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Two Main Rights Acquired by a New Partner in a Partnership Firm are : 

• Share in Profit . 
• Share in Net Assets .

A Firm which Produces Goods having a Stable Demand will be able to Earn More Profits and Hence will have More Goodwill.

The Main Aim of a Not-for-Profit Organization is : 

• To provide Service to the Society at a Concessional Rate , Minimum Price or at Times, Even Free of Cost . 
• To Carry out Operations without Expectations of Earning Profit .

Private Placement means any Offer of Securities or Invitation to Subscribe Securities to a Selected Group of Investors through Issue of a Private Placement Offer by a Company (Other than Public Subscription). 

Reserve Capital : According to Section 65 of the Companies Act , 2013 , only an Unlimited Company having Share Capital while Converting into a Limited Company , may have a Reserve Capital . The part of the Uncalled Capital which is Never Asked for or Called-up by the Company during its Existence , but only at the Time of Winding Up or Liquidation of a Company , so that it remains as a Cushion or Additional Security for making any Payments to its Creditors is called Reserve Capital .

Advantages of Computer accounting system.

(i) Speed 

(ii) Accuracy

(iii) Reliability 

(iv) Upto-date information

(v) Legibility 

(vi) Automated Document Production.

Detailed Answer : 

Six advantages of computerised Accounting system : 

(i) Speed : It allows faster data entry than manual accounting. 

(ii) Accuracy : Work can be done with a high degree of accuracy. 

(iii) Reliability : More reliable and comparable. 

(iv) Storage : It has huge capacity to store data in small space. 

(v) Access to Data : Easy to access data specially when using online. 

(vi) Legibility : Eliminate possibility of error due to handwriting or any other

(i) Errors of Commission. 

(ii) Errors of Omission.

Detailed Answer :

(i) Errors of Commission : Are those errors arises due to wrong posting, wrong balancing etc.

(ii) Errors of Ommission : Arise when transaction is completely or partially omitted to be record.

(i) Capital Expenditure increases earning capacity of business whereas revenue expenditure is incurred to maintain the earning capacity. 

(ii) Capital expenditure is incurred to acquire fined assets for operation of business whereas revenue expenditure is incurred on day-to-day conduct to business.

(i) Arithmetic and Logical and 

(ii) Memory unit

Journal entry

Cash A/c ........  Dr  100000

      To capital A/c .......            100000

(being started business with cash )

Raghu, the watchman of Prime Pharma, sat on his chair. He had night duty and so needed to be very careful. Suddenly he heard the sound of something falling inside the factory. Gathering his courage, he got up, held his thick heavy stick and marched towards the door, silently but quickly. As he opened the door and peeped inside, he saw some light. He was alarmed as the last shift was over an hour ago and he himself had checked the factory for anyone left. He thought that it could be thieves. He moved in between the machines, hiding himself and going towards the torch lights. When he reached near the lights, he saw two men with muffled faces, inside the office looking for something in the drawers. Their faces were covered and he knew what it meant. He ran silently towards the main gate and brought the gate’s lock with him. Very cleverly he used that big iron lock and locked the thieves inside the office and called the police immediately. Once the police reached and arrested them, he was told that there was a bounty of twenty thousand rupees on them. Thus, Raghu’s bravery and courage fetched him twenty thousand rupees.

Jon, Shaun and Ron were all ready to conquer the Himalayas. This would mark their first trekking experience. But due to reasons unknown, Ron caught fever. He was upset at being left behind in a nearby lounge where he was supposed to rest. Jon and Shaun went forth to start their trekking. They started for the peak of the mountain. They knew, it was supposed to be a very hard journey. It was a five–day long trek as they were told. They had climbed almost half the distance when Jon felt the movement of cool dry air . This was not a good sign. He warned Shaun, but Shaun was determined. So they continued their trekking. After about an hour, Ron who was left behind due to fever, heard the sound of windows banging against the frame. He got up and went to the window and to his surprise, he saw a snow storm. He immediately ran outside his room and informed the lounge authorities about his friends. The authorities took action immediately and within no time, rescue helicopters flew in the storm. It was a risky operation, but still was successful. Ron was happy to see his friends again and learnt that all that happens, happens for a reason.

