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Narrator went to the restaurant — ate full meal — drank tea — the bill was eleven annas — put his hand inside the pocket to pay — starts perspiring — wallet was missing — owner forced him to pay — offered the coat so that he can claim it later — the owner asked him to keep there his coat, shirt, shoes and finally the trousers — embarrassing moment — a stranger came, paid the bill and saved.

Detailed Answer : 

One day, the narrator went to a crowded restaurant. There he ate full meal, consisting of chapatis and meat curry. He also drank tea. The bill was eleven annas. When he put his hand inside the pocket to pay, he started perspiring. The reason was that his wallet was missing. He offered to keep his coat with the owner so that he could go to bring some money. But the owner asked him to keep his coat, shirt, shoes and finally the trousers there. It was a very embarrassing moment for the narrator. At that moment, a stranger came to his rescue, paid the bill and saved him.

On the day of Judgement, the poets 'friend will realise that he has become immortal through. the verses of his friend, William Shakespeare. He will 'dwell in lover's eyes' as people will appreciate him and the sonnet will outlive every destructive power.

Michael's father was fascinated by computers as he used to buy every new gadget. In fact, he could not resist any of the new gadgets or gizmos that came into the market. His father was obsessed with computers so he went to the computer fair also. He had a Pentium 150 Mhz processor with 256 RAM, 1.2 GB hard disk drive, 16 CD ROM which could do anything i.e. play music, paint etc.

Miss Mebbin, the paid companion of Mrs. Packletide, had a protective elder sisterly attitude towards money. She was a great lover of money. Many a times she had saved roubles centimes and francs by not tipping. She had asked Mrs. Packletide also to pay less to the villagers as the tiger was quite old and if he didn't touch the goat, she need not pay for the goat as well.

On the day of Judgement, the poets' friend will realise that he has become immortal through the verses of his friend, William Shakespeare. He will 'dwell in lover's eyes' as people will appreciate him and the sonnet will outlive every destructive power.

XYZ City

20 April 20 x x 

Dear Miriam, 

I am surprised at the change in myself after you left. I had never known the meaning of love. All my life I had enjoyed hunting but never realized the pain of separation. It was only after you left me that I realized what pain, love and separation are. I now repent when I realize that I was the cause of separating young animals from their parents. I killed many animals and was punished by being paid in the same coin. Now, I've been separated from you. I'm dying to hear from you but there is no response from your end. I have realized that I should never have killed all those animals. It was bad on my part. I committed a sin and now I am paying for it heavily. The punishment for my sin is that I've been separated from you. I want to meet you, be with you but I can't. I think this is a just punishment for me. I should never have killed animals. I hope that God will accept my repentance and will forgive me.

Yours affectionately,

Ali 

Value Point : 

 Great lover of money – saved money by not tipping, asked Mrs Packeltide to pay less for the old goat. 

Detailed Answer : 

Miss Mebbin, the paid companion of Mrs. Packletide, had a protective elder sisterly attitude towards money. She was a great lover of money. Many a times she had saved roubles centimes and francs by not tipping. She had asked Mrs. Packletide also to pay less to the villagers as the tiger was quite old and if he didn’t touch the goat, she need not pay for the goat as well.

The act of killing the snake according to the poet is a cowardly act. He wishes the snake would come back so that he could know and understand one of the'lords of the life. He is full of guilt. He wants to make amends for his action of throwing the log at the snake which he thinks he should not have done. He is filled with grief and remorse.

Michael's father was fascinated by computers as he used to buy every new gadget. In fact, he could not resist any of the new gadgets or gizmos that came into the market. His father was obsessed with computers so he went to the computer fair also. He had a Pentium 150 Mhz processor with 256 RAM, 1.2 GB hard disk drive, 16 CD ROM which could do anything i.e. play music, paint etc.

King Ozymandias considered himself to be the king of kings. He ruled over his empire with a firm hand. He ruled his subjects and regarded them as inferior. He was arrogant and highly conceited, and believed that no one would ever be able to equal his achievements. He was so intoxicated with power that the welfare of his people was never his consideration. He believed himself to be above law and destiny. 

