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The immunological memory induced by the vaccine in a child prevents the recurrence of a disease.

T-lymphocytes - help B-lymphocytes to produce antibodies / mediate CMI (Cell Mediated Immunity)  B-lymphocytes - produce antibodies into blood to fight antigens

Vaccine is a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogens or inactivated / weakened pathogen
introduced into the body
The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would neutralise the pathogenic agents during actual infection , also generate memory B and T cells that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with a massive production of antibodies 

Degenerate - Some aminoacids are coded by more than one codon Universal - one codon shall code for the same amino acid in all organisms (UUU would code for phenylalanine from bacteria to human beings)

(a) It is thermostable / remains active during the high temperature induced denaturation of (double stranded) DNA , (bacterium) Thermus acquaticus 
(b) To obtain multiple copies of the gene (or DNA) of interest

Conformers 
Heat loss or gain is a function of surface area  Since small animals have a larger surface area (relative to their volume) , they tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside , they have to expend much energy , to generate body heat through metabolism (cannot maintain a constant body temperature)

Processes and systems that increase yield and improve quality of milk / Selection of good breeds having high yielding potential and resistance to diseases / House to have adequate water and kept disease free / Feeding in a scientific manner with quality and quantity fodder / Storage and transport of milk and products /Regular inspection with proper record keeping / Regular visits of veterinary doctor 

-When two genes in a dihybrid cross were located on the same chromosome they did not segregate independently
- The proportion of parental gene combinations were much higher than non parental combinations / recombinants 
- Physical association of two genes was termed linkage

Processes and systems that increase yield and improve quality of milk / Selection of good breeds having high yielding potential and resistance to diseases / House to have adequate water and kept disease free / Feeding in a scientific manner with quality and quantity fodder / Storage and transport of milk and products /Regular inspection with proper record keeping / Regular visits of veterinary doctor  

- When two genes in a dihybrid cross were located on the same chromosome they did not segregate independently 
- The proportion of parental gene combinations were much higher than non parental combinations / recombinants 
- Physical association of two genes was termed linkage 

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Infection by pathogen detected by the presence of antigens (protein , glycoprotein etc.)  antibodies synthesised against the pathogen , Conventional methods cannot provide early diagnosis which is made possible by ELISA

(i) By adding water in KMNO₄ solution 

(ii) Oxidising agent - it will add oxygen in the ethanol to form Ethanoic acid 

(iii) C₂H₅OH (Alk.KMO₄) → CH₃COOH

Primary key (Table : PATIENT ) - PCODE as it is unique to each row of table

Primary key (Table : TEST ) – TESTID as it is unique to each row of table

Foreign key in table PATIENT : TESTID as it links the two tables and is Primary key in table TEST

PCODE is the primary key in PATIENT table and TESTID is the primary key in TEST table. because primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table.

TESTID is the foreign key in PATIENT table whose value is derived from the primary key of test table.

CREATE TABLE Inventory 

( 

Material Id Integer Primary Key, 

Material Varchar (50) NOT NULL, 

Category Char, 

DatePurchase Date 

) :

Primary key in PATIENT and TEST tables are PCODE and TESTID respectively. Because primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record. 

Foreign key in PATIENT table is TESTID whose value is derived from the primary key (TESTID) of another table (TEST).

SQL commands for the given statements : 

(i) SELECT NAME, TESTID, TESTNAME FROM PATIENT, TEST 

WHERE PATIENT. TESTID = TEST. TESTID AND DTADMIT BETWEEN ‘01-DEC-2017’ AND '15-DEC-2017' ; 

(ii) SELECT NAME, TESTNAME, COST FROM PATIENT, TEST 

WHERE PATIENT. TESTID = TEST. TESTID AND NAME LIKE '% Sharma %’ ; 

(iii) UPDATE TEST SET COST = COST +50 WHERE COST < 200 ;

Building trust between governments and citizens is fundamental to good governance. ICT can help build trust by enabling citizen engagement in the policy process, promoting open and accountable government and helping to prevent corruption

E-governance helps in building trust between governments and citizens, because it makes simpler to involve citizens in decision making process, as well as it increases transparency and accountability.

E – learning allows students to learn at their own pace, meaning a teacher can help speed up the learning process or give more advanced resources if necessary.

• Transparency of Government processes, policies and decisions

• Awareness about new policies and facilities being offered by the Government.

• Enabling citizen engagement in the policy processes

• Reduces the waiting time

• Practices like influences and bribing are reduced

(i) The speaker does several works for survival/ livelihood. 

(ii) The Narrator 

(iii) Nicola doesn't want to share his personal life with any stranger. 

