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CuCl₃ get disproportionate in aqueous solution due to high hydration energy for Cu²⁺ and so turns blue in colour.
Cu⁺ \(\overset{H_2O}{\longrightarrow}\) Cu²⁺ + Cu

Mischmetal (95% lanthanoids + 5% iron)

Due to lanthanoid contraction.

(a) She is Miss Laura Hinkle. 

(b) She is holding John’s hands in the position desired for operating the Ouija board. 

(c) coyly

All the five Ouija boards start calling John by name. John feels his ears grow crimson. Lavinia thought John was flirting with Helen. His wife looks angrily at him as though he were some peculiar insect. She decides to go back to her grandmother. She threatens that her lawyer would communicate with him later.

“The Partition of India appeared to prove everyone in worst fears” - 

I. most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that human history has known. 

ii.There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border. 

iii. In the name of religion people of one community ruthlessly killed and maimed people of the other community. 

iv. Amritsar and Kolkata became divided into ‘communal zones’ Minorities on both sides of the border fled their home and often secured temporary shelter in ‘refugee camps’. 

v. They often found unhelpful local administration and police 

vi. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border. They were made to convert to the religion of the abductor and were forced into marriage. In many cases women were killed by their own family members to preserve the ‘family honour’. 

Vii. The employees of the government and the railways were also ‘divided’ 

Military alliances formed by the Western Block. 

A. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 

B. the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) 

C. the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 

Match the following 

A. J.P.Narayan →i. Call for ‘Total Revolution’ 

B. Morarji Desai →ii. first prime minister belonged to non-congress 

C. Ch. Charan Singh →iii. Remained Prime Minister for four months only 

 D. Jagjiwan Ram →iv. Leader of ‘Congress for Democracy

The ‘Kerala model’ is the name given to the path of planning and development charted by the State of Kerala. There has been a focus in this model on education, health, land reform, effective food distribution, and poverty alleviation The State has also taken initiative to involve people in making plans at the Panchayat, block and district level .

The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) also provides that the parties should act to protect the climate system “on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.” 

Aim of India to respect the sovereign did find an echo in the Directive Principles of the State Policy-Article 51 of the Indian Constitution lays down some Directive Principles of State Policy on ‘Promotion of international peace and security’. “The State shall endeavour to – 

(a) Promote international peace and security 

(b) Maintain just and honourable relations between nations 

(c) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another; and 

(d) Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.” 

Changes in a flower after fertilisation : The outer layers of the ovule become impervious and hard and function as a seed coat. An ovule with an embryo inside is called a seed. 

The ovary enlarges and ripens to become a fruit. Other floral parts such as sepals, petals, stamens, styles and stigma may fall off. However, in some cases, they remain persistent in the fruit.

The important post-fertilisation changes in flower are : 

(i) Sepals, petals, stigma, style and stamen degenerate. 

(ii) The fertilised egg develops into embryo. 

(iii) The ovary ripens into fruit. 

(iv) The ovules ripens into seeds. 

(v) The integument of ovule changes into seed coat and funicle changes into stalk of the seed.

Mean life (t) and half life ( T_1/2)are related as:

 τ​ = T_1/2/0.6931

γ-rays 

Frequency range 10¹⁹Hz—10²²Hz

Direction of induced current in loop is clockwise. 

Reason: Induced current opposes the motion of loop away from wire; as similar currents attracts, so in nearer side of loop the current will be upward i.e., in loop current in clockwise

Uses of microwaves: 

(i) In long distance communications. 

(ii) In radar

Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely; klystrons, magnetrons and gunn diodes. Their frequency range is 3 GHz to 300 Ghz. They are used in radar systems used in air craft navigation and microwave users in houses

Gene for the enzyme is inactivated by insertion.

The potential due to a point charge decreases with increase of distance. So, in case (i) V_A -V_B is positive. 

For case (ii) V_A -V_B is negative.

(a) To maintain the temperature (2-2.5°C) lower than the normal internal body temperature, is essential for spermatogenesis. 

(b) They (drones/males) develop from unfertilised eggs.

The expression for ‘r’ in terms of e, V and R is r = (ε/v - 1)R.

When doping level in base is increased slightly, (i) collector current decreases slightly and (ii) base current increases slightly

μ_r < 1, so magnetic material is diamagnetic.

A retroviral vector is used, recipient cells are lymphocytes.

Three causes of biodiversity losses are : 

1. Habitat destruction: It is considered as the primary cause of biodiversity loss. It is generally caused by deforestation, fire and over-use and urbanization. It leads to the extinction or decrease in the number of animals living in that particular habitat. 

2. Alien species invasion: Sometimes the alien species introduced in a geographical area unintentionally or deliberately may turn invasive and can cause decline or extinction of the indigenous species. 

3. Over-exploitation of natural resources: Over-exploitation of resources has been one of the major contributors of diversity loss. Due to increasing human population, resource demands have increased which has resulted into exploitation of already present resources and development of various forms of energy resources. Development of these energy sources modifies natural habitat and accelerate loss of biodiversity.

Dense cytoplasm , with more than one nucleus damaged tapetum cannot nourish the developing pollen grains 

Adaptation in desert plants: 

(i) Desert plants have thick waxy coating on leaf called cuticle for minimum loss of water, through transpiration. 

(ii) They have special photosynthetic pathway (CAM) that enables minimum loss of water during day time because stomata remain closed. 

(iii) Some desert plants develop spines instead of leaf and photosynthetic function is carried out by the flattened stem.

Since banana develops only from the ovary it is a true fruit and since it develops without fertilisation it is parthenocarpic.