But now his shattered statue, half buried in sand, with the waste and ruins around it proves that the time has leveled his fame and work. The ruins around the statue bear the testimony to the fact that nothing lasts forever. This is the true destiny of man. He is insignificant before the power of time. The poem illustrates the vanity of human greatness. It depicts, that one must command respect and not demand it. One must never misuse power and might. 

Glorious deeds should be committed to get respect from posterity. Real power lies in winning the hearts and not in ruling the weak and needy.

Value Point : 

•  He had to atone his pettiness. He had missed a chance with one of the lords of life. 
•  He had sinned by throwing a log at the snake. 

Detailed Answer : 

The act of killing the snake according to the poet is a cowardly act. He wishes the snake would come back so that he could know and understand one of the ‘lords of the life’. He is full of guilt. He wants to make amends for his action of throwing the log at the snake which he thinks he should not have done. He is filled with grief and remorse.

In formal organization, it is easier to fix responsibilities since mutual relationships are clearly defined.

Authority is the right of an individual to command his subordinates and take action within the scope of his position.

Political environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes of elected government representative towards business.

The objective of method study is to find out the best way of doing the job.

Controlling.

 The following factors decide a company’s capital structure: 

(a) Stability of sales. For a company having a high sale turnover, a higher proportion of debt is suitable. For a company with fluctuating sales, a higher proportion of equity is suitable. 

(b) Cost of capital. Interest on debentures and dividend on shares is a cost of capital through debentures is a better option provided the company has regular income flows. If interest rate of raising debt is lower, then debt can be used. 

(c) Cash flow ability of the company. A company must have enough cash in hand or liquidity if it has to raise capital through debentures to pay interest in time. If cash inflows are not enough, then it should issue shares. 

(d) Control. To retain control over the management of the company, debentures and preference shares should be issued to raise capital. 

(e) Flexibility. Equity allows for more flexibility to change its capital structure according to market conditions while debt restricts this freedom. 

(f) Size of the company. Large companies are able to raise capital through shares more easily while smaller companies have to depend on their own sources or retained earnings as they do not get loans easily

The process of planning involves taking certain steps in stages. The steps are explained as follows: 

(a) Setting objectives. The first step in planning exercises is setting the objectives, providing the rationale for undertaking various activities as well as indicating the direction of efforts. Moreover, objectives point to the end-result of planning activity. 

(b) Establishing the planning premises. It consists of forecasting future conditions and events which are likely to have bearing on the pursuit of goals like market demand for goods, cost of raw materials, state of technology, intensity of competition, government policies, interest rates, tax rates, etc. Such forecasts give an insight of how the future is likely to behave. Certain assumptions about the conditions expected to prevail are derived from the forecast. These are known as the planning premises which form the base of plans. 

(c) Identifying alternative courses of action. When the forecasts are available and premises are established, a number of alternative courses of action have to be considered. 

(d) Evaluating alternative courses. Planning requires that each alternative should be evaluated taking into account the relevant facts and the pros and cons of each alternative. 

(e) Selecting and alternative. After evaluation of various available alternative courses, the time comes for selecting the best plan and to implement it practically. The plan will be justified best in terms of feasibility, profitability and with least adverse outcomes. Sometimes a firm may also go for combination of plans instead of selecting one best course.

The following factors decide a company’s capital structure : 

(a) Stability of sales. For a company having a high sale turnover, a higher proportion of debt is suitable. For a company with fluctuating sales, a higher proportion of equity is suitable. 

(b) Cost of capital. Interest on debentures and dividend on shares is a cost of capital. Paying interest and raising capital through debentures is a better option provided the company has regular income flows. If interest rate if raising debt is lower, then debt can be used. 

(c) Cash flow ability of the company. A company must have enough cash in hand or liquidity if it has to raise capital through debentures to pay interest in time. If cash inflows are not enough, then it should issue shares. 

(d) Control. To retain control over the management of the company, debentures and preference shares should be issued to raise capital.

Public relations is an organisation’s broad, overall communications effort intended to influence various groups’ attitudes towards that organization. It is aimed at creating and managing successful relations with the public. Its purpose is to keep different public groups satisfied so that no obstructions are imposed on the functioning of business. 

Roll of Public Relations : 

(a) Improves Public Image. By maintaining good relations with public, it helps in creating a better image of the business firm. This helps in promoting its products. 

