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(a) The children referred to are the children of the slums. 

(b) ‘these windows’ refers to the windows of the slum classroom through which only the slums are visible. 

(c) Fog is a symbol of uncertain future. The poet means that the slum children have a dark and uncertain future. 

(d) The lives of the children are far from the rivers and capes which represent liberating, open outdoors of which the children are deprived .

Foreign studies for his only son – possible marriage with judge’s daughter – breed a generation of aristocrat in the family.

(i) (d)  Pacifism

(ii) (d)  Role of peacemakers.

(iii) (c) Philosophical Pacifism.

(iv) (b) Dog kennel.

(v) (a) as there was no fortification and very few weapons

(i) The war was never treated as an Ideal in India, it was only tolerated as unavoidable and inevitable / all attempts were made to check it and control it.

(ii) Highly developed military organization/ techniques of war and imperialism/ the open justification of war as national policy 

(iii) The doctrine of philosophical Pacifism was practiced by ancient Aryans. The great Indian teachers and savants stuck to this doctrine tenaciously, practiced and preached it to masses and royals.

(iv)  Ahimsa is the doctrine of non-violence in thought, speech and action / it is an act of personal virtue. 

(v)  The right of the rivals to exist, not mainly as enemies but as collaborators in the building of our civilization operation / co-existence without coming in clash with each other.

(vi)  It considers expedients of conciliation, gift and dissention and denounces war, when all these three expedients were exhausted, then only the fourth was resorted to.

(a) the unity of life, permeating all beings, animate or inanimate, which ruled out killing and suicidal wars 

(b) the fault lies with the weak successors of Ashoka, who could not wield the weapon of non-violence with a skill and efficiency which required the strength of a spiritual giant like Ashoka. They failed due to their subjective weakness : Pacifism itself was no cause of their failure. 

(c) negotiation, conciliation through conference, meditation 

(a) enunciated

(b) fortification 

(c) commencement

(a) Poem- Keeping Quiet, Poet- Pablo Neruda

(b) complete stillness/no movement

(c) life is about movement/development/action/live to the fullest with happiness

(d) live by maintaining harmony with earth/stop destruction/introspect and live in peace and brotherhood 

(a) Poem- Aunt Jennifer's Tiger, Poet- Adrienne Rich 

(b) Would die as an oppressed and subdued woman / will remain caught in the ordeals of her marriage till her death 

(c) surrounded by problems of her married life/wedding ring symbolizes weight of her marriage and ringed also means chained 

(d)  'prancing, proud'- alliteration

The ‘misadventure’ that William O. Douglas experienced at the Y.M.C.A. swimming pool left a deep impression on his mind. The fear stayed with him as the years rolled by. Finally, he decided to get an instructor and learn how to swim. He went to a pool and practised five days a week, an hour a day. The instructor put a belt round him. A rope was attached to the belt. The rope went through a pulley. He was made to go back and forth across the pool. Then he taught Douglas how to exhale under water and inhale outside it. 

William O. Douglas was still not sure that all the terror had left him. So he went to Lake Wentworth and dived off a dock at Triggs Island. He swam two miles across the lake. But still he had residual doubts. So he dived into Warm Lake and swam across to the other shore and back fearlessly. At last, he was liberated from his fear.

Seemapuri is a settlement of more than 10,000 ragpickers. It is a place on the periphery of Delhi. Those who live here are squatters who came from Bangladesh in 1971. They live here without an identity and without permits. They do have ration cards that enable them to vote and buy grain. Food is more important for them than their identity. Children grow up to become partners in survival. And survival in Seemapuri means rag-picking. Through the years it has acquired the ‘proportions of a fine art’. An army of barefoot children appear in the morning with their plastic bags on their shoulders. They disappear by noon. Garbage has a different meaning for children. For them it is wrapped in ‘wonder’. They may find a rupee even a ten rupee note or a silver coin. There is always hope of finding more.

Seemapuri may be on the periphery of Delhi yet it is miles away from it, metaphorically. It is a little hell. Ragpickers live in structures of mud. They have roofs of tin and tarpaulin. There is no sewage, drainage or running water. It is unimaginable that it is a part of Delhi, the capital of India.

Victors always tend to restrict and eliminate the rights of the vanquished in order to subjugate them mentally. It is a way to force them into submission. 

