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(d) None of the above.

The ratio of total deposits that a commercial bank has to keep with Reserve Bank of India is called Cash Reserve Ratio.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c)

(c) cash reserve ratio.

The central problem of 'How to produce' deals with which production technique to employ in the production of the decided goods and services. That is, whether to employ labour intensive technique or to employ the capital-intensive technique of production. Here, the economy needs to decide which particular production technique should be adopted in order to utilise its available resources in the best possible, efficient and optimal manner. India, for instance, is a labour abundant country. Thus, it will be more beneficial for India to opt for labour-intensive techniques, as this will not only minimise the cost of production (due to cheap availability of labour) but will also help in reducing unemployment.

Price elasticity of demand (Ed) = (percentage change  in quantity demanded of the commodity)/(percentage change in price of the commodity)

Percentage change in price = (12 - 1)/10 x 100 = 2/10 x 100 = 20%

Percentage change in quantity demanded = 40%

Price elasticity of demand (Ed) = (percentage change  in quantity demanded of the commodity)/(percentage change in price of the commodity)

= (40%)/(20%) = 2

(minus sign is ignored as it only represents the inverse relation between price and quantity demanded.) 

Ed = 2 (Ed > 1, Elastic demand) 

Market equilibrium is determined at a point where market demand is equal to market supply. 

(a) When increase in market demand is less than decrease in market supply 

Chain effect: Relative increase in market demand is less than relative increase in market supply. It is a situation of excess supply. There will be competition among the sellers, to clear the unsold stock which will result in reduction in price. 

This process will continue till new equilibrium point is attained. Equilibrium quantity will increase and the equilibrium price will decrease in the market. 

(b) Increase in the market demand is more than increase in market supply. 

Chain effect: Relative increase in market demand is greater than relative increase in market supply. It is a situation of excess demand. There will be competition among the buyers which will result in rise in price. 

This process will continue till new equilibrium point is attained. Equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price will increase in the market. 

When price of a good falls the purchasing power (real income) of the consumer increases as he will able to purchase more units of the given good with the same money income. This phenomenon is called as income effect and is one of the main reasons for negative slope of demand curve. 

A budget set represents those combinations of consumers bundles that are available to the consumer given his/her income level and at the existing market prices. In other words, it represents those consumption bundles that the consumer can purchase using his/her money income (M). 

A budget line represents the different combinations of two goods that are affordable and are available to a consumer given his/her level of income and the market price of the goods. The equation of the budget line is represented as follows : 

P₁x₁+P₂x₂ = M 

With the help of the budget line, we can estimate the amount of income that is spent on different goods.

(a) perfect competition.

When only one input is increased and other inputs are held constant, Law of Variable Proportions will be applicable. According to Law of Variable Proportions, total production increases initially at an increasing rate, and finally at diminishing rate. There are three stages of the law : 

1. Total product increases at an increasing rate i.e., marginal product increases. 

2. Total product increases at diminishing rate i.e., marginal product decreases. 

3. Total product starts falling i.e., marginal product decteases and becomes negative. 

It may be shown as under :

The Implicit Cost is the implied cost that does not take a form of cash outlay, and neither is recorded in the books of accounts. Explicit Costs are those cash payments which firms make to outsiders for their services and goods.

The government development and non-development expenditure are as follows :

(i) The government development expenditure is the expenditure that is incurred by it for the economic and social development of the country.

(ii) Expenditure on health, education, industrial development, social welfare, scientific research, etc. is considered as the government developmental expenditure.

(iii) The government non-development expenditure is the expenditure incurred on the essential service of the government.

(iv) Expenditure on administrative services, defence, judiciary, police, etc. is considered as the government non-developmental expenditure.  

Loans : Loans are the credit provided by banks for a certain time period bearing a varying rate of interest. Various type of loans provided by the banks are as follows: 

(i) Call Loans/Money at Call Notice : These loans are provided for a period of 7 to 15 days. These loans are generally taken by bill brokers or stock brokers. These are called as call loans, as they can be called back anytime by the commercial bank from the borrowers. Hence, rate of interest is the lowest.

(ii) Short term loans : These are provided by commercial banks for a period of not more than two years. They are given to the businessmen to satisfy their working capital requirement. The rates of interest are higher than call loans and lower than medium term loans.

(iii) Medium term loans : These loans are provided by commercial banks for a period ranging from two to five years. Such loans are useful to producers and manufacturers for making changes in the methods of production, purchase of equipment, tools, etc.

Investments refer to the addtion made in the total physical stock of capital. Following are the different types of Investment Expenditure :

(i) Financial Investment : Financial Investment refers to the investment made for the purchase of financial assets, such as shares, bonds, securities etc. It does not help in the production of goods and services directly.

(ii) Real Investment : Real Investment refers to the investment made in the production of goods and services such as machinery, tools, equipments. It is actually a net addition made to physical stock of capital. 

