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Rohan works in an organised sector; he will enjoy security of employment. He will be expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If he works more, he will have to be paid overtime by the employer. He will also get several other benefits from the employers like getting paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc. He is supposed to get medical benefits and, under the laws, the bank manager has to ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment. When he will retire, he will get pension as well. 

In contrast, Sumit works in the unorganised sector which is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. 

So, his job will be low-paid and often not regular. There will be no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc. Employment is not secure. He can be asked to leave without any reason when there is less work, such as, during some seasons. A lot also depends on the whims of his employer.

The three challenges faced by India at the time of Independence are yet to be resolved completely-

i. At the time of Independence, there was an urgent question: how was integration of the territory of India to be achieved Although the challenges of nation building were resolved by our leaders yet we are not able to forge a strong sense of Unity amongst our own people. We still face the challenge of separatism from some parts of Indian Union like Jammu & Kashmir in the north & Nagaland in the North eastern region of India. We are still struggling hard to resolve these two issues peacefully. 

ii. In spite of laying a strong foundation of secularism in India, the independent India has seen some of the worst communal riots in the country. The issue of establishment of uniform civil code is also a strong debate able issue in the country. 

iii. India has become one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In spite of achieving high lands of economic development, same rural & urban areas of India are still backward. 

The fruits of development need to penetrate at all levels. India has made its mark on the world yet evils of poverty, illiteracy and unemployment are yet to be resolved completely. 

i. The term non-alignment has been coined by India’s first Prime Minister Pt. Nehru. 

ii. The root of NAM went back to the friendship between three leaders – Yugoslavia’s Josip broz tito, India’s Jawaharlal Nehru, the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser- who held a meeting in 1956. Indonesia’s Sukarno and Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah strongly supported them. These are five founders of NAM. 

iii. As a leader of NAM, India’s response to the ongoing cold war was twofold: At one level it took particular care in staying away from the two alliances. At another level, it raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming of these alliances. 

iv. India’s policy was neither negative nor passive. As Nehru reminded the world, non-alignment was not a policy of ‘felling away’. On the country, India was in favor of actively intervening in the world affairs to soften cold war rivalries. 

v. India tried to reduce the differences between the alliances and thereby prevent differences from escalating into a full scale war. Indian diplomats and leaders were often used to communicate and mediate between cold war rivals such as in the Korean war in the early 1950s. 

vi. During the cold war, India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organizations, which were not a part of the alliances led by the US and USSR. Nehru reposed great faith in a genuine commonwealth of free and cooperating nations that would play a positive role in softening, if not ending the cold war.

Outcomes of planning in India are positive as well as negative which are as follow:- 

Achievements 

i. In the early phase of planned development, the foundations of India’s future economic growth were laid. Some of the largest developmental projects in India’s history were undertaken during this period. These included mega-dams like Bhakhra-Nangal and Hirakund for irrigation and power generation. 

ii. Some of the heavy industries in the public sector – steel plants, oil refineries, manufacturing units, defense production etc. were started during this period. Infrastructure for transport and communication was improved substantially. 

iii. Much of the later economic growth, including that by the private sector, may not have been possible in the absence of these foundations. 

Limitations 

i. Land reforms did not take place effectively in most parts of the country; political power remained in the hands of the landowning classes; and big industrialists continued to benefit and thrive while poverty did not reduce much. 

ii. The early initiatives for planned development were at best realizing the goals of economic development of the country and well being of all its citizens. The inability to take significant step in this direction in the very first stage was to become a political problem. 

iii. Those who benefited from unequal development soon became politically powerful and made it even more difficult to move in the desired direction.

Writing A x B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}.

Getting P(A) = 1.

Two kingdom classification is a classification given by Carolus Linnaeus in which all the living organisms are grouped just into two kingdoms namely 

1. Plant kingdom and 

2. Animal kingdom. 

This is done based on the mode of nutrition and locomotion. All the non moving organisms that prepare their own food are placed under plant kingdom and moving organisms, that depend on others for their food are placed under animal kingdom. 

Drawbacks: 

1. Information about microorganisms is not given. 

2. The position of prokaryotes is totally ignored. 

3. Misplacing of some organisms had taken place. Like fungi are dealt with plants from which they are completely different. 

