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Reena has Separation Anxiety disorder, which is an internalising disorder unique to children. Its most prominent symptom is excessive anxiety or even panic experienced by children at being separated from their parents. Children with SAD may have difficulty being in a room by themselves, going to school alone, are fearful of entering new situations, and cling to and shadow their parents’ every move. To avoid separation, children with SAD may fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums, or make suicidal gestures.

Token economy is a form of positive reinforcement. 

Every time a desired behavior occurs the individual is given a token and these tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward 

For eg. if five tokens are collected for using the dustbin; then it is exchanged for a reward like going to the park or any other relevant example 

Separation anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which individuals are fearful and anxious about separation from attachment figures. 

• children with SAD may have difficulty in being in a room by themselves 
• they have difficulty in going to school alone 
• fearful of entering new situations 
• cling to and shadow their parents every move 
• to avoid separation, children with SAD may fuss and scream 
• throw severe tantrums 
• make suicidal gestures 

Dissociative amnesia is characterized by extensive but selective memory loss that has no known organic cause (e.g., head injury). This disorder is often associated with an overwhelming stress. Part of dissociative amnesia is dissociative fugue.

Depersonalisation Derealisation disorder: dreamlike state has a sense of being separated from self and reality. There is a change of self-perception and the person’s sense of reality is temporarily lost or changed. 

Cognitive Dissonance theory proposed by Leon Festinger. 

According to cognitive dissonance, cognitive components of an attitude must be consonant. If they are dissonant, one of them will change in the direction of consonance.

a. Occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline. 

b. Social skills training helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills through role play, imitation and instruction. 

c. Cognitive retraining is given to improve the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory and executive functions. 

d. Vocational training is given wherein the patient is helped to gain skills necessary to undertake productive employment. Any two points can be mentioned.

a. The source traits are stable, and are considered as the building blocks of personality. Cattell described the source traits in terms of opposing tendencies. 

b. Besides these, there are also a number of surface traits that result out of the interaction of source traits. 

The characteristics that comprise positive health are- healthy body; high quality of personal relationships; a sense of purpose in life; self- regard, mastery of life’s tasks; and resilience to stress, trauma, and change. 

When an individual changes in a direction opposite to the existing attitude, it is called incongruent attitude change True.

 Sunil’s symptoms are akin to that of Major depressive disorder.

Informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative interaction among members of South East Asian Nations is also called ASEAN way. 

The country is Bhutan. 

(c) Myanmar. 

The Rio Summit recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21. 

Significance of tourism as a trade in India: 

(i) Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. 

(ii) Foreign tourist’s arrival has witnessed an increase, thus contributing to foreign exchange. 

(iii) More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. 

(iv) It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. 

(v) Tourism also promotes national integration. 

(vi) It helps in development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. 

(vii) Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical and business tourism.

The significance of tourism as a trade in India:

(i) Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades.

(ii) Foreign tourist’s arrival has witnessed an increase, thus contributing to foreign exchange.

(iii) More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.

(iv) It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

(v) Tourism also promotes national integration.

(vi) It helps in development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

(vii) Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical and business tourism.

Flocs are essentially groups of bacteria which are in a sludge structure and is held together with the use of slime. Flocs are helpful in increasing the decomposition rate and are put in the aeration tank while the secondary sewage treatment process is in effect.

The benefits provided by forest ecosystems include: 

• Goods such as timber, food, fuel and bio products. 

• Ecological functions such as carbon storage, nutrient cycling, water and air purification. 

• Maintenance of wildlife habitat. 

• Social and cultural benefits such as recreation, traditional resource uses and spirituality. 

Algal bloom refers to the excess growth of algae especially blue green algae in polluted water. Red tide refers to the red colour imparted to the sea water by the rapid multiplication of dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax. The toxins released by such large number of Gonyaulax may sometimes kill other marine animals such as fishes. 

Thus, due to algal blooms and red tide, the animal life declines as these makes toxins and deficiency of oxygen inside water.

Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. It is divided into three types:

 Alternate, opposite and whorled phyllotaxy. 

(a) Alternate phyllotaxy: In this type, a single leaf arises at each node in alternate manner. E.g. China rose, mustard and sun flower plants. 

(b) Opposite phyllotaxy: Plants with opposite phyllotaxy have two leaves arising from the node in opposite directions. E.g. Calotropis and guava plants 

(c) Whorled phyllotaxy: Plants with whorled phyllotaxy have three or more leaves arising from the node, which form a whorl. E.g. Alstonia.

Open vascular bundles: In open vascular bundles, cambium is present between phloem and xylem. Such vascular bundles possess the ability to form secondary xylem and phloem tissues because of the presence of cambium. It is found in dicotyledonous plants. 

Closed vascular bundles: Closed vascular bundles lack cambium. Hence, since they do not form secondary tissues they are referred to as closed. It is found in the monocotyledons plants.

Mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP for various metabolic activities of living cells. Since, the mitochondria synthesize ATP, it is known as power house of cell.

4 Rani Road 

Ranchi 

19th March, 2015 

The Editor 

The Hindu Daily 

Ranchi 

Subject : Tourism Industry needs a Boost. 

Sir 

Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I would like to bring to light the need to boost the tourism industry. 

We know that tourism is necessary for every country. It is a major source of income for both, the locals and the government. But in India, tourism has not been given its due. With only an average of 4 million tourists annually, India is way behind countries like Russia and Singapore. Increasing tourists will increase employment in the tourism industry and eventually increase the quality of life of thousands. 

It is high time that tourism be given its long awaited due. We need to design schemes to keep our tourists safe and happy. The monuments and other tourist spots should be preserved. Extensive work should be done on the cleanliness and beautification of the country so as to make it attractive for the foreign tourists. The government needs to improve the hotel industry for the convenience of the tourists. Moreover, every citizen should put forth his/her hospitable nature towards the tourists so that they do not leave our country disappointed. 

Thanking You 

Yours sincerely 

Rama

4, Rampur Road 

Bareilly 

20 July, 20xx

The Editor 

The Times of India 

Bareilly 

Subject : The Importance of National Integration 

Sir 

I would request you to allow me some space in your esteemed daily to highlight the importance of National Integration in our locality. I request you to publish my concern in public interest. India is a country where diversity plays a vital role. The Indian population comprises many different races, religions, cultures and languages. Fostering national unity among everyone is the most difficult task in India today. Citizens of our country seem to have forgotten that unity is strength. 

Thus, National Integration is the need of the hour. People should be educated on this topic. And who would be a better audience than the youth ? Through schools and colleges, the young men and women should be taught that India is one and the differences are only superficial. For this, the textbooks should be suitably revised. Moreover, exchange programmes should be taken up to give the youth the chance to meet and grow an acquaintanceship with others and their cultures. This will make the youth understand how even diversity brings us close. 

Such programmes should lay emphasis upon the oneness of the people, rather than the differences. For this, media can also be a good medium to effectively educate the youth and develop national consciousness. 

Thanking You 

Yours sincerely 

Maya

A-38, Vishnu Garden 

Delhi 

20 July, 20xx 

The Editor, 

The Times of India, 

New Delhi 

Subject : Monkey Menace in City. 

Sir 

I would request you to allow me some space in your esteemed daily to highlight the rising menace of monkeys in our locality. I request you to publish my concern in public interest. 

Recently, a huge number of monkeys have plundered our locality and their population is increasing rapidly. They have almost surrounded our locality from all corners and a lot of cases of monkey bites have been reported so far. It has become a menace and is very unsafe for the residents to come out of their houses. The monkeys attack every passer-by and recently a boy succumbed to a monkey bite. The fateful mishap has raised the eyebrows of many people, but the irony is that despite the repeated complaints, the Municipal Corporation has not taken any measures for public safety. The monkeys should be immediately herded away from the residential area. Immediate attention has to be paid to this menace and a prompt action needs to be taken as the lives of so many people cannot be put at stake. 