(iv) Glanced

• Students can go through the learning material any number of times as per his/her learning abilities

• Students can study at their own convenient time anywhere/anytime. 

Uses of Internet:

(i) Internet helps us to share information from any place in the world 

(ii) Internet is a source of lot of information for education purposes 

(iii) Internet enables fast transfer of news or incidents to people 

(iv) Internet can be used for communication from end of the world to the other 

(v) Without internet, the world would move slow nowadays

Control name for the given entries :

(i) TextField.

(ii) TextField.

(iii) RadioButton.

(iv) CheckBox.

 (i) descending 

(ii) night 

(iii) positive 

(iv) sits and smiles 

(v) silent 

(vi) angels 

(vii) had nibbled/grazed 

(viii) flocks 

 (ix) nests 

(x) mournful

A wrapper class wraps around a data type and gives it an object appearance. Wherever, the data type is required as an object, this object can be used. Wrapper classes include type methods to unwrap the object and give back the data type.

e.g., Integer, Boolean

The ironmaster of Ramsjo iron mill mistook the peddler as an old acquaintance—Nils Olof from his regiment. He invited him to come home with him. But the peddler was not obliged. He was quite alarmed. He thought of the thirty kronor that he had stolen from the hospitable crofter. Going up to the manor house was not safe. It was like throwing himself voluntarily into the lion’s den. He feared being found out and being handed over to the police. The peddler had declined the invitation of the ironmaster to come to his manor but he bowed to Edla Willmansson’s invitation. The girl was highly persuasive. She was full of compassion and had a friendly nature. She appreciated his feelings and assured him of complete freedom and security. The humanity in him could sense the sincerity of Edla’s Christmas invitation. This compelled him to accept her invitation despite the danger of being found out.

It was a dark night. The wind was fiercely blowing and it was raining cats and dogs. I was coming back from the house of my relative where I had gone for some urgent piece of work. When I went there it was day but when I started to come back, it became night. I came to know that it was a remote area and the last bus has left one hour ago. Now I had to walk a distance of 10 kms on foot as I could get any vehicle after crossing the jungle. First, I was hesitant but later, I decided to go to reach my home as soon as I could. 

The jungle was very strange at night. There were no signs of life. Quietness and silence all pervaded everywhere. It seemed to me that I was lost in the jungle. I started crying and frantically running but I could get no help as there was none to help me. There were different kind of sounds. Some times I heard the sound of bats, sometimes owls or other creatures. Once I thought what would happen if a lion or a tiger or a leopard came across me. My body was shivering with fear. There was nothing visible to me. All of a sudden, I heard some foot steps but I did not know from where this sound was approaching. I followed in one direction and after sometime, I saw a light at a distance. I felt relaxed and ran towards the light. It was a lonely old house where this light was lit. I decided to take shelter in the house. So I knocked at the door but there was no answer. I knocked again and again but on getting no reply, I peeped through the window. I was almost fainted seeing the skeletons dancing there. I began to cry. Soon, My mother made me get up and asked why I was crying. I told her about my horrible dream. Then we both began to laugh.

It was a dark night. The wind was fiercely blowing and it was raining cats and dogs. I was coming back from the house of my relative where I had gone for some urgent piece of work. When I went there it was day but when I started to come back, it became night. I came to know that it was a remote area and the last bus has left one hour ago. Now, I had to walk a distance of 10 kms on foot as I could get any vehicle after crossing the jungle. First, I was hesitant but later, I decided to go to reach my home as soon as I could. 

The jungle was very strange at night. There were no signs of lift. Quietness and silence pervaded everywhere. It seemed to me that I was lost in the jungle. I started crying and running frantically but I could get no help as there was none to help me. There were different kind of sounds. Sometimes I heard the sound of bats, sometimes owls or other creatures. Once I thought what would happen if a lion or a tiger or a leopard came across me. My body was shivering with fear. There was nothing visible to me; All of a sudden, I heard some foot steps but I did not know from where this sound was approaching. I followed it in one direction and after sometime, I saw. a light at a distance. I felt relaxed and ran towards the light. It was a lonely old house where this light was lit. I decided to take shelter in the house. So, I knocked at the door but there was no answer. I knocked repeatedly but on getting no reply, I peeped through the window. I almost fainted seeing the skeletons dancing there. I began to cry. Soon, My mother woke me up and asked why I was crying. I told her about my horrible dream. Then we both began to laugh.

The crofter was living alone. He had no wife and children and was happy to get someone to talk to in his loneliness. So he was very talkative and friendly with the peddler. He gave him porridge for supper and tobacco for his pipe. He also played cards with him. He talked to him about his old days of prosperity and about his cow which supported him. 

(i) Sons were important for the continuity of patrilineage, daughters were viewed rather differently within the framework. 