• The heart is divided into a right and left side by the septum. The heart has four chambers, two relatively small upper chambers called atria and two larger lower chambers called ventricles. The walls of the ventricles are relatively thicker than atrial walls.
• The two atria are separated from each other by a thin, muscular wall called the inter-atrial septum and the right and left ventricles are by a thick-walled, inter-ventricular septum. The inter-atrial septum and inter-ventricular septum prevent mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart with oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.
• The atria and ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the atrioventricular septum.
• The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve called as the tricuspid valve, whereas a bicuspid valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
• The largest artery is the aorta which arises from the left ventricle supplies blood to all the body parts except lungs. Pulmonary artery that arises from the right ventricle carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.

The openings of the right and left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are provided with the semilunar valves.

• The valves allow the blood to flow  only in one direction, i.e. from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta.

False: Exports are made from domestic production. It is a part of domestic factor income.

False: Net profit of any Bank of India at USA branch is a part of national income of India.

Some of the potential applications of genetically modified plants in agricultural biotechnology are: 

(i) GMO crops have better nutritional quality such as vitamin A-enriched rice 

(ii) They are diseases resistant and are more tolerant to abiotic stresses. 

(iii) They have pest resistant and hence have reduced the dependency on the chemical pesticides. 

(iv) They are better nitrogen fixers.

(i) Orchids in the genus Ophrys are the best known of the plants whose flowers closely resemble females of particular insect species. One of the petals (or labellum) is modified to resemble a female insect. The labellum serves as a landing platform for the male insect. In fact, the resemblance is so close that male attempts to pseudocopulate with the flowers perceiving it to be a female insect. Since the mating is unsuccessful, the male looks out for another female which is likely to be another orchid flower. The male insect does not receive any kind of reward, but pollen has been transferred from one plant to another. In this case, the flower should co-evolve with the female insect otherwise the chances of successful pollination will be reduced. 

(ii) Co-extinction is one of the 'Evil Quartet' in which organisms with obligatory relationship like plant pollinator mutualism will result in extinction of one partner if other is eliminated in nature. Seeds of Sideroxyglon grandiflorum, an exclusive tree in Mauritius, germinate when they pass through the abrasive gut of dodo (Ruphus cucullatus), a bird. These birds became extinct in 17th century and only a few old trees survive now. Insects are good pollinators, hence flowering plants and insects are interdependent. In such cases, when one species becomes extinct, the other species associated or dependent on it also becomes extinct.

The onset of genomic DNA synthesis requires precise interactions of specialized initiator proteins with DNA at sites where the replication machinery can be loaded. These sites, defined as replication origins, are found at a few unique locations in all chromosomes. Close examination of bacterial and archaeal replication origins reveals an array of DNA sequence motifs that position individual initiator protein molecules and promote initiator oligomerization on origin DNA. Conversely, the need for specific recognition sequences in eukaryotic replication origins is relaxed.

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology is used for herd development. Steps involved in MOET programme are: 

(i) Oestrous cycle is controlled in donor and surrogate animals. 

(ii) The donor animal is administered with hormones that have FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation. 

(iii) The donor produces 6−8 eggs instead of one egg produced normally. 

(iv) Mating is done either with an elite male or artificial insemination is carried out. 

(v) When the fertilized eggs attain 8−32 celled stage, they are non-surgically removed and transferred to a surrogate mother. 

(vi) The genetic mother can be again superovulated now.

(a) FSSAI- Food Safety and Standard Authority of India 

(b) Conditions: 

1 If food is composed of a poisonous or harmful substances 

2 If food is substituted partly or wholly with cheap substance 

3 If it contains any harmful substance 

4 If it contains unpermitted colours or preservatives 

5 It is contains extraneous matter 

6 It is insect infested

Weekly Food Record Format

Advantages: 

a. Know the exact amount of money available 

b. avoid wasteful expenditure 

c. help avoid being overcharged 

d. Guide for future expenses

Weekly food record format of family’s expenditure can be like this

The two advantage so recording this expenditure is

• Know the exact amount of money available. 
• Avoid wasteful expenditure.
• Help avoid being overcharged.
• Guide for future expenses.

(i) Non-conventional Energy sources are the sustainable energy resources, (solar, wind, hydro-geothermal and bio-mass). 

(ii) These energy sources are more equitably distributed and environmental friendly. 

(iii) The non-conventional energy sources will provide more sustained eco-friendly cheaper energy after the initial cost is taken care of.

Human values – 

(i) Provision for government banking facilities. 

(ii) Cooperation to be given by local bodies/govemment machineries. 

(iii) Subsidy to be provided by government 

(iv) Social Welfare

Commercial Livestock Rearing: 

(i) Commercial livestock rearing is more organised and capital intensive. 

