Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

1. Cerium (Ce)
2. Europium and Ytterbium
3. Lanthanum

1. Glycosidic linkage: The linkage between two monosaccharide units in a carbohydrate through oxygen atom is called glycosidic linkage. In other words, ether linkage present between two monosaccharides is known as glycosidic linkage.
2. Oligosaccharides: These are the carbohydrates which on hydrolysis give two to ten units of monosaccharides e.g. sucrose, maltose, etc.
3. Essential amino acids: α-Amino acid which are required for growth and proper functioning of body but are not synthesised by the human body and so must be taken in diet are known as essential amino acids.

(i) Non-ionic detergents: These are the esters of high molecular mass alcohols with fatty acids. These are named so because they do not contain any ion in their constitution, e.g., polyethylene glycol stearate.

(ii) Food preservatives: These are the substances which prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth, e.g., sodium benzoate, potassium metabisulphite, salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid, etc.

(iii) Disinfectants: These are the chemical substances which kill micro-organisms or stop their growth but are harmful to human tissues, e.g., phenol (1%), chlorine in concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 pm in aqueous solution, SO₂, etc.

Example of coordination isomerism.

[Co(NH₃)₆][Cr(CN)₆] and [Cr(NH₃ )₆ ][Co(CN)₆ ]

Oxidation number of phosphorous in H₃PO₂ is +1.

(i) Plasma 

(ii) Haemoglobin present in RBCs.

Reproduction : It is a (biological) process by which new individuals of the same species are produced by the existing organisms.

(i) Populations of organisms live in well defined place called niches in the ecosystem and divide using their ability to reproduce.

(ii) Reproduction involves DNA copying which is the source of information for making proteins thereby controlling body design.

(iii) These body designs allow the organism to use a particular niche for the stability of the population of a species.

(iv) (Minor) variations may also lead to the stability of the species.

Vividh Bharati was started on 2nd October 1957, as a service of 'light entertainment' to compete with Radio Ceylon.Earlier, AIR had banned film music on its prgrammes. Sponsored programmes were introduced in May 1970. Initially, 60% of the time was devoted to film music. The rest of the time was given to devotional music, short plays, short stories and poetry recitals.

Personal Communication:

1. It's the communication between person to person.

2. It provides necessary communication between two people making man a social animal.

3. We have letters, e-mails, SMSs, telephone and mobile phone facilities which also includes STD and ISD services.

Mass Communication:

1. It's the communication among masses.

2. It provides entertainment as well as creates awareness among the masses.

3. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books, films, etc.

A liquid boils when its vapour pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.

At higher altitude atmospheric pressure is lower than near the sea.

This causes the water to boil at a lower temperature (below 100), Due to this it takes longer time for food to be cooked.

A pressure cooker prevents boiling of water at lower temperature and leads to quicker cooking of the food.

Organised sector: Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work.

Advantages of working in the organised sector are:

(i) Workers enjoy security of employment. They cannot be removed from employment without proper reasons.

(ii) The workers work only for a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime wages by the employer.

(iii) Many benefits are given to the workers like leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits etc.

(iv) Under the laws, the management of the enterprise has to ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.

A pressure group is an organisation whose members share common interest and seeks to influence governmental policy.

But they do not aim to share political power.
Generally, there are three types of pressure groups

(i) Sectional Interest Groups: They represent a section of society like, workers, employees, business persons, industrialists, followers of a particular religion, etc. Their main concern is the betterment and well-being of their own members, not society in general.

(ii) Promotional or Public Interest Groups: They
promote collective rather than selective good. They aim to help groups other than their own members.
For example, a group fighting against bonded labour fights not for itself but for all who are the victims of this social curse.

(iii) Movement Groups: Most of the movement groups are issue-specific that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited period. For example, Narmada Bachao Andolan which started with the specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada river.

Pressure groups exert pressure or influence on the politics of a country in various ways which play a significant role in policy making decisions of the country.