(i) It’s inexpensive and requires no special equipment. 

(ii) It can easily fit in with your everyday routine. 

(iii) Running or cycling eats up lots more calories per minute than swimming. 

(iv) A noticeable running can also boost your confidence and provide self esteem. 

(v) It is an active process that each person chooses to make it happen.

A Narrow Escape 

I went to a mountain trek with my friends. Suddenly the weather became worse and it started to snow and the wind was also blowing wildly.  I thought that I could not reach to my destination. I ventured to move in that bad weather. It was very difficult. My friends said, “It is very risky, it can take your life.” But with confidence, I said, “Never venture never win”. I took the risk and didn’t listen them. 

Suddenly, there was a big landslide on the mountain. I thought I wouldn’t survive. “My end is near”. But my spirit said, “Don’t give up easily”. “Fight to live, struggle to live.” It was like an intrinsic motivation for me. Fortunately, I saw a small cave where I could hide myself. I went inside and stayed there for the night and next morning. When the sun was shining, I realised that I was alive but it was a narrow escape. Then I saw my friends coming, I joined them and promised to be always with them.

Incorrect                     Correct
(a) lives                        lived
(b) into                         in
(c) along with              with
(d) He                         They
(e) a                            The

(a) were (b) entered (c) she (d) glanced (e) watched

(a) has been (b) throughout (c) of (d) A (e) of

The Editor, 

The Times of India, 

New Delhi. 

Subject: Sleep Disorder: A major concern 

Dear Sir, 

Through the well known columns of your newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of concerned authorities on the problem of sleep disorder and its effect on our health. 

Out of 24 hours, we spend eight hours sleeping, that is, one third of our lives. It affects many aspects of our health for better or for worse. Eight hours of normal, uninterrupted sleep helps the body recover from the events of the 16 hours spent awake. But when we do not take proper sleep it can have very harmful effects on the heart, brain and some other organs and systems of the body. 

Nowadays youngsters are facing these problems due sleep disorders. Due to the stressful life and burden of the work, they are not taking proper sleep, so at the very young age, they are prone to heart disease, diabetes, nerve problems, etc. career competition for early childhood takes its toll on health. I would request our health department to create awareness regarding sleep disorders among people. I would request you to publish this letter in public interest.

 Thanking you,

 Yours faithfully, 

Raman/Ramaya

Love and Kindness - The greatest virtues 

There was a priest in a small village of Ram Nagar. He was poor but was rich by heart. He lived in his small hut with his sister. Though he was poor, he was always ready to help the poor and needy person of his village. Due to his generosity, he was respected by everybody in the village. His sister Santha was completely opposite to him. She was not as charitable as her brother. Even she didn’t like her brother to be so innocent and charitable. Sometimes people took advantage of his innocence. In order to help others, he was ready to sacrifice anything. Once the priest was meditating at night and praying to almighty. Santha went to her room to sleep. A thief broke into the house. He put a knife on the neck of the priest and said, “If you will shout, you’ll be a dead man”. The priest said, “What do you want my son.” The thief was very surprised when the priest addressed him as son’. He said, “I am hungry, give me food. The priest gave him the food, his sister had kept for him.  When the priest went to bring some clothes for him, the thief saw a tin box. He thought the priest must keep money in this.” He stole it and slipped away. But the cops saw him slipping away from the priest’s house. They caught him and brought to priest. The priest told the cops, “He is my friend, please release him”. The cops released him and went away. The thief was very thankful to the priest for saving him from police and promised him to leave all the wrong ways and live an honest life.

                                       Be Rational 

Virat, a 21 years old boy was in St. Jones College. He was bold, confident, young boy. He was very rational. He was not the kind of a person who believed on blind beliefs and rumours. 

He used to tell everybody “Be rational while thinking”.“Believe on what you see and hear not on what others see and hear.” 