(ii) Commercial livestock ranching is essentially associated with western cultures and is practised on permanent ranches. 

(iii) These ranches cover large areas and are divided into a number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate the grazing. As the grass of one parcel is grazed, animals are moved to another parcel. 

(iv) The number of animals in a pasture is kept according to the carrying capacity of the pasture. If It is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared, 

(v) Important animals include sheep, cattle, goats and horses. Products such as meat, wool, hides and skin are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different world markets. Rearing of animals in ranching is organised on a scientific basis.

Summar

                                   Title : Kalpana Chawla - True Human, True Indian

Kalpana Chawla was extremely proud of her birth-place. Even from the space flights she would proudly point it out to her fellow astronauts. Despite her celebrity status, she took pains to track down her former teachers, classmates and friends in India and showed a keen desire to be in touch with them. She was very affectionate and humble in nature. She always urged young people to listen to the sounds of nature and take care of our fragile planet earth. When she was in space, she always felt a sense of connection with everyone on the earth. Kalpana’s cherished desire to visit India again remained unfulfilled because of her tragic death. But Harrison visited India, after few months. He met Kalpana’s family, teachers and friends. He went to her school and college. And he scattered her ashes over the Himalayas.

(i) scattered

(ii) remembered.

(i) She has been taking many breathtaking photographs of the earth.

(ii) Her ashes were scattered over the Himalayas by him.

(iii) Not only was Kalpana proud of her birth-place but she made every effort also to bring it into limelight.

1. The extract is about ‘Kalpana Chawla’ the famous first Indian woman Astronaut to go to the space. It is about her love for her motherland India and love for her planet earth.

2. Kalpana Chawla was extremely proud of her birth place. During space flights she would proudly point it out to her fellow astronauts. She remembered her friend Daisy Chawla who died in a road accident. She took pains to track down her former teachers, classmates and friends in India and showed a keen desire to stay in touch with them. 

3. She always urged young people to listen to the sounds of nature and take care of our fragile planet earth. During her space trips, she took many breathtaking photographs of the earth for various terrestrial studies later on the ground. When she was in space, she always felt a sense of connection with everyone on the earth.

4. I want to serve my nation with my humble services. No matter, whatever profession I enter, I will see to it that I pay my taxes on time, I will be honest in my profession and I will bring name and fame to my nation. 

Title     :         Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 

Birth    :     5^th September, 1888 

Qualifications   :    B.A. and M.A. with majors in philosophy 

Introduced thinking of   :    Plato, Plontinus and Bergson into Indian thought. 

Work   :   Translated Indian Philosophy into standard academic jargon 

Ambassador   :    to the Soviet union  

Honours       :    National—Bharat Ratna in 1954. International Templeton Prize, Peace, Prize of German Book Trade, Order of Merit.

(i) Completely destroyed.

(ii) grass that has been cut, dried and stored for use as animal fodder for grazing animals.

(i) Market mechanism could take care of temporary problems.

(ii) When were there third class carriages ?

(iii) There can still be situations of temporary poverty.

(i) She splatters Worli seaface with walls of sea spray.

(ii) Though we took the train together, yet I never found out their names.

(iii) I promise myself, someday I must return.

(i) firmly/steadily 

(ii) Seduced

(1) The extract is about the writer’s dream of seeing the world without poverty, a world without third-class and fourth-class citizens. According to him, that would be a world we could all be proud to live in.

(2) The poverty-free world would take care of natural disasters like floods, cyclones, riots, earthquakes etc. by the market mechanism, through insurance and other self-paying programs, assisted by social-consciousness-driven enterprises.

(3) According to the writer in the world without poverty, every person would have the ability to take care of his or her own basic life needs, in that world nobody would die of hunger or suffer from malnutrition. Today 40,000 children die each day around the world from hunger-related diseases. In a poverty-free world, no children would die of such cases.

(4) Besides giving the poor food and alms, if we could give them free education and free health-care services, then they will be self-dependent, they can really take care of themselves and they would not remain poor after that.

(i) an, the 

(ii) to, about 

(iii) The woman enquired the little boy why he was crying, to which he replied that he wanted a balloon.

Caste division is special to India. Members of the same caste group are supposed to form a social community. Casteism plays an important role in Indian politics. When parties choose candidates in election or form government, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and select candidatd rtim different castes to satisfy the electorate.