(ii) They had no claims to the resources of household. Marrying them outside the families of the kin was considered desireable exogamy. 

(iii) The lives of young girls and women belonging to families that claimed high status were often carefully regulated to ensure they were married at the right time and to the right person. 

(iv) ‘Kanyadan’ of a daughter in marriage was an important religious duty of the father. Marriage involved the bridegroom house becoming bride’s house. She lost all claims on her father’s family. 

(v) The Dharmasutra and Dharmashastras recognised as many as eight forms of marriage. Of these four were considered good while the remaining condemned.

The special officers appointed to spread the message of Dhamma by Asoka were known as Dhamma mahamatta. 

Factors that contributed to the dominance of the Congress Party during the early years of independence. 

I. Congress as social and ideological coalition -It brought together diverse groups, whose interests were often contradictory. Peasants and industrialists, urban dwellers and villagers, workers and owners, middle, lower and upper classes and castes, all found space in the Congress. The Congress was transformed into a rainbow-like social coalition broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages and various interests. 

ii. Tolerance and management of factions: This coalition-like character of the Congress gave it an unusual strength. Firstly, a coalition accommodates all those who join it. Therefore, it has to avoid any extreme position and strike a balance on almost all issues. Compromise and inclusiveness are the hallmarks of a coalition. Secondly, in a party that has the nature of a coalition, there is a greater tolerance of internal differences and ambitions of various groups and leaders are accommodated.

Key controversies 

(i) Agricultural vs. industrial development 

(ii) Public vs. private sector

To be attempted only by visually impaired student: 

(i) Uttarakhand 

(ii) Gujarat 

(iii) Punjab 

(iv) Goa 

(v) Mizoram

(a) The author is talking about contradiction regarding adoption of development models either socialist or capitalist. Political implications of this contradiction may result in the differences among party members itself and government can issue licensing and permits in more complicated manner 

(b) Congress was pursuing this policy as a sole criterion of achieving maximum increased in production. Yes, it was related to the nature of opposition parties to be pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private investment. 

(c) No, there was not a contradiction between the central leadership of the Congress Party and its state level leaders because state emphasised on states’ ownership, regulation. Control over key sectors improved productivity whereas control leadership pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private investment.  

(a) lion represents Sinhala community of Srilanka, it believes that Srilanka belongs to Sinhalas and no concessions to the Tamils should be given. 

(b) Tiger represents the LTTE- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The neglectof Tamilsconcerns by Sinhala led to its formation. It demands for a separate country for the Tamils of Sri lanka 

(c) Cartoon depicts the dilemma of the Sri lankan leadership in trying to balance the Sinhala hard liners lion or the Tamil militant or he tiger while negotiating peace. The government thinks if it goes according to Sinhala community, actions would be taken by LTTEin Sri Lanka and if LTTE is given preference, Sinhala community would become upset and country would be divided. 

(d) External powers that helped to resolve issues were the Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Iceland.  

To be attempted only by visually impaired students:

Inspite of the ongoing conflict, Sri Lanka has registered considerable growth and recorded high levels of development. Sri Lanka has presented a remarkable example in front of other developing countries by becoming one of the leading country among other countries as it is the first developing country to successfully control the rate of growth of population. It is the leading country among other countries as it is the first country to liberalise the economy. It has become successful in bringing considerable economic growth. It has the highest per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Despite the ravages of internal conflict, it has maintained a democratic political system. 

(a) The developed countries of the first world generally referred to as ‘Global North’ were concerned with the ozone depletion and global warming, whereas the developing countries of the third world called the ‘Global South” were anxious to address the relationship between economic development and environmental management. 

(b) There were major differences between the countries of the North and the South over environmental issues. The developed countries of the North wanted everyone to be made equally responsible for ecological conservation. The Global South on the other hand felt that much of the environmental degradation caused today is the result of economic activities pursued by the Global North. Hence, they believed that the Global North owes a greater responsibility of undoing the damage now. 

(i) Moreover, the developing countries are undergoing a process of industrialisation and they should not be subjected to the same restrictions which apply to the developed countries. 

(ii)These two concerns were effectively addressed by the Principle of “Common but differentiated responsibilities. It accepted that the special needs of the developing countries be taken into consideration and in view of different contributions of global environmental degradation; states have common but differentiated responsibilities. 

(i) Congress (O) is being referred to as the ‘New Congress’.

(ii) She focused on the growth of the public sector. She focused on the removal of disparities in income and opportunity.

(iii) It is justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ as the ‘Grand Alliance’ because it came into existence to make matters worse for Indira Gandhi.