I would be obliged and grateful to you for drawing the attention of the concerned authorities by publishing the note. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Suman

(i) RolINo, Name can be the attributes of Student table.

(ii) Primary key of the table Student is RolINo, because RolINo is a field in Student table which uniquely identifies each rows/records in a database table.

a. Good advertising elicits the following four responses: 

i. Attention: It catches the eye or ear and stands out amid the clutter of competing advertisements 

ii. Interest: It arouses interest and delivers sufficient impact in the message or offering 

iii. Desire: It creates a desire to learn more or crave ownership 

iv. Action: It spurs an action which leads to achievement of the ad’s original objective. It prompts the potential customer to buy the product. 

The rules are: 

i. Aim: To understand the primary purpose of advertisement. 

ii. Target: To create an advertisement for a specific target market who will be interested to buy the product. 

iii. Media: Keeping in mind the target group, we have to carefully select the media through which the advertisement will reach the target audience. 

iv. Competitors: Careful analysis of what the competitors are doing to advertise their products will help us choose our own medium of advertisement. 

b. Promotion strategy: Above the line- This type of promotion uses mass media methods and focuses on advertising to a large audience.

a.Dissemination of useful information: Stock exchange publishes useful information regarding price lists, quotations, etc., of securities through newspapers and journals. 

b.Ready market: Persons desirous of converting their shares into cash may easily do so through a member of stock exchange. 

c.Investors' interests protected: Stock exchanges formulate rules and regulations so that members may not exploit the investors. 

d.Genuine guidance about the securities listed: The investors can safely depend upon the information provided by the stock exchanges. e.Barriers of distance removed: Stock exchange removes the barriers of distance with regard to securities listed there. 

f. Knowledge of profit or loss on investments: The investors can estimate the profit or loss on the total amount of investments in securities, by comparing the original amount invested and the price of securities on a particular day.

Karan has to formulate manpower planning keeping in mind the following: 

(a)  What kind of people are required? To carry on its work, each organisation needs personnel with the necessary qualifications, skills, knowledge, experience and aptitude for work. Since it is a factory, Karan will need more semi skilled employees keeping in mind that they will be manufacturing electronic circuits. He will also need a manager to supervise the production work.

(b)  How many people are required? This question deals with the quantity of personnel the enterprise needs. Presently the factory has just two employees, so Karan will need at least ten workers to achieve the production target every month. This number of employees will be taken into account keeping in mind the absenteeism and turnover. 

(c)  How to procure personnel? As the next step in manpower planning, entrepreneur clearly mentions the strategies, methods, policies, rules and regulations pertaining to employees. He can approach his own polytechnic college and recruit fresh graduates. He has to properly train the employees so that there is less error in production and the target is completed on time. 

Following are the importance of Stock Exchange from the Investors point of view:

(a) They publish useful information regarding price lists, quotations, etc., of securities through newspapers and journals.

(b)  It provides a ready market for converting shares into cash. 

(c)  Stock exchanges formulate rules and regulations so that members may not exploit the investors.

(d) The investors can safely depend upon the information provided by the stock exchanges.

(e) They remove the barriers of distance with regard to securities listed in a stock exchange.

(f)  Stock exchange helps the investor in calculating profit or loss on investments. 

Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to the local government bodies. Seats are reserved for SC, ST and other backward classes. At least one third of all positions are reserved for women.

The Belgium leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.

New readership in China preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary master pieces and romantic plays.

‘K’ stands for Key (Black) in ‘CMYK’.

Form represents the aesthetic aspect of ‘Functions of design’.

This concept assumes that business has distinct and separate entity from its owners.

(i) Reliability, (ii) Relevance or (iii) Understandability

Accounting Information system.

Ready to use or customised software or Tailor made software.

Intangible..

“In accounts recording is done of only financial transaction".

Correct option (b) Negotiable Instruments Act - 1881.

Cash basis system records only actual cash receipts and payments

Credit sales to Mohan Rs. 10,000, not entered in the sales book.