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Correct option  b. iii-i-ii-iv

Method is the prescribed way or manner in which a task has to be performed taking into consideration the objective of the organisation.

(a)  False

(b)  False

(c)  False

(d)  True

(e) True

(f)  False

(g)  True

Two steps of Planning which have been followed by Saurabh are :

(i) Setting objectives.

(ii) Developing Premises

Gross profit per unit is calculated by using the formula Selling price per unit- cost price per unit

She is bringing changes in the existing products. 

The benefits of doing so are: 

a. Keeping up with the competition: The products or services in an industry are continuously changing and it is important to stay aware of the latest in industry trends so that we can keep up to the competition. 

b. Increase sales: the main reason people will improve or add to the product line is to take the company in a different direction by increasing sales.

1. Product identification: An idea should lead the entrepreneur to a definite product/service which he can sell. So the first step is to obtain a concept of the product or service suggested by one idea. We should also see whether this product is already available in the market or not. If it is, then we should identify the reason for introducing the same product or service in the market. For example, innovating a new pendrive especially for teachers which will have a built in antivirus and which can be worn like a watch so it minimises the problem of losing the pendrive. 

2. Application and use: Ideas should be examined for their real life use and application. If it already exists in the market, we will have to find out its present use, then we may think of modifying it for better use. In the above mentioned example, we can clearly see that even though there are many companies manufacturing pendrives, the latest will be in consonance with the upcoming trends. 

3. Level of operation: This is a crucial test for product/service identification. Depending on the use of the product/service the entrepreneur will produce it in a cottage industry or a small scale– industry or a large–scale industry.

After assuming the future demand, every company needs to determine when to place an order for stock and how much to order. This can be calculated by using the Reorder formula.

Creativity is the first stage in the process of innovation. 

Gross Working capital = Sum total of all Current Assets 

= Cash + Debtors + Short term investment + Stock 

= 20,000+50,000+30,000+70,000= Rs.1,70,000 

Net working capital = Current Assets-Current Liabilities 

Current Liabilities = Outstanding expenses + Creditors + Short term loans 

= 5000 + 15,000 + 4000= Rs. 24,000 

Net working capital = 1,70,000-24,000= Rs. 1,46,000

(a) Angel Investor 

(b) Features 

1. Most angel investors are current or retired executives, business owners or high net worth individuals who have the knowledge, expertise, and funds that help start-ups match up to industry standards. 

2. As angel investors bear extremely high risk and are usually subject to dilution from future investment rounds. They expect a very high return on investment. 

3. Apart from investing funds, most angels provide proactive advice, guidance, industry connections and mentoring start-ups in its early days. 

4. Their objective is to create great companies by providing value creation, and simultaneously helping investors realize a high return on investments. 

5. They have a sharp inclination to keep abreast of current developments in a particular business arena, mentoring another generation of entrepreneurs by making use of their experience 

(a)  felt that Valodaya was far superior to him in everything – in arguments, manners and lessons

(b)  Nicky thought Valodaya understood what was going on inside him but he tried to hide it.

(c)  felt guilty of breaking the precious things, didn’t know how to reconcile with his brother, embarrassed about his bad conduct

(a)  overwhelmed with onslaught of emotion, eyes filled with tears, he cried out his apology

(b) yes, scared, uncomfortable, guilt ridden, ashamed to be alone with his brother

(c) large hearted, avoided getting into fights, generous, well mannered, forgiving

(a) (iii) He was reckless with money

(b) (ii) was impulsive and volatile, but loved his brother

(c) (i) vanity

(d) (iv) tormented

(e) (iii) For good reason

(f)  (iv) He felt choked with emotions

(a) (iii)  For good reason 

(b) (iv)  He felt choked with emotions

(i) Realism (Stanislavsky’s System) Method Acting: Sense memory is the base on which the greatest part of the work depends. When the senses are trained to recall the things on stage, as they do in life, only then subsequent work can be done with a complete command of realism. An actor must work on his five senses - touch, taste, to hear, to see and to smell. Stanislavsky’s ‘System’ is a systematic approach to train actors. Areas of study include concentration, voice, physical skills, emotional memory, observation and dramatic analysis. 

(ii) Emotional Memory: Stanislavsky’s system also focused on the development of artistic truth on stage by teaching actors to “experience the past” during performance. Actors were instructed to use their own memories in order to express emotion. Stanislavsky soon observed that some of the actors using or abusing this technique were given to hysteria. He began to search for reliable means to access emotion, eventually emphasizing the actor’s use of imagination and belief in the given circumstances of the text rather than his/her private and often painful memories.