(b) Creates Public Loyalty. By disseminating appropriate information to the public, it creates public loyalty towards the organization. 

(c) Understands Public Opinion. It collects information about public opinion about the organization, its top management and its activities. This helps an organization to chalk out its actions which are relevant to the public. 

(d) Overcomes misunderstanding/Frictions. It overcomes people’s suspicions, misunderstandings, confusions and dislikes about the organization. 

(e) Conveys Information. It conveys information about their products or services to potential customers, e.g., launching of new models of car by the company.  

For marketing a brand, human networking and contacts helps in various ways. They help in:

• Easy access to large section of society.
• Execution of plans and programs to earn public understanding and acceptance.
• Building long term relationships with the customers.

Print media is the largest single organized advertising medium in India. Newspapers, magazines, posters, books, brochures and journals are different types of print media which caters different types of people and market.

Campaigns are designed with different reasons and objectives. For the campaign on cleanliness ‘Social Awareness’ non-product campaign category will be chosen where these campaigns do not promote any product, they are for advertising and promoting services. These campaigns are designed to create social awareness for the upliftment and betterment of our society. These could be released by the state authorities or non-governmental organization like NGO’s. These could be projecting our constitutional and civil rights, education, health, right to information, consumer awareness, social evils like literacy, dowry, female foeticide, drug, abuse and ragging etc.

Layer is an important feature of digital image making.

Colors that are opposite to each other on the color wheel are considered to be complementary colors. They are also called contrasting colors. For example: ‘red and green’, ‘blue and orange’, ‘yellow and violet’.

In a recursive process a designer generates number of ideas and then applies various criteria to evaluate and eliminate many ideas and then selects final solution based on certain other criteria. If the solution is not up to the full satisfaction then again number of ideas are generated based on the previous ideas or completely from the scratch.

Drawing from observation is important because it starts with memory drawing.

To make a good drawing, one needs to improve analytical observation and have a clear idea of structure and visible form to be drawn as an image. It is also called as drawing from actual or real.

A website is a collection of web pages that provide various types of information. These web pages contain documents, images, animation, videos or other digital assets. They also offer broad array of resources and services like email, chats, forums, games, news, online shopping etc. The types of websites are static website, personal website, corporate website, dynamic website, E-commerce website, Gaming website, E-learning website, portals, blogs, web directories, web based applications.

Different types of layouts can be classified into three categories:

1. Text dominant

2. Image dominant

3. Image and text

638, Rajouri Garden 

Delhi 

12 March, 20×× 

The Editor, 

The Hindu, 

New Delhi 

Subject : Need for Environmental protection. 

Sir 

Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I would like to draw the attention of the people towards the increasing menace of environmental threats. 

Environment has always been a major concern in our minds. It is the great and wholesome supportive aspect of one’s life. The number of environmental threats has been increasing. A few in the list are industrialization, globalization, deforestation, construction of dams and pollution. There is an urgent need to protect it for our future. Rivers and rainforests being the primary goals should be conserved. The Kasturirangan report on environmental issues has received mixed responses. It has been appreciated as well as criticized. Environmental conservation programmes should be launched rigorously and everybody should contribute their bit to safeguard our mother earth. There should be no compromise on such issues. 

I would be grateful if you publish my views to catch public attention so that the public may contribute in protecting the environment. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Amit

Electronic Media gives ample scope for today’s generation to explore and reach the target audience with a wise coverage. It attracts attention and can be reached in its own language with not too high cost. For example radio, television, film, online newspaper.

Value Point : 

Gogon Pakrashi was Patol Babu’s mentor. He had advised that however small the role may be, a good actor should give full attention to it, as every word in a play is important - nothing beneath one’s dignity - make use of every opportunity - do full justice to the role - work done with perfection gives satisfaction. 