Political Fragmentation of Italy:

Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italy was divided into seven states during the middle of the nineteenth century, Of these seven states only Sardinia-Piedmomt was ruled by an Italian princely house. At that time, North of Italy was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by Pope and the Southern regions were ruled by the Bourbon kings of Spain.

Role of Mazzini:

During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called young Italy. But both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed. Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.

Role of Cavour:

The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Cheif Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, and Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

Role of Garibaldi:

A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement. In 1860, they marched into south Italy and the Kingdom of two Sicilies succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy.

Royal centre 

i. It included over 60 temples. 

ii. About thirty building complexes have been identified as palaces. 

iii. The Mahanavamidibba was there. 

iv. -The “king’s palace” is the largest of the enclosures 

v. It has two of the most impressive platforms, usually called the “audience hall” and the “mahanavamidibba”. 

vi. Rituals associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanavami (literally, the great ninth day) of the ten-day Hindu festival during the autumn months of September and October, known variously as Dusehra (Northern India), Durga Puja 

vii. One of the most beautiful buildings in the royal centre was the Lotus Mahal. 

viii. One of the most spectacular of these is one known as the Hazara Rama temple. This was probably meant to be used only by the king and his family. 

ix. These include scenes from the Ramayana sculpted on the inner walls of the shrine. 

x. Other building palatial structures were constructedby thenayakas.

Microwave Use: 

Miscrowave oven or Radar.

Energy of photon E  = hc/λ

= (6.62 x 10^-34 x 3 x 10⁸)/(6000 x 10^-9 x 1.6 x 10^-19) eV

= 2.06eV 

As E<Eg (2.8eV), so photodiode cannot detect this photon. 

Flux – the foreign substance added in the roasted ore to remove infusible impurities present in the ore is called flux.

Choice of the flux–

(i) For basic infusible impurities, acidic flux (SiO₂) is used

MnO₂ + SiO₂ →  MnSiO₃

(ii) For acidic infusible material, basic flux is used 

SiO₂ + CaO → CaSiO₃

C₂H₆ + Cl₂  ---------> C₂H₆Cl₆ 

This is a free radical reaction,  in presence of sunlight Cl₂ undergoes homolytic fission to give 2 Cl radicals which add to the benzene ring. 

Isoelectric point : The pH at which there is no net migration of any ion towards electrode e.g., amino acids have isoelectric point at pH = 5.5-6.3.

Condensation

Cause of lanthanoid contraction : As the atomic number increases, the positive charge on nuclear increases by +1 unit and one more electron enters in the same 4f subshell. There is imperfect shielding of one electron by another electron in the same 4f subshell. The extent of shielding for electrons is less in 4f subshell as compared to electrons in d subshell. Hence, with increase of nuclear charge the valence shell is pulled slightly towards nucleus. Due to this pull, the size of M³⁺ ions go on decreasing with increasing atomic number.

Zwitterion / dipolar ion

(i) This is because fluorine is most electronegative element and does not have d-orbitals in its valence shell. 

(ii) Due to vary high ionisation enthalpy helium does not form any real chemical compound

The substances which are weakly attracted by external magnetic field are called paramagnetic substances and the property. Thus exhibited is called paramagnetism. Paramagnetism is shown by those substances whose atoms, ions or molecules contain unpaired electron contain unpaired electrons, e.g., O² , Cu²⁺ Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, etc.

A unit formed by the attachment of a base to 1′ position of sugar is known as nucleoside.

(D) increases by a factor of 100

(B) The [OH^– ] is greater than 1.0 × 10^–7

(C) Weak acid molecules readily lose their acidic hydrogen atoms.

The pH of a solution for which [OH^- ] = 1.0 x 10^-8 is 6.00.

(D) strongly basic

(C) HCl and HClO₄

(C) two to one

(B) HI and HNO₃

 H₂PO₄ ^– is produced in the first step of the dissociation of the acid. 