Photoelectron depends on frequency to kick start with but intensity is what gives it a magnitude and frequency also has a role deciding the speed with which the electrons eject out.

(i) Kinetic energy of alpha particle K.E. = qv

\(\frac12mv^2= 2e \times100\)

\(\frac12mv^2= 200 \,ev\)

\(v^2 = \frac{400\,ev}{m}\)

\(v= \sqrt{\frac{400\,ev}{m}}\)

\(v = \sqrt{\frac{400\times1.6\times10^{19}}{6.4\times10^{27}}}\)

\(v =\sqrt{\frac{640}{64}\times10^8}\)

\(v = \sqrt{100\times10^8}\)

v = 10 x 10⁴ m/s

(ii) Kinetic energy gained by alpha particle by potential difference 100 V is

\(\frac{p^2}{2m_\alpha}= q_\alpha v\)

\(\frac{p^2}{2m_\alpha}= 2\,ev\)

\(p^2 = 4m_\alpha ev\)

\(p = \sqrt{4m_\alpha ev}\)

\(p= \sqrt{4\times6.4\times10^{-27}\times1.6\times10^{-19}\times100}\)

\(p = \sqrt{4096\times10^{-46}}\)

\(p = 64 \times 10^{-23}\)

de-Broglie wavelength,

\(\lambda=\frac hp\)

\(\lambda=\frac{6.64\times10^{-34}}{64\times10^{-23}}\)

\(\lambda = 0.103 \times 10^{-11}\)

\(\lambda = 0.0103 \times 10^{-10}\)

\(\lambda = 0.0103 \,A^o\)

(i) \(x =\frac{n\,\lambda \,D}{d}\)

\(x = \frac{2\times600\times1}{0.6\times10^{-3}}\)

x = 2000 x 10³

x = 2 x 10⁶ nm

(ii) we consider that n^th bright fringe of \(\lambda\) and (n -1)^th bright fringe of wavelength \(\lambda_1\) consider with each other

\(n\lambda_2 = (n -1)\lambda_1\)

480n = (n - 1) 600

480n = 600n - 600

600 = 120n

n = \(\frac{600}{120}\)

n = 5

The least distance from the central maxima 

\(x' = n\lambda_2\frac Dd\)

\(x' = 5\times\frac{480\times1}{0.6\times10^{-3}}\)

x' = 400 x 10³

x' = 4 x 10⁶ nm

Since its inception the Akademi has been functioning as the apex body of the performing arts in the country, preserving and promoting the vast intangible heritage of India's diverse culture expressed in the forms of music, dance and drama. 

In furtherance of its objectives the Akademi coordinates and collaborates with the governments and art academies of different states and Union Territories of the Union of India as also with major cultural institutions in the country. The Akademi establishes and looks after institutions and projects of national importance in the field of the performing arts. The Akademi Awards are the highest national recognition conferred on eminent artists. 

The Akademi also confers fellowships and scholarships, their numbers being restricted to 30 living recipients. To subsidize the work of institutions engaged in teaching, performing or promoting music, dance, or theatre, the Akademi gives grants-in-aid for research, documentation, and publishing in the performing arts. 

The Akademi maintains a reference library consisting of books in English, Hindi and some regional languages. 

The Akademi has a gallery of musical instruments in Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi, where more than 250 musical instruments are displayed. 

As the apex body specializing in the performing arts of the country, the Akademi also renders advice and assistance to the Government of India in the task of formulating and implementing policies and programmes in the field.

The World War I and World War II had a greater impact on the arts. The war effects were represented in theatre performances. The new ideologies were emerged. In that, Existentialism is important. Existentialism explains the existence of human beings. The actual life of the human being is governed by the “true essence”. Human beings, through their consciousness, create their own values and meaning to their life. Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco are the important writers in the ‘Theatre of Absurd’. ‘Waiting for Godot’ is one of the well-known plays in the Absurd Theatre. 

Antonine Artaud’s works were in the 1960s. Artaud believed that the theatre should represent reality and its effect should reach the audience as much as possible. His work ‘The Theatre and Its Double’ were largely discussed. Artaud formulated his ideas into a manifesto and named it the ‘Theatre of Cruelty’. His focus is to give a sensorial experience to the audience with a combination of design and performance skills. 

In the 1970s and 80s the new technology use took place in the theatre. At this time, many directorial works were visually high, non-realistic and director, came into main focus. During this period, the theatre slowly emerged as a performance art. The non-structured events took place, the mixed media material such as video and film were used as media for design, juggling, clown and dance movements were used for theatrical performance. The realistic drama remained throughout twentieth century and gave the basis for many non-realistic approaches in the twentieth century.

