extent of the deficit indicates the amount of expense for which the money is borrowed.

(c) Primary Deficit 

A primary deficit is the amount of money that the government needs to borrow apart from the interest payments on the previously borrowed loans.  

Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit – Interest payments on previous loans

Total fixed cost, which remains unchanged at all given levels of output, is the reason behind vertical parallel distance between TVC curve and TC curve. 

-0.3,-0.7,-0.8,-1.1 

(Minus is not a mathematical sign. Minus sign only represents the inverse relation of price and quantity demanded).

– 0.53, – 0.80, – 0.87, – 3.1 

Here, minus sign is not relevant as it represents the inverse relation between price of the good and its quantity demanded.

A Price Floor is the minimum price at which a commodity can be sold legally. Price Floor if fixed above the equilibrium price, serves the purpose of welfare of the producers (say farmers). When price floor is fixed at P” quantity demanded will contract to OQ” but at this price, suppliers will be ready to supply OQ’. As a result, surplus of QQ” will emerge.
Imposition of floor prices above equilibrium price will have the following major implications : 
• Surpluses – The quantity actually brought and supplied will shrink as a direct consequence of price flooring, as a result, a part of producer’s stock will remain unsold. As shown in the figure the surplus of Q’Q” arises.

 • Buffer Stock – In order to maintain the support price, the government may design some programmes to enable producers to dispose of their surplus stocks. One such programme can take the form of buffer stock. Government may purchase the surplus to store or sell it at subsidised prices. Subsidy is required to lower the price and make it competitive in the market. Government may also use it as aid and send it to other countries.(a)

The role and functions of a supervisor or importance of supervision as an element of directing may be described as under : 

1. Day to Day contact – A supervisor is directly related with the workers. He maintains day to day contact and friendly relations with the bottom level workers. A supervisor acts as a guide, friend and philosopher to the workers. 

2. Linking pin – A supervisor acts as a link between workers and management. He communicates management’s decisions to the workers and workers’ viewpoints, grievances, suggestions and complaints to the higher management. 

3. Group unity – A supervisor acts like a captain of team and maintains group unity among workers under his control. He sorts out internal differences and maintains harmony among worker

1. Advertising. 

2. Following are merits of advertising :

• Making shopping easier – Advertising makes the shopping easier for the consumer. A consumer is well aware of the source of availability of products and also the prices at which these are available. This knowledge helps in saving a lot of time and efforts involved in shopping.
• Education of consumers – Advertising helps to overcome old habits of the consumers and educates them in the use of new products and their diverse uses. Consumers get the benefit of better advice in safe and proper use of product and develop new ways of life.
• Satisfaction – Advertising creates confidence amongst prospective buyers as they feel more comfortable and assured about the quality of the product.

A consumer must keep in following points in mind while purchasing gold jewellery : 

1. Awareness – A consumer should be aware of various types of jewellery available in the market. A consumer must have all relevant information before making the purchase of jewellery. This will help him in making wise choice of jewellery. 

2. Standardized goods – A consumer should be quality conscious and should buy only standardised goods as they provide quality assurance. A consumer must look for “Hallmark” on jewellery. 

3. Cash memo – A consumer must ask for cash memo on purchase of the jewellery

Following are the consumer responsibilities that a consumer must keep in mind while purchasing gold jewelry: 

a. Be aware about various goods(types of jewelry) available in the market so that an intelligent and wise choice can be made. 

b. Buy only standardized jewelry as they provide quality assurance. Thus, look for Hallmark on jewelry. 

c. Learn about risks associated with the product, follow manufacturer’s instructions. 

d. Read labels carefully so as to have information about prices, net weight, etc. 

e. Assert yourself to ensure a fair deal. 

f. Be honest in your dealings. 

g. Ask for a cash memo on purchase of the jewelry.

(a) PxQx + PyQy = M 

50Qx + lOQy = 500 

(b) Slope of budget line 

= (-) \(\frac{50}{10}\) = (-) 5

(c) If a consumer spends all his money income on good X, it means that quantity purchased of Y is zero. In this case, budget equation will be 50Qx + 10Qy = 500 

50Qx + 10(0) = 500 

50Qx = 500 

Qx = \(\frac{500}{50}\) = 10 units 

(d) Old price = ₹ 10 

New price of P = ₹ 5 

(Since 50% of ₹ 10 = ₹ 5) 

New budget line will be 

50Qx + 5Qy = 500

Supply of a commodity is affected by following factors : 

(a) Price of factor inputs – Supply of a good is affected by the cost of production and there is inverse relationship between cost and supply of a commodity. When there is a fall in the prices of factor inputs, the production of the commodity becomes more profitable in comparison to other commodities. As a result, the supply of the commodity will increase. Conversely, when there is a rise in the prices of factor inputs, the marginal cost of production increases and there will be decrease in the supply. 

(b) State of technology – Technology of production affects the marginal cost of production. Where there is an improvement in technique of production, it is possible to produce more goods witlj the same inputs. As a result of higher productivity, there will be lower cost of production and the production of the commodity becomes more profitable in comparison to other commodities. As a result, the supply of the commodity will increase. 

(c) Government taxation policy – Supply of a commodity is affected by the cost of production and there is an inverse relationship between cost and supply of the commodity. If the government increases taxes on the commodity, it will increase the cost of production adversely and hence supply decreases. If the government decreases the tax, the cost of production will fall and the producer will be induced to increase the supply of the commodity

(a) False. Under the perfect competition, a firm is a price-taker and has to accept the price determined by the industry. As a result, price remains constant irrespective of quantity of goods sold by the firm. Hence, average revenue curve is a straight line parallel to x-axis. 

(b) True. Total fixed cost remains constant and does not increase in output. 

AFC = \(\frac{Total\,Fixed\,Coast}{Units\,of\,Output}\)

As more and more units are produced, AFC continues to decline. AFC curve is a rectangular hyperbola curve. It is so because if we multiply any value of output with corresponding AFC, we always get a constant total fixed cost. 

(c) False. When MR is falling but positive, TR will be rising and positive. Total revenue increases so long as marginal revenue is positive whether falling or increasing.

(a) If MU_x/P_x > MU_y/P_y, then it means that satisfaction of Mr Aman, derived from spending a rupee on good X is greater than the satisfaction derived from spending a rupee on good Y. 

Mr. Aman, will reallocate his income by substituting good X for good Y. As the consumption of good X increases the marginal utility derived from it goes on diminishing and reverse proposition occurs for good Y, this process will continue till MU_x/P_x becomes equal to MU_y/P_y. 

(b) If P_y falls. MU_x/P_x < MU_y/p_y then it means that satisfaction derived from spendingh rupee on good X is lesser than the satisfaction derived from spending a rupee on good Y. 

Mr. Aman will reallocate his income by substituting good Y for good X. As the consumption of good 7 increases the marginal utility derived from it goes on diminishing and reverse proposition occurs for good X, this process will continue till MU_x/P_x becomes equal to MU_y/P_y.