(D) H₃PO₄ and H₂C₄H₄O₇

(a) It supports plants which provide food to all living things on this planet. 

(b) Thus, soil is the foundation of all life on earth. 

(c) Below the soil there are solid rocks.

(a) The discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia has changed the lifestyle of the people. 

(b) Petroleum is in great demand all over the world. 

(c) The money earned from exporting petroleum is used to improve the standard of the people.

(a) Both share equal responsibility in the making of the society. 

(b) Hence, both are supplement to each other. 

(c) But from the very beginning, there has been a big question mark on the status of women in our society.

-Griffin comes to meet Dr. Kemp

-Kemp learns about Griffin’s evil design

-initially doesn’t try to correct him, doesn’t dissuade him

-later on realises how dangerous Griffin is- takes step to stop him

-his attitude shows:

1.  his scientific temperament

2. his suspicion of / scepticism about ‘invisibility’

3.  a weak character-doesn’t oppose Griffin straightaway

4.   a caring member of society- takes steps to stop Griffin

5.  more humane than Griffin

6.  victorious- exhibiting the value of prudence in character

(any other relevant point)

(any six points)

Detailed Answer :

Dr. Kemp is a scientist living in the town of Port Burdock. He is a former acquaintance of Griffin, who knew Kemp to be interested in strange, bizarre aspects of science. Kemp continues to study science as he hopes to be admitted to The Royal Society. His scientific temperament makes him listen to the story Griffin tells him. He does not become hysterical nor does he behave like the locals. Griffin hopes Kemp would support him in his evil schemes and help him live a normal life but Kemp is too decent to join him. He is repelled by Griffin’s brutality and considers him insane and homicidal. He betrays Griffin to the police. He keeps him cool throughout the plot, when the final hunt for Griffin begins. Kemp helps in the final capturing and killing of Griffin. Thus, Dr. Kemp proves to be a law ability citizen.

Although both (Dr. Kemp and Griffin) are scientists, yet they are very different. They have a different approach towards life. Griffin does not think about humanity, he is pre-occupied with himself and his research. He disconnects himself from everyone. He is over-ambitious, selfish, and isolated from others. When he becomes invisible, he enjoys playing pranks with others. 

Kemp has a caring attitude. This trait is reflected in his actions. He asks the house maids to keep themselves locked irrespective of anything. He warns and advises everyone about the invisible man’s intentions. He believes money is of no value. It becomes the reason for one’s isolation but finally Kemp betrays his old acquaintance, i.e., an invisible man although it was for the good of the society. Thus in comparison with Dr. Kemp who works for society’s God. Griffin terms out to be a selfish, cruel scientist who does not care about anyone. 

• General had promised Dr. Sadao that he would get the soldier quietly killed through his private assassins

• but he forgot to get rid of him

• Dr. Sadao could do nothing

• he wanted to get rid of the wounded soldier

• as the servants had left the house, news could spread

• so he devised his own plan to get the soldier off to the nearby island

• he managed food, clothes, water, torch and his boat for the soldier

• he guided and instructed him

• The white soldier took leave of him and followed his instructions and managed to escape safely.

• Thus all this proves that it was the only way to get out of the dilemma/problem 

• Both interested in mysterious, strange and idiosyncratic aspects of science 

• Both are ambitious 

• Have contrasting Personality 

• Kemp could not believe anything unusual like supernatural or idea like invisibility

• Kemp had fair vision to be achieved by his discovery while Griffin wanted to create a reign of terror 

• He did his research in an open way unlike Griffin who always kept his plans to himself

• He proved to be the benefactor of mankind by getting Griffin arrested while the latter even killed Wicksteed and harmed a few others 

 Electronic Mail (e-mail)

Social Objective.

Intermediate goods and final goods are distinguished on the basis of following points :

Balance of payment refers to the record of statements of economic transactions of a country with the rest of the world. In other words, it records the inflow of foreign exchange into the country and the outflow of foreign exchange from the country.