Once he went on a trip with his friends. They had much of enjoyment. In the woods, they saw a house. There was a guard outside. When the boys showed the wish to see the house, the guard said “it is a haunted house.” “Don’t go inside”. All the boys believed on him except Virat. Virat said, “We should go inside and see what is there”. The boys said, “No, the house is haunted. Let’s return.” Virat said, “I don’t believe on these things” “I will go”. “If you don’t want to go, please wait for me here”. Everybody said, “It is very risky, don’t go.” But he didn’t listen to anybody. He went inside the house from backyard. When Virat entered he saw some people sitting and talking. In the other room, some were packing a whitish powder in small satchets. Virat understood something wrong was happening there. He went to his friends and informed everything. They thought to call the police. They called police and culprits were arrested, including the guard. The police informed the boys that they were the members of a drug mafia and praised Virat for his courage and bravery.

 A Thing of Beauty is a Joy Forever 

A man was passing through the Woods’ which was covered with snow. He stopped to see the beauty, but suddenly he remembered his responsibilities and moved on. The Woods’ Trees were lovely and dark. It was winter season, the trees were covered with snow. The shining snow on the dark Woods was looking very beautiful. 

A man on his horse was passing through the woods. He was a traveller and had a long distance to cover. He was tired but when he saw the beautiful trees  covered with glittering snow beside the lake, he felt a heavenly pleasure. He wanted to stay there and enjoy the beauty of the nature but his horse was restless as he knew it was not his destination. 

The man captured the beauty in his eyes and moved on. Whenever he was alone he closed his eyes and remembered the beautiful sight, his tiredness and weariness vanished and he felt relieved and relaxed. So, it is rightly said “a thing of beauty is a joy forever.”

Mrs. BATES—an Idol of Kindness and Generosity 

It was midnight, a woman with a large bag moving alone on the streets of New York. Mrs. Bates was physically well built, independent and hard-working lady. She was fearless and confident. 

A lean and a thin boy of about fourteen years tried to snatch her purse. As the purse was very heavy, the stripe of it was broken and the boy fell on the street. The woman caught him by his collar and shook him and asked, “You rogue! Whey did you snatch my purse”. 

The boy was so much scared, he could not speak for a moment. When she asked again he said, “Sorry miss sorry, please let me go.” 

The woman said, “ Let you go. . . . . . come with me.” She dragged him to her. She held the shirt of the boy tightly and took him forcibly along the street. She dragged him to her home. The boy was still saying, “sorry miss I won’t do it again.” He said, “You will take me to jail”. She said, “Not with this dirty face.” She said to him, “Go and wash your face and comb your hair.” The boy couldn’t understand what she was doing. 

The boy washed his face and combed his hair. She told him to sit and gave a big slice of cake and a glass of milk shake to him. The boy ate and drank and felt contended. She then asked him why he had tried to snatch her purse. He said he wanted to buy his favourite bat as he had much interest in cricket. She asked, “What is your name”? He said, “John”.

 Mrs. Bates told him, “We all have wishes but we should not take wrong ways to fulfill it.” Then she gave him ten dollars to buy his favourite bat and let him go. The kindness and generosity of Mrs. Bates touched the boy and he resolved never to steal.

Vijay Nagar
Agra
Date: January 27, 20xx
The Sales Manager,
City Central Bookshop,
10, Paharganj,
Delhi.
Subject: Non-compliance of the order
Sir,
I placed an order for few books with City Central Bookshop, Delhi. I regret to
say that I have not received the books so far. This non-compliance of the order
has created a lot of anxiety and apprehension in me.
Let me tell you that the books ordered are indispensable. They are standard
and popular books on Physics, Chemistry and Maths. I am an aspirant for a
berth in IIT.
 