Existentialism explains the existence of human beings. The actual life of the human being is governed by the “true essence”. Human beings, through their consciousness, create their own values and meaning to their life. Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco are the important writers in the ‘Theatre of Absurd’. ‘Waiting for Godot’ is one of the well-known plays in the Absurd Theatre.

(a)  Avante-garde 

(b)  Modernism 

(c)  Stanislavsky, Bertolt Brecht 

After Independence, in 1947, in their efforts to create an ‘Indian’ theatre that was different from the Westernized, colonial theatre, Indian theatre practitioners began returning to their ‘roots’ in classical dance, religious ritual, martial arts, popular entertainment and aesthetic theory. The Theatre of Roots - as this movement was known - was the first conscious effort at creating a body of work for urban audience combining modern European theatre with traditional Indian performance while maintaining its distinction from both.

By addressing the politics of aesthetics and by challenging the visual practices, performerspectator relationships, dramaturgical structures and aesthetic goals of colonial performance, the movement offered a strategy for reassessing colonial ideology and culture, and for articulating and defining a newly emerging ‘India’. The theatre of Roots presents an in-depth analysis of this movement: its innovations, theories, goals, accomplishments, problems and legacies. 

Indian Theatre expands the boundaries of what is usually regarded as “theatre” in order to explore the multiple dimensions of theatrical performance. From rural festivals to contemporary urban theatre, from dramatic rituals and devotional performances to dancedramas and classical Sanskrit plays, this era is a vivid introduction to the colourful and often surprising world of Indian performance. Besides mapping the vast range of performance traditions, the book presents representative genres, including well-known forms such as Kathakali and Ramleela and little-known performances such as ‘”tamasha”, explains the historical background of the theatre form and interprets its dramatic literature, probes its ritual or religious significance, and, where relevant, explores its social and political implications.

The media is an important source of information through its news segments, entertainment and allows for exchange of our ideas, suggestions and views for related matters. Media refers to links such as mass media, broadcast media, print media and the web media.

Role of media:

The mediaincreases public awareness,collects views, information and attitudes towards certain current issues.

The media is the most powerful tool of communication in the emerging world and increases awareness.It manifests itself via television, radio, books, magazines and newspapers. Through them we collect some knowledge and information in some way or the other. Without the media, societies would be isolated, from the rest of the world.

Wrinkle resistant finish without the use of chemicals.

Realistic lightning (plausible effect):

If the audience does not perceive any reality in a scene it can safely be said that the lightning was illogical. The audience accepts reality as it is closer to human experiences. This is why if an impression of reality needs to be established in a realistic type play, the lightning should appear to be coming from such a source which is logical and naturally feasible, unless desired otherwise. Today, due to sensitive lightning equipments, it is possible to achieve this. For example, by throwing a beam of light from a spot with a blue colored filter for a dark night, blue-green for moonlight, orange for sunset, with a cut out of bars from a window with the use of color media and help of dimmers. The intensity of light can be controlled resulting in greater flexibility and realistic effects.

Compositional lightning :

Selective visibility in this concept is one selected area, where the action takes place, is emphasized upon while the other areas are illuminated to lesser degree. Skillful lightning draws and holds the attention of the audience to that specific area and object that needs to be highlighted the lighting should assist in the proper balancing of the stage picture. It is imperative to achieve a convincing balance between the lighted darkened areas or perhaps the intermixture of dimly lit area. The lighting is usually modified according to the genre of the play and style of presentation of the play. Many times, the attention of the audience needs to be drawn towards certain objects on stage-bookshelves, paintings, sculptures etc that is when lighting is used to emphasize the object while keeping other objects and actors in dim or dark areas. All these properties, when emphasized upon, show the family background, social economic constitution and much more.

Psychological lighting :

The lighting plays an important role in establishing the mood of a play. It has been proved through different experiments with stage lightning that light darkness and color values have their own characters and psychological values which establish the mood and spirit of the play. Generally light signifies joy, happiness and life, darkness symbolizes mystery and death. Blue cyclorama gives the effect of a cool atmosphere and red gives a feeling of anger and violence. It is an old formula that light should bright for a comedy and dim for tragedy. 

A designer designs a set using his/her imagination and innovation based on form, style interpretation theatre space and theme of the play. In the play, there is a locale of graveyard so all the characters sit and talk at different levels. The designer create a set using the middle cut bamboos in different pieces and uses them in different line shapes by crossing each other at the end of different levels. Designer concept means giving different elevations to the levels. All this exercise shows the conflict in symbolic suggestions. On the basis of these points, a designer can design different types of sets.