The narrator was an American Native Indian. She was separated from her mother. Among her people, young girls wore long and heavy hair. She wanted to maintain her distinct cultural identity. Her long and beautiful hair was shingled against her wish. She lost her distinct identity. The teacher at the Carlisle Indian School imposed on her western way of dining. A small bell was tapped. She pulled her chair out and sat on it. She was the only one seated there. A second bell was sounded. All were seated. A ‘paleface woman’ watched her keenly. Then everyone started eating. She felt quite uncomfortable and uneasy. Beside she was made to wear boots and tight dresses, all alien to her culture.

Gandhiji scolded the lawyers of Champaran saying that it was useless to go to the law courts where the peasants were much fear-stricken and charged high fees. When Gandhiji received summons to appear in the court, he telegraphed Dr. Rajendra Prasad to come with some influential people. Gandhiji asked him if he was sentenced to prison, what would they do. The senior lawyers asked Gandhi for advice and thought that Gandhiji was a total stranger and yet he was ready to go to prison for the sake of the peasants. They thought that belonging to Champaran, it was their moral duty to help the peasants.

M. Hamel said it to Franz when he felt embarrassed at not being able to answer - he consoles Franz by saying everyone in Alsace is to be blamed for them not learning their mother tongue/parents ,teacher and children all are to be blamed /Alsace puts off learning for tomorrow.

It showed that Edla's trust was not broken by peddler -her goodness had paid off and peddler had transformed -she will not have to suffer criticism for trying to help a thief.

(a) Beautiful things make an everlasting impression on man’s mind and soul. Recalling a beautiful thing only increases its beauty with the passage of time. 

(b) The poet means that a beautiful thing can never pass into oblivion. It can never be forgotten. 

(c) Beautiful things give man sound sleep and peaceful mind . 

(d) A ‘bower’ is a shade created by overhanging foliage. Here it is a symbol of a relaxing, soothing peaceful place.

Saheb’s name is ‘Saheb-e-Alam’. It means ‘lord of the universe’. It is quite ironical that this Saheb-e-Alam is a young barefoot ragpicker who scrounges for gold in the garbage dumps of Delhi. Saheb is unaware of the irony of his name.

Gandhi made lawyers realise their duty towards the peasants -it would be shameful desertion on their part if they left the peasants if Gandhi was arrested -lawyers understood, approached Gandhi and said they would accompany him to jail -getting support of educated Indians like lawyers, Gandhi gained confidence that now they would win against the British .

In early days of Champaran action, Charles Freer Andrews, the English pacifist became a devoted follower of Gandhi. Before going to a tour to duty to Fiji Island he came to bid Gandhi farewell. Gandhi’s lawyer friend wanted him to stay and help them thinking that having a British on their side will have more leverage in taking on the British. Gandhi strongly opposed them saying that a battle should be won on the merit of the justness of the cause and not on outside crutches.

Amylose is water soluble component of starch.

1. NaCN or KCN solution
2. Zinc dust
3. Au + NaCN → Na [Au(CN)₂]
   IUPAC name is Sodium dicyanidoaurate (I).
4. Concern for family, knowledge of chemistry, keen observation.

Reservation of particular library resources takes place only if the documents are not available for borrowing as they are issued to another member or sent for binding or otherwise unavailable.

The main purpose of Library classification is to facilitate the use of reading material. It confirms the exact location of a document in the library.

For maximum utilization of the library, it is essential to have a well-trained and highly motivated staff. This enables the effective use of the sources of the library and the meeting of the demands of the community. Therefore, we need human resource planning.

The various modes of library acquisitions are as follows: 

i. purchase; 

ii. Gift; 

iii. Exchange; 

iv. Online acquisition; 

v. Consortia based acquisition; and 

vi. Library consortia

Article 370 signifies special status of Kashmir: 

• To give greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. 

• To specify that state has its own Constitution. 

• All provisions of the Constitution are not applicable to state.

• Naxalite movement argued that democracy in India was a shame and decided to adopt a strategy of protracted guerrilla warfare in order to lead to a revolution. 

• Naxalite movement used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and provided it to the poor who were landless.

The Clinton government tended to focus on ‘Soft issues’ like democracy promotion, climate change and world trade rather than on the hard politics of military power.

1. Between the elections of 1977 and 1980, Congress identified itself with particular ideology, claiming to be only socialist and pro-poor party. 