I feel quite handicapped without these books. My feeling of being incapacitated has adversely affected my studies. Moreover, CBSE examinations are approaching. I need to go through the textbooks. I hope you will appreciate my predicament. Please arrange for the prompt dispatch of the books ordered at the earliest. Any more delay is unbearable. If I don’t get the consignment within this week, the order stands cancelled. I hope you will not disappoint a regular customer of yours like me anymore.
Yours faithfully,
XYZ

24, Basant Vihar
New Delhi
Date: 24 January, 20xx
The Editor
The English Daily,
New Delhi.

Subject: Switch over to the Solar Energy
Sir,
Through the well-known columns of your newspaper, I want to make a plea to the common people to switch over to the solar energy to conserve electricity and limit electricity bills.
Clean, renewable energy must become a priority to grow our economy, improve our health and protect our environment.
We would harness the power of the sun to become a leader in solar energy development. We can use solar energy for cooking, lighting, heating and many other household choices.
Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun. The energy can be used directly to heat items, and light homes or it can be converted into electricity using solar energy technologies like solar panels.
We should increasingly invest in solar energy to save on out of pocket costs andget rid of dangerous and expensive power lines. Its installation, maintenanceand monitoring of the system come free of charge and are part of the deal.Renting solar energy inflates electricity bills. Even if the sun doesn’t shineone remains on the grid. Using partial Solar Energy and partial electricity. I would request the government representatives also to make the people awareabout the advantages of solar energy and how to use it. 

I would be thankful to you, if you publish this letter in public interest.
Thanking you
Yours truly
XYZ

Almost all the world’s leading fashion designers have their offices in New York. Twice a year members come together to conduct business. They shop around new ideas and new designs.

Chanel, Dior, Yves Saint Laurent

La Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne.

To control the schedules of fashion shows, issues of originality and shipping dates.

• Avant-garde, Carnaby street.
• Fresh and free-spirited attitude
• Younger generation setting that trend.
• Mary Quant

Marking- the transfer of significant pattern notation to fabric.

Three methods of marking: 

a. Tracing paper and wheel

b. Tailor’s chalk

c. Thread tracing

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

Maristematic tissue.

The diseases which are long lasting are called chronic diseases. Chronic diseases have drastic long-term effects on people’s health.

Examples of Chronic diseases :

Tuberculosis, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, elephantiasis.

Advantages of Fertilizers.

• Fertilizers are nutrient specific, so these supply specific elements to the soil.

• Fertilizers are compact and in concentrated form, So they are easy to store and transport. They are even required in very small amount.

• Fertilizers are readily absorbed by the plants because they are soluble in water.

• Fertilizers are available throughout the year at the places.

• Fertilizers are a factor in higher yields of high cost farming.

Disadvantages of Fertilizers. Fertilizers are non-biodegradable. The excessive use of fertilizer causes.

• Water pollution in lakes and rives due to eutrophication which makes the water unfit for human consumption and even kills the aquatic animals.

• Change in the nature of soil (or soil chemistry) making it either too alkaline or too acidic. For example, when we use ammonium sulphate fertilizer in the same soil again and again, the soil becomes acidic whereas when we use sodium fertilizer in the same soil again and again, the soil becomes alkaline.

• Fertilizers are quite expensive. They push the cost of crop production.

• Fertilizers give only short term benefits.

• They harm soil microorganisms.

• Nonreplenishment of organic matter destroys the crumb structure of soil affecting both hydration.

(i) Division Thallophyta :

• Thallus : Undifferentiated plant body i.e. absence of root, stem & leaves.

• Their is no vascular system.

• Reproductive organs are single-celled and there is no embryo formation after fertilization.

• Dominant gametophyte.

Algae and Fungi.

Gene which are present on same chromosome are called linked gene and their inheritance is called linkage. ZZ and ZW type determination is present in Birds Male is homogametic contain ZZ sex chromosome female is Heterogametic contain ZW type of sex chromosome.

Diseases which last for short periods and are severe are called acute diseases.

Examples of Acute diseases : Cough, cold, cholera, typhoid.

  Epithelium is responsible for the outer most conversing in animals 

Mitochondria, plastid and centrioles have their own DNA molecules so they are called as semi - autonomous cell organelles.