Sometimes, this caste politics gives us inefficient leaders which is not good for our democracy. Our Constitution has prohibited any caste-based discrimination. But for their own interest, political parties favour casteism in politics.

Besides this negative impact, casteism has also positive impact to politics. Universal Adult Franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low. In this sense, caste politics has helped people from the Dalit and the OBC castes to gain better access to decision-making. Several political and non-political organisations have been demanding for the end of discrimination against these castes and more dignity and opportunities for these castes in our society.

The three population density zones in India are high, moderate and low. 

(i) The high population density zone, which has a population density greater than 500 persons per sq km, consists of the states Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala. 

(ii) The low density zone, which has a population density lesser than 100 persons per sq km, consists of the states Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Jammu and Kashmir. 

(iii) The remaining states fall in the moderate population density zone with 250-500 persons living per sq km.

The peddler expected sour faces when he knocked at the door and requested for the night shelter. But the crofter was happy to get someone to talk to in his loneliness. He immediately put the porridge put on fire and gave the peddler supper. Then he cut a big slice of tobacco for the stranger’s pipe to smoke. He told him of his cow that supported him and showed him the thirty kroner he had received in payment last month. 

The old crofter was a liberal man. In the morning half an hour after they had left together, the peddler came and stole the thirty kroner note from the pouch. Thus, the peddler breached the confidence reposed in him by the crofter. The incident is important as it serves as a contrast to his response to Edla after he is reformed. It serves to highlight his journey from an ungrateful wretch to a dignified person.

After the death of the invisible man, it is Marvel who really becomes his beneficiary. He is now the owner of the three books of Griffin documenting his research and the money he had stolen. Marvel opens an inn and quite shrewdly calls him ‘The Invisible Man’. He sells stories about Griffin and thus gets more and more customers. Unknown to others, he hides Griffin’s books of the secret of invisibility formulae and often views them gleefully in secret. Perhaps he is waiting for the right customer who will pay him the best price for the books. Griffin underestimated Marvel. He took him for a complete fool but as it turned out it is Marvel who actually benefits from Griffin’s labour. Ironically the genius Griffin died a miserable death while the stupid and destitute Marvel rose to acquire riches.

(a) Health is the key to success and progress in life. 

(b) It is said that health is wealth. 

(c) A healthy beggar is happier than an ailing king. 

(d) To a healthy man life is all pleasure and joy.

(a) is 

(b) of 

(c) hotly

(d) Will 

(e) be 

(f) Either 

(g) will 

(h) on

(a) for 

(b) few 

(c) on 

(d) of 

(e) to 

(f) over 

(g) in 

(h) and

(a in 

(b) Often 

(c) is 

(d) for 

(e) with 

(f) Once 

(g) such

(h) is

(a) need 

(b) entering 

(c) to

(a) is coated 

(b) soaks 

(c) are

No, management is not a full fledged profession because of the following reasons: 

(a) No restriction on anyone being designated or appointed as manager in any business enterprise. 

(b) No requirement for managers to be members of professional association like AIMA and follow their code of conduct. 

(c) Profit maximization objectives may lead to sacrifice service motive.

The container which carries the product is called package. Packaging is defined as a set of tasks or activities, which is concerned with the design and production of an appropriate container for the product. 

Packaging is important due to following reasons: 

(a) It helps in differentiating the product. Proper size and shape of the package facilities use of the product. 

(b) It minimizes the chances of adulteration of goods. 

(c) It reduces the burden of personal selling in self-service retail outlets.

(a) It deals with the issue of choosing between different alternatives. It can be defined as an assurance, whenever possible, of availability, ability and access to a variety of products and services at competitive prices. 

(b) This right includes the right to receive compensation for supply of shoddy goods or unsatisfactory services and availability of acceptable forms of legal aid or redress for small claims, wherever necessary.

(a) (i) Issuer (ii) Investor (iii) Intermediaries 

(b) The overall objective of SEBI is to protect the interests of investors and to promote the development of and regulate the securities market. 

(c) Registration of broker and sub-brokers and other players in the market. 

(d) Respect for law

Controlling is a function that brings back the management cycle back to the planning function. So, it should not be misunderstood as the last function of management.

To create an environment to facilitate efficient mobilization and allocation of resource through the securities markets.

Depository participant (DP) is an agent between depository and Investors.

General oxidation state of lanthanoids is +3. +2 oxidation state is observed in Eu and Yb, some elements also show +4 oxidation state like Ce.

Used to produce bullets, shells, lighter flint.