2. The concept of non-Congressism was created among opposition parties. 

3. The issues of welfare of backward class began to dominate politics i.e. Northern states elected non-Congress leaders of backward class since 1977. 

4. The Emergency tensed between institution based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation for which party system was to be blamed.

Due to some unresolved problems like poverty, inequality, communal and regional divisions led a failure of democratic projects or disintegration of country.

The fourth general election was held in 1967 for the first time without Nehru: 

1. The election verdict was not in favour of Congress and result jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels.

 2. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s Cabinet were defeated including K. Kamaraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal, K.B. Sahay in Bihar. 

3. Congress did not lose majority in seven states only but two other states also prevented it to form government due to defections. 

4. For the first time any non-Congress party secured majority in any state and in other eight states different non-Congress parties formed the coalitions.

5. These election results were called as a ‘Political Earthquake’.

European Union is a group of European capitalist countries established in 1992 for common goal of foreign and security policy, cooperation and home affairs.

Planning is a systematic regulation of purposeful activity to achieve national goals. India was inspired by USSR for planning to provide basic necessities of life i.e. advanced education, medical care and technological skills.

Buttons could undress much faster than clothing with lacing and strapping.

i. a. At the Rio Summit, the rich and the developed countries of the first world generally referred to as the ‘Global North’ were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the poor and developing countries of the ‘Third World’, called the ‘Global South’. The Northern states were mainly concerned with ozone depletion and global warming. They wanted to discuss the environmental issue as it stands now and wanted everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation. 

b. The Southern states on the other hand were anxious to address the relationship between economic development and environmental management. The developing nation of the south felt that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries. 

ii. a. Throughout the world, cultivable area is barely expanding any more, and a substantial portion of existing agricultural land is losing its fertility, grasslands have been overgrazed and fisheries overharvested. Water bodies have suffered extensive depletion and pollution, severely restricting food production. 

b. A steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere poses a real danger to ecosystems and human health. 

c. Natural forests- which help stabilize the climate, moderate water supplies, and labor a majority of the planet’s biodiversity on land – are being cut down and people are being displaced. The loss of biodiversity continues due to the destruction of habitat in areas which are rich in species. 

What is the New World Order?

February 1967, Fourth General Elections to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.

i. Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept. It has its political, economic and cultural aspects. It is neither purely economic nor a purely cultural phenomenon. 

ii. In Globalization the crucial element is the ‘worldwide interconnectedness. e.g., 

a. Movement of capital from one place to another. 

b. People moving in search of better livelihoods to different parts of the world. 

c. Commodities being traded across borders. 

iii. The disintegration of USSR helped in spreading Globalization around the world

a. With the disintegration of USSR and fall off communist regimes in East European countries the ideology of communism was replaced by the ideology of capitalism. 

b. The spread of capitalism to the Second World further speeded up the process of globalization. 

A combination of Indian look and western silhouettes.

Largest garage sale in history was resulted due to shock therapy to undervalue the valuable industries of the USSR to sell them at throwaway prices.

Exclusive use of fabrics from Bhagalpur.

(a) (i) The Naxalite movement advocates the use of violent means to achieve their political goals. This leads to anarchy in the society. 

(ii) They have initiated their armed fight against the state security forces, thereby are challenging the inherent ideals of the state, namely sovereignty and monopoly on the use of force. (Any other valid point shall be considered) 

(b)(i) In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal under the leadership of the local cadres of the communist party of India (Marxist). Beginning from the Naxalbari police station, the peasant movement spread to several states of India and came to referred broadly as the Naxalite movement. 

(ii) In 1969, they broke off from the CPI (M) and a new party, communist party (Marxist-Leninist) 

(c) Various Human Rights Activists have criticized the government for violating constitutional norms in dealing with the Naxalites. Thousands people have lost their lives in the violence by the Naxalites and the anti-Naxalite Violence by the government.

By using personal measurements instead of standard measurements.

Different ethnic groups.

(a) i. This period was fraught with grave economic crisis resulting in successive failure of monsoons, widespread drought, and decline in agricultural production, serious food shortage, depletion of foreign exchange reserves with sharp rise in military expenditure and diversion of resources from planning and economic development. 

(ii) The economic situation triggered off price rise. People started protesting against the increase in the prices of essential commodities, food scarcity, growing unemployment and the overall economic condition on the country. Bandhs and hartals were frequently called across the country. 