(a) Habitat loss and fragmentation : It is one of the most important cause of biodiversity loss. Best example of habitat loss is destruction of tropical rain forest or Amezon rain forest. These forest are cut down and converted in crop field for cultivation of crops e.g. soyabean or in grassland for raising beef cattle. 

Destruction of these forest also leads to extinction of millions of species which were harbouring in these forest. Tropical rain forest area is reduced to 6% of earth cover from 14%. Fragmentation of large habitat in small fragments due to various human activity are also badly affect the species of mammals and birds which require large habitat. Fragmentation also badly affect the migratory animals as they require large habitat. 

(b) Methods of biodiversity conservation : There are two different method of biodiversity conservation. 

1. Ex- situ conservation : In this, organism are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be conserved and given special care. Zoological park, Botanical garden, wild life safari park are used in ex-situ conservation. Now these days gametes of endangered species are protected in reproducible condition by cryo preservation. Plant germplasm is also conserved by tissue culture method. Seeds of economically important plants strains are also conserved in seed bank. 

2. In-situ conservation: In this approach of conservation, organism are conserved at their natural habitat in natural condition. National park, sanctuaries, biosphere reserve and sacred grooves are used in in-situ conservation. For conservation of endemic species, biodiversity hot spot are recognized. Large number of endemic species are present at biodiversity hot spot. Total 34 hot spot are recognized. Out of these 3 hot spot are present in India. 

Special protection of these hot spot can reduce the rate of extinction upto 30%

CFCs, i.e. chlorofluorocarbons, released primarily from refrigerators and other industrial emissions depletes the ozone in the stratosphere. It leads to more exposure of UV radiation, which is considered to be harmful for health of human life.

Effects of UV radiation on human health are:

• Skin cells damage.
• Breaks in chemical bonds of DNA molecule by UV rays..
• Inflammation of the cornea, i.e. snow blindness.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). They are eutrophic water bodies.

(a) Brood parasitism 

(b) Commensalism 

(c) Parasitism 

(d) Commensalism.

Brinjal has chasmogamous flowers, as they are open with exposed stamen and stigma. Such flowers show cross-pollination as well as self-pollination. On the other hand, beans has cleistogamous flowers, as they never open at all, even at maturity, they also show selfpollination.

Shaped facing: Strip of same shape and same grain as of garment.

Bias facing: Strip is matched with a curve of the edge and cut on bias.

Radhika is frustrated and is crying, as she has not prepared well for her examination Emotion oriented.

A student with high aptitude in verbal reasoning and strong interest in reading is Journalist.

Identify the conflict; Mention the causes- poverty, fighting for resources, religion,etc - 

Some of these strategies to resolve conflicts are: 

a. Introduction of superordinate goals : Like Sherif’s study showed that by introducing superordinate goals, intergroup conflict can be reduced. 

b. Altering perceptions : Conflicts can also be reduced by altering perceptions and reactions through persuasion, educational and media appeals, and portrayal of groups differently in society. 

c. Increasing intergroup contacts : This can be done by involving groups in conflict on neutral grounds through community projects and events. The idea is to bring them together so that they become more appreciative of each other’s stand. 

d. Redrawing group boundaries : This can be done by creating conditions where groups boundaries are redefined and groups come to perceive themselves as belonging to a common group. 

e. Negotiations : Warring groups can resolve conflict by trying to find mutually acceptable solutions. This requires understanding and trust. Negotiation refers to reciprocal communications so as to reach an agreement in situations in which there is a conflict. Mediators help both parties to focus their discussions on the relevant issues and reach a voluntary agreement. In arbitration, the third party has the authority to give a decision after hearing both parties. 

f. Structural solutions : Conflict can also be reduced byredistributing the societal resources according to principles based on justice. Some of these are : equality (allocating equally to every one), need (allocating on the basis of needs), and equity (allocating on the basis of contributions of members). 

g. Respect for other group’s norms : It has been noticed that a number of communal riots between different groups have taken place because of such insensitivity.