Detailed Answer : 

Gogon Pakrashi was the mentor of Patol Babu. He had advised Patol Babu that no role was big or small and however small a role may be, a good actor should give full attention to it as every word in a play is important. It is like a fruit in a tree and an actor must know how to pluck the fruit, get the essence and serve it to the satisfaction of his audience. There is no role which is beneath one’s dignity or too small to be turned down. One should make use of every opportunity and do full justice to the role. One must learn to work towards perfection. It is a healthy attitude which should be followed by everyone because it is only the work which is done with perfection that gives satisfaction. When Patol Babu got the monosyllable 'Oh' as his dialogue, he was disappointed but the words of his guru Gogon Pakrashi gave him a new hope to put life into that monosyllabus. He took it as a challenge and decided to rehearse 'Oh' with different inflections a long drawn 'Oh', a short 'Oh', 'Oh' with high and low pitch both. Then he realised that he could write a thesis on it. He was thankful to his guru for his advice and he could enact his role with great perfection.

Shakespeare’s sonnet 55 deals with the idea that his friend, his love will be made immoral in these verses, though everything else will be lost through war, “sluttish” time, or other violent forces. Shakespeare considers poetry as superior, and the only assurance of immortality in this world, but lowers this particular sonnet itself as being unworthy of his friend. Thus, his theme is that everything will be destroyed and forgotten except the friend, who will be praised forever, because he is immortalized in these lines. 

This, he proves by comparing his verse with marbled, gilded monuments of the princes. He is glad to declare that these great monuments too have been ravaged by time and are in a state of utter neglect. But neither time nor any other mode of destruction can reduce the effect of his ‘powerful rhyme’ in which his friend has been shining through ages. 

The poet goes on to say that wars and broils too have done great damage to the great statues and great buildings of architecture. As a result, these once popular buildings and statues will be destroyed. But neither Mars, his sword nor any devastating fire resulting from the wars can burn the verses in which the poet has immortalized his friend.  His love for his friend is inevitable when he ensures that death or any sort of enmity would not rue his friend as he ‘shall pace forth’ to be remembered till posterity until the day of Last Judgment. Thus, the poet immortalises his friend forever in his verses.

Binded by greed and avarice the materialistic people show a total disregard for modesty, grace, decency and filial obligation. The old people deserve to be treated with great care and love. Their days in the world are numbered thus looking after them should be regarded as an opportunity rather than as a tiresome burden. 

In the drama, ‘The Dear Departed’ William Stanley Houghton satirizes the degradation of moral values in terms of respect and care within the members of the family itself. 

It starts like this when the Slater family got to know that their grandpa left for heavenly abode at seventy two. He spent his last days with Mrs. Slater but before he lived with Mrs. Jordan. Slater never wanted to divide up the belongings of grandpa with Mrs. Jordan as she achieved what she planned to get grandpa’s bureau down from his room and pretended to her sister that she won it at a second hand auction. Both of them thought that their father was dead. The fact is that he was living upstairs and when he came down, the family portrays him as transmigrated one. He comes to know that his daughters were only after his valuables and didn’t even to care about him. The drama signifies that how the present generation is reacting towards the elders. The worldly people are after materialistic things, they do not care about the lonely old aged ones. How close we are to them and even a bit time we spend with them, we should ask ourselves.

(i) Miss Mebbin.
(ii) The friends and society of Mrs. Packletide
(iii) To know the truth that Mrs. Packletide didn’t hunt the tiger.
(iv) To blackmail Mrs. Packletide.

(i) Nishikanto Babu’s youngest brother-in-law was in the business of film production. He had a role for Patol Babu in a film. The role was of a pedestrian, an absent-minded, short-tempered man. Patol Babu was asked to reach Faraday House at 8.30 sharp in the morning. Patol Babu’s physique and age were fulfilling the demand of the character. 

(ii) Lakshmi Das came and told him that Ali had died three months back. Now the postmaster was bewildered and confused. He still had Miriam’s letter in his hand. That evening he himself went to Ali’s grave to place the letter there. Then, his attitude changed. He now saw the letters as the essential human hearts, not just the pieces of paper. He understood the essential human worth of a letter. He was repentant to be so rude with Ali. 

(iii) The postmaster gives the impression that he is a man with a haughty temperament. He is shown as a dull person with a face as sad and inexpressive as a pumpkin, with no glimmer of animation. Apart from this, he is a man with an uncomfortable temperament who is not bothered about anyone’s business apart from his. He is very insensitive towards others’ feelings as twice he rebukes Ali, once calling him a ‘pest’ and at other time with his contemptuous remark that he was not going to eat the letter if it came. 