(iii) Opposition parties were in the forefront of organizing public protests and pressurizing the government. Parties opposed to the Congress realized that the division of their votes kept Congress in power. Thus parties with different ideologies and programmes got together to form anti Congress fronts. This was called non congressism. 

(b) i. Many political observers described the election results as a ‘political earthquake’ because the Congress did manage to get a majority in the Lok Sabha but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952. 

ii. At the state level, the congress lost elections in seven states. In two other states it could not form the government due to defection.

(i) Protection from light: save from sunlight, powerful florescent electric light. Use coloured window screen, ultraviolet filter and LED bulbs 

(ii) Temperature: temperature of the library should be maintained at around room temperature. 200 C-250 C. AC can be used. 

(iii) Humidity: relative humidity 30% to 40%. Humidifiers/dehumidifiers 

(iv) Ventilation: uncontrolled ventilation may disturb the temperature, relative humidity, pollution level inside library. Controlled ventilation. 

(v) Pollution: air and sound pollution. Library site should be less polluted, if not possible, grow trees, herbs around the library. Sound proof mechanism to reduce noise. 

(vi) Dust: library materials should be kept free from dust. Doors, windows, ventilator, etc, which allow passage of dust should be kept under check. 

(vii) Photocopier: exposing pages of books to photocopying machine. Reduce the photocopying as much as possible.

(i) Selection of periodicals 

(ii) Acquisition of periodicals 

(iii) Receiving and recording of periodicals 

(iv) Display of periodicals 

(v) Shelving of periodicals 

(vi) Indexing, abstracting and documentation of periodicals 

(vii) Periodicals’ circulation 

(viii) Administration of periodicals

(i) Registration of members 

(ii) Lending of resources(issue-return) 

(iii) Renewal of issued materials 

(iv) Reservation of issued materials 

(v) Charging of overdue fines 

(vi) Lending and receiving books on ILL 

(vii) Maintenance of records 

(viii) Maintenance of statistics 

(ix) Miscellaneous tasks 

(i) Nagaland C 

 (ii) Meghalaya E 

(iii) Uttrakhand B 

 (iv) Telangana D 

(v) Maharashtra A  

(I) The rise of Chinese economy as a result of new economic policies have greatly contributed to the rise of Chinese economy as an alternative center of power in the world. The current strength of Chinese economy is as follows: 

• China has been the fastest growing economy since the reforms first began there. It is projected to overtake US as the world’s largest economy by 2040. 

• Its economic integration into the region makes it the driver of East Asian growth, thereby giving it an enormous influence in regional affairs. 

• Regionally and globally, china has become an economic power to reckon with. The integration of the china’s economy and the interdependencies that that this has created have enabled China to have considerable with its trade partners like Japan, US, ASEAN and Russia. 

(II) The two strategies to deal with US hegemony are: 

•  Bandwagon strategy: It is suggested that instead of engaging in activities opposed to the hegemonic power, it may be advisable to extract benefits by operating within the hegemonic system. This is called the ‘bandwagon strategy’. 
• Strategy to ‘hide’: This implies staying as far as possible removed from the dominant power. There are many examples of this behavior- China, Russia, EU – all of them, in different ways , are seeking to stay below the radar and not overly and unduly antagonize US. 

 (a) Indira Gandhi imposed national emergency on the ground of ‘internal disturbances’. 

(b)

 i) The controversial appointment of the Chief Justice of India further increased the tension between the two main organs.  

(ii) The verdict of Allahabad High court declared Indira Gandhi’s election of 1971 as invalid. (To be explained) 

(c) 

(i) It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Indian constitution. Now internal emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion ‘and it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim Emergency must be given in writing by the council of ministers. 

(ii) The emergency made every one more aware of the value of civil liberties. The Courts too, have taken up an active role in protecting the civil liberties of individuals. 

(a) AMERICA is represented as thumb 

(b) The nature of hegemony - soft, structural and hard hegemonic dominance 

(c) operation undertaken by this country- operation Iraqi freedom/ operation desert storm 

FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED…………… 

(a) America in the world is having global dominance 

(b) military dominance – in absolute and relative terms 

i. high expenditure 

ii. high budget allotment 

iii. military dominance 

iv. high tech chasm 

(c) State its structural hegemony 

i. Global public goods 

ii. SLOCS 

iii. Internet 

iv. World trade