Standing crop is measured as the biomass or the number in a unit area.

In the dsDNA molecule, the distance between base pairs is 3.4 Å. So the distance between first and second base pair will be 3.4 Å.

Now distance between 23 base pairs

(3.4) x (23) = 78.2

Correct Option (1) 78.4 Å

The removal of anthers of a bisexual flower before its maturation is called emasculation. This prevents selfpollination in these flowers.

(i) Regulate : Maintain constant internal temperature / osmotic concentration /homeostasis.

e.g. birds / mammals.

(ii) Conform : Do not maintain constant internal temperature / osmotic concentration / No homeostasis.

e.g. any one example of animal other than birds and mammals.

(iii) Migrate : Temporary movement of organisms from the stressful of habitats to hospitable areas and return when stressful period is over.

e.g. birds from Siberia / or any other correct example.

(iv) Suspend : Reducing / minimising the metabolic activities during unfavourable conditions.

e.g. Polar bear / amphibian / snails / fish / any other example of animals.

Detailed Answer :

(i) Regulate : Certain animals have the ability to maintain a constant temperature and constant osmolality to keep up their homeostasis. For example, mammals have a constant body temperature (37˚C) irrespective of the outside temperature. In summers, to maintain the temperature, they sweat and in winters they shiver to produce heat.

(ii) Conform : About 99% of animals and nearly all plants cannot maintain a constant internal environment. Their body temperature or osmotic concentration change with the surrounding conditions. They are called conformers. Hence, the internal environment of conformers changes with external environment. For example, in aquatic animals, osmotic concentration of body fluids changes with that of the ambient osmotic concentration.

(iii) Migrate : It is the temporarily movement from a stressful habitat to a more hospitable area and return when stressful condition is over. For example, during winter, Keolado National Park (Bhartpur, Rajasthan) hosts migratory birds coming from Siberia and other extremely cold northern regions.

(iv) Suspend : In bacteria, fungi and lower plants, thick walled spores are formed which help them to overcome stressful, unfavourable conditions. Spores germinate when conditions are favourable.

Decomposers are the organisms which constitute the last trophic level

First trophic level has producers / autotrophs, which trap solar energy / to produce food (photosynthesis).

Detailed Answer

The first trophic level is the producer. At this level, the organisms are autotrophic. They prepare their own food with the help of sunlight. Producers have the ability to transform light energy into chemical energy so that it can be useful to other trophic levels and for the sustenance of the ecosystem.

Death rate = = 8/80 = 0 1. , individuals per butterfly per week.

Detailed Answer :

Death rate in the population during that period is calculated as: 8/80= 0.1 death/week 

Specific place of an organism in a food chain, mass of living material (biomass) at each trophic level at a particular time.

Detailed Answer :

A specific place of organisms in the food chain is known as their trophic level. Producers belong to the first trophic level, herbivores to the second and carnivores to the third. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called as the standing crop. Standing crop is the quantity or total weight of dried biomass of the organism which is present in a specific location at a particular time. It is measured as the mass of living organisms (biomass) or the number in a unit area.

Senescent Phase

The diagnostic test for AIDS is ELISA – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Strobilanthes kunthiana (Neelakurinji) Flowers once in 12 years.

The shoot tip cells are meristemate cells and are diploid cells (2n) therefore the number of chromosomes in these cells will be 40.

The organism causing typhoid is Salmonella typhi. 

The commercial exploitation of biological resources or genetic material without the permission of the original inventor or the indigenous people is termed as biopiracy.

Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil and minerals through contact with the Earth’s atmosphere, water and biological organisms. It can thus be defined as the process where rocks or soils are dissolved or worn away into smaller and smaller pieces due to particular environmental factors. 

Types of weathering: 

(a) Physical or mechanical weathering: Mechanical weathering is the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller and smaller pieces. One of the most common mechanical actions is frost shattering. It happens when water enters the pores and cracks of rocks, then freezes. Another type of mechanical weathering is called salt wedging. Winds, water waves and rain also have an effect on rocks as they are physical forces that wear away rock particles, particularly over long periods of time. 

(b) Biological weathering: It is the disintegration of rocks as a result of the action by living organisms. Trees and other plants can wear away rocks since they penetrate into the soil and as their roots get bigger, they exert pressure on rocks and makes the crack wider and deeper. Eventually, the plants break the rocks apart. Some plants also grow within the fissures in the rocks which lead to widening of the fissures and then eventually disintegration. 

(c) Chemical weathering: It happens when rocks are worn away by chemical changes. The natural chemical reactions within the rocks change the composition of the rocks over time. Because the chemical processes are gradual and ongoing, the mineralogy of rocks changes over time thus making them wear away, dissolve and disintegrate.

An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves. It is not possible to prevent the occurrence of an earthquake; hence, the next best option is to emphasis on disaster preparedness and mitigation rather than curative measures such as:

(a) Establishing earthquake monitoring centres (seismological centres) for regular monitoring and fast dissemination of information among the people in the vulnerable areas. Use of Geographical Positioning System (GPS) can be of great help in monitoring the movement of tectonic plates. 

(b) Preparing a vulnerability map of the country and dissemination of vulnerability risk information among the people and educating them about the ways and means minimising the adverse impacts of disasters. 

(c) Modifying the house types and building designs in the vulnerable areas and discouraging construction of high-rise buildings, large industrial establishments and big urban centres in such areas. 

(d) Finally, making it mandatory to adopt earthquake-resistant designs and use light materials in major construction activities in the vulnerable areas.