(iv) By Calpurnia’s dream and bad Omens. Calpurnia had seen Caesar’s statue in her dream, which like a fountain, had almost hundred openings and pure blood ran out of them. Strong men came smiling and washed their hands in that blood. She strongly felt it was a warning enough and implored her husband to stay at home. 

(v) Time never spares anyone. Time is called ‘sluttish’ as the destructive forces with time ravages the monuments and the work of masonry.

(i) Lakshmi Das came and told him that Ali had died three months back. Now the postmaster was bewildered and confused. He still had Miriam’s letter in his hand. That evening he himself went to Ali’s grave to place the letter there. Then, his attitude changed. He now saw the letters as the essential human hearts, not just the pieces of paper. He understood the essential human worth of a letter. He was repentant about his behaviour towards Ali. 

(ii) The mother of Sebastian told that they needed a miracle for the recovery of Sebastian because he was in coma since a long time. 

(iii) After making peace with the conspirators and getting their permission, Antony speaks directly to the Roman mob. He pretends that he has not come to praise Caesar and speak against Brutus and the others. However, he just does the opposite. He starts narrating the conquests, glories and trophies that Caesar brought to Rome. He brought many captives, received ransoms and tributes. He wept for the poor and for their cause. He made the Roman mob against the conspirators by reading the will of Caesar and telling that how he had rejected the crown three times offered to him. 

(iv) When Abel Merryweather scolded Mrs. Slater for taking away his bureau, clock and his slippers Mrs. Jordan gets agitated and accused her sister of robbing her father. The husbands also join their wives in hurling accusations at each other. Abel discovers about his death and about the selfishness of his daughter. 

(v) By showing the transitoriness of all the richer and poorer and the eternity of poem. Shakespeare’s sonnet 55 deals with the idea that his friend, his love will be made immortal in these verses, though everything else will be lost through war, “sluttish” time, or other violent forces. Shakespeare considers poetry as superior, and the only assurance of immortality in this world, but lowers this particular sonnet itself as being unworthy of his friend. Thus, his theme is that everything will be destroyed and forgotten except the friend, who will be praised forever, because he is immortalized in these lines.

Ways to increase real income by college going Shruti are-

(i) By using community facilities 

(ii) By using her skills she can either stitch her clothes or take tutionclasses. 

Detergents should be preferred over soap because –

(i) It can be used in both hard and soft water. 

(ii) They do not leave soap scum on the tub or clothes. 

Importance of milk and its products, it provides –

(i) Protein 

(ii) Fat 

(iii) Vitamin A 

(iv) Calcium

Measures to overcome communication barriers : 

 1. Clarify the ideas before communication. 

 2. Communicate according to the needs of the receiver. 

 3. Consult others before communicating. 

 4. Be aware of the languages, tone and content of messages. 

 5. Convey things of help and value to listeners. 

 6. Ensure proper feedback. 

 7. Communicate for present as well as future. 

 8. Follow up communications. 

 9. Be a good listener. 

(i) Vestibule Training:
. It is a method of training which is imparted with the help of equipments & machines identical to those at the place of work.
. The training is conducted away from actual work floor and is generally used where the employees are required to handle sophisticated machinery.
(ii)Internship Training:
. Internship Training is a joint programme of training between educational institutions and business firms.
. Besides carrying out regular studies, the trainees also workin some factory or office to acquire practical knowledge and skills.

The rate at which one currency is exchanged for another is called foreign exchange rate.

Foreign exchange refers to all the currencies of the rest of the world other than the domestic currency of the country. For example, in India, US dollar is foreign exchange.

In a closed economy, the demand for domestic goods and domestic demand for goods are similar terms. However, in an open economy, these two terms have different meanings. Demand for domestic goods includes both domestic and foreign demand for domestic goods. Whereas, domestic demand for goods refers to the domestic market demand of a country, that is either produced domestically or abroad (foreign countries).

1. In a managed floating system a central bank of a country has freedom to bring change in the exchange rate within certain limits. 

2. A country is allowed after information to the IMF to bring a certain limited amount of change in the rate of exchange. 

3. A central bank cannot bring change in its exchange rate by more than 10%. For it, permission of IMF is necessary.