The Earth Summit drew attention of global politics towards environmental issues. It produced conventions to deal with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21. It combined economic growth with ecological responsibility known as ‘Sustainable Development’ as well as Earth Summit laid stress on the cooperation of states to conserve, protect, restore the health and integrity of the earth’s ecosystems.

India has faced traditional (military) and non-traditional threats to its security that have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. 

Its security strategy has four broad components i.e.: 

1. To strengthen its military capabilities : 

1. India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. 

2. In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence, India’s decision to conduct nuclear test in 1998 was justified to safeguard national security. 

3. India first tested nuclear device in 1974. 

2. To strengthen international norms and international institutions : 

1. India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict. 

2. India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non-discriminatory non¬proliferation regime to enjoy some rights and obligations with respect to weapons of m’ass destruction. 

3. It used non-alignment to help to carve out an area of peace outside the blocs. 

4. India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming. 

3. To meet security (Challenges within the country : 

1. Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India. 

2. India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression alongwith the right to vote. 

4. To develop its economy : 

1. India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities.

 2. A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.

(i)  Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Mysore, Andhra Pradesh. 

(ii)  Rajasthan. 

(iii) Madhya Pradesh.

‘Commons’ are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a community. This could be a ‘common room’, a ‘community centre’, a park or a river. Similarly, there are some areas or regions of the world which are located outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state, and therefore require common governance by the international community. These are known as ‘global commons’. They include the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the ocean floor and outer space. 

Although environmental concerns have a long history, awareness of the environmental consequences of economic growth acquired an increasingly political character from the 1960s on wards. The Club of Rome, a global think-tank, published a book in 1972 entitled ‘Limits to Growth’, dramatising the potential depletion of the earth’s resources against the backdrop of rapidly growing world population. International agencies began holding international conferences and promoting detailed studies to get a more coordinated and effective response to environmental problems. Since then, the environment has emerged as significant issue of global politics.

The growing focus on environmental issues within the arena of global politics was firmly consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, in June, 1992. This was also called the Earth Summit. The Summit was attended by 170 states, thousands of NGOs and many multinational corporations. The Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called ‘Agenda 21’. But.it left unresolved considerable differences and difficulties. There was a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach to development is commonly known as ‘sustainable development’.

India’s foreign policy towards the US and the USSR was two fold: 

• Took particular care in staging away from the two alliances. 

• Raised voice against the newly decolonised countries becoming part of these alliances. 

• Moreover, India tried to reduce the differences and rivalries between these alliances from escalating into a full scale war.

Yes, this policy served India’s interests also : 

1. Non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions that served India’s interests rather than interests of superpowers and its allies. 

2. India maintained a balance between two superpowers as if India felt ignored by one “Superpower it could tilt towards other superpowers. 

3. Neither the alliance could take India for granted.

In September 2005, the UN celebrated its 60th anniversary and leaders decided to make the UN more relevant in the changing context by following steps: 

• Creation of Peace-building Commission.

• Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities. 

• Establishment of a Human Rights Council (operational since 19 June 2006). 

• Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. 

• Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. 

• Creation of a Democracy Fund. 

• An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.

1. In Russia : 

• Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements. 

• Moscow’s method to deal with Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings led to many human rights violation but for deter aspirations for independence. 

2. In Central Asia : 

• Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on for ten years till 2001. 

• In Azerbaijan’s provinces of Nagorno-Karobakh, some local Armeni Answer want to secede and join Armenia. 

• In Georgia, the demand for independence came from two provinces resulting in a civil war. 

• There are still movements against the existing regimes in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. 

• Even countries and provinces are fighting over river water.

3. In Eastern Europe : 

• Czechoslovakia split peacefully into two with the Czechs and Slovaks, forming independent countries. 

• The severe conflict took place in the Balkan republics of Yugoslavia. 

• After 1991, Yugoslavia broke apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovania, Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring independence. 

• Ethnic Serbs opposed this and a massacre of non-Serbs Bosani Answer followed.

• The NATO intervention and the bombing of Yugoslavia followed inter-ethnic Civil war.

South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation’ (SAARC) is a regional initiative among South Asian states to evolve cooperation since 1985 onwards. 

Role of SAARC: 

It can be identified as follows : • It consists of seven members to encourage mutual harmony and understanding. 

• SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement) to free trade zones for whole South Asia for collective economic security. 

• SAARC has projected on economic development of its member states to reduce their dependencies on the non-regional powers. 

Limitations: 

SAARC is growing slowly due to political differences among its member states- 

• Only the conflicts led to bilateral issues as Kashmir problem between India and Pakistan. 

• Some of the India’s neighbours fear that India intends to dominate them by influencing their societies and politics. 

• SAARC members are from among the developing or least developing countries which creates insufficiency of funds.