1.  Realistic Set :  In this type of set, audience sees the actual space of action they are facing. Designer creates a type of set which gives the actual locale but designer must know this that it should be under the norms of aesthetics because one cannot show all the objects as they are in the nature. There are some limitations of the the atre. In this type, a designer usesthe imagination and puts the objects from nature and alters them to be used for the required set.

2. Naturalistic Set :   A naturalistic set designer cannot use symbols or take liberties to alter natural objects for his/her use. In naturalistic set whatever is seen in nature,is seen on the stage.

3. Expressionistic Set :  There is no relationship between the expressionistic set and the objects of the environment. It is the mental expression of the main thought of folk the atre or the expression of a character’s feeling. This kind of setting expresses emotions or thoughts.

4. Symbolic Set :  A designer uses the different types of symbols to communicate the message, interpretation and feeling of the play. In this design he/she uses innovative ideas to show the objects of nature by symbols. He/she cannot depict the natural objects. There is no relationship between the symbolism with the actual objects. The designer ensures the success of the play by the use of symbols in the set design. 

Validation/Testing is the process of checking the developed software for its correctness and error free working.

Situations to use/apply waterfall model 

(i)  When project is small 

(ii)  When problem is static.

(iii)  Clear and fixed requirements. Stable problem definition. Technology is static. 

Advantage :

Simple and easy to understand

Disadvantage :

No working software till the last phase

Improved code quality: As second partner reviews the code simultaneously, it reduces the chances of mistake. 

• Incremental model works on the stage-wise development of a complex project that involves real time data whereas Spiral model works on risk analysis of a real time situation.
• Spiral model is a combination of both Incremental as well as Waterfall method.

The answer is (C) End of the First World War 

The answer is (A) Democracy 

Cells in xylem are :

(i) xylem vessels, 

(ii) xylem tracheids

(iii) xylem bres and 

(iv) xylem parenchyma.

When we enter from sunlight or any where there is a presence of light to a dark room then we can't see things for a while. This is because when we there is a presence of light then our iris makes our pupil smaller so that less light can enter our eyes and when we enter into a dark room then less light enters our eye and we can't see the things. It takes some time by our iris to make pupil larger so that more light can enter our eyes and we can see the things.

(a) Diabetes

(b) Insulin

(c) (iv) low sugar high fibre diet

(d) (i) 180mg/dL

(ii) pupils take time to adjust

(ii) refraction

(ii) = 40 Ω. V=IR, 

V = 4V, I = 100 mA = 0.1 A 

Hence R = V/I = 4/0.1 Ω = 40 Ω.

No. Generally rotational motion is a periodic motion. Periodic motion is a motion that repeats itself at regular time intervals. Rotational motion is a type of periodic motion.

For example, the earth moves for 24hrs in one rotation and that is fixed for it. it will not rotate more than 24hrs. 

For instance, the movement of the earth pivoting on its hub once in 24 hours is a sort of periodic movement in light of the fact that the time span of 24 hours is settled. The rotation of the earth on its pivot is periodic movement.

(c) Rao Jodha and Jaswant Singh.

State the law that gives the relationship between the potential difference (V) across the two ends of a conductor and current (i) flowing through it

the law is called Ohm's law.

this law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain unchanged. Current is directly proportional to voltage difference through a resistor.

i.e. V∝I

⇒V=IR

where r is proportionality constant which refers to resistance

2(3) + 1(-2) + 2c = 0 

⇒ c = -2

A is a skew symmetric matrix, so A’ = -A 

|A’| = |-A| ⇒ |A| = -|A| 

|A| = 0

(-1/2) cos 2x

(i) Slope = - k/2.303

k= - 2.303 x - 2.0 x 10^-6 sec^-1

= 4.606 x 10^-6 sec^-1.

(ii) t_1/2 = A₀/2k

1. p-type semiconductor: When silicon is doped with group 13 element like B, Ga, Al etc. then hole is created in silicon lattice which is responsible for electrical conductivity and known as p-type semiconductor.
2. F-Centre: These are the anionic sites occupied by impaired electrons in the crystal lattice. F-centres are responsible for development of colour in complexes.

(i) α helix-Intramolecular H bonding.

β pleated-Intermolecular H bonding.

(ii) Amylose is a straight chain polymer of D glucose whereas amylopectin is a branched polymer.

Osmotic pressure: It is the pressure applied on higher concentration side of semipermeable membrane so that there is no net flow of solvent in either side of membrane.
Since it depends on number of solute particles in the solution so it is a colligative property.
π = CRT where, C = concentration.