(iii) Gross Investment : Gross Investment refers to the investment made in capital assets, buildings, raw materials, machines without deducting the amount of depreciation or capital consumption allowances.

(iv) Net Investment : Net Investment refers to the amount of investment made in capital assets like building raw material etc. after allowance has been made for depreciation. It is expressed as :

Net Investment = Gross Investment – Depreciation.

(v) Autonomous Investment : Autonomous Investment refers to investment made irrespective of income, profit and rate of interest. It is income inelastic which means that it is not directly linked with profit. Such kind of investments are made by the government in the public sector, with a view to provide public utilities and to promote maximum social welfare.

Barter system of exchange is a system in which goods are exchanged for goods.

Following are the features of Macroeconomics :

(i) Study of aggregates : Macroeconomics studies the nation’s economy as a whole. It is a study of wide aggregate variables such as national income, national output, total employment, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, total consumption, total investment, general price level, etc.

(ii) Lumping method : Macroeconomics uses lumping method to deal with macro-variables. Macro variables include aggregate demand, aggregate supply, national output, etc.

(iii) A General equilibrium analysis : Macroeconomic analysis is based on General Equilibrium Analysis. This analysis deals with the entire economy in the context of equilibrium. It studies the behaviour of number of economic variable at a time and takes into consideration their functional relationship and interdependence in doing so. This approach follow the principle of “Everything depends on everything else”. Macroeconomics also explains how aggregate supply is brought into equality with aggregate demand and how equilibrium between them determine the price level as well as the level of income and employment. 

It is money produced by the RBI and the government. It consists of two things:

1. currency held by the public and

2. Cash reserves with the banks.

(a) Fairly large no. of buyers : In this market, there are fairly large number of buyers. Consequently, no single buyer can influence the price of the product by changing his individual demand.

(b) Fairly large no. of sellers : The no. of sellers in monopolistic competition is large. Each seller has a limited control over supply. The seller has complete control over his brand. Thus, they have to face competition from sellers selling close substitutes (other brands) in market .

(c) Product differentiation : Another important feature of this market is that the product produced and sold by various firms (sellers) are not identical but they are slightly different from each other on the basis of their brand name, shape, colour, packing etc. Thus, producers compete with each other on the basis of product differentiation and not on the price differentiation. Therefore, monopolistic competition is also known as no price competition.

(d) Close substitutes : Goods are close substitutes to each other, e.g, pepsi and coca cola.

(e) Selling cost : Product differentiation in monopolistic market leads to emergence of selling cost. The price of product includes the selling cost (advertisement on T. V, radio, exhibitions etc. incurred by producers to increase the sales.

(f) Free entry and exit : There is freedom of entry and exit under this competition, i.e., new firms are free to enter the market, if there is super normal profits and similarly they can leave the market, if they found it difficult for survival.

(g) Demand curve of the firm : Due to product differentiation and availability of close substitutes, demand curve of the firm is highly price elastic and downward sloping.

(h) The firm is the price maker in this market and AR curve > MR curve. AR curve and MR curve both are negatively sloped curves.

1. Legal tender: 

(a) Legally, money is anything proclaimed by law as a medium of exchange. 

(b) Paper notes and coins (together called currency) is money as a matter of law. 

(c) Nobody can refuse its acceptance as medium of exchange. 

2. FIAT Money: It is defined as a money which is under the ‘FIAT’ (order/authority) of the government to act as a money.

(i) Inseparable from the body of the worker : Labour and his work always goes together. Hence, labourer must present himself where he suppose to render his services.

(ii) Human and active factor of production : Labour being a human factor has feelings, likes and dislikes. Therefore, he cannot be treated as a machine. Other factors become productive only after the application of labour. So, labour is the most active factor of production.

(iii) Labourer sells his labour and not himself : As quoted by Alfred Marshall, “the worker sells his labour, but he himself remains his own property,” The worker does not sell himself. He sells his labour only.

(iv) Restricted mobility : According to Adam Smith, “Of all the luggage’s, the labour is the most difficult to be transported.” Labour can move from one country to another country in the same way. Labour can change his business easily, but due to the family attachment, housing problems, climate etc., restricts geographic mobility of labour.

The subject matter of microeconomics is mainly confined to price theory and resource allocation. Microeconomics seeks to obtain solutions to the basic economic questions such as what to produce ? How to produce ? How the goods are to be distributed ? How the resources are to be efficiently allocated to production and consumption etc. Thus the scope of micro economics is :

(a) Product pricing,

(b) Factor Pricing,

(c) Efficiency in production,

(d) Efficiency in consumption,

(e) Over all economic efficiency.

In other words, under microeconomics, we study, Theory of Demand, Consumer Equilibrium, Production function, Law of supply, Market Equilibrium, Price determination, etc.

We know that the area of triangle = 1/2 x base x height

(a) Here, base = 4 cm and height = 3 cm

\ Area of triangle = 1/2 x 4 x 3 = 6 cm²

(b) Here, base = 5 cm and height = 3.2 cm

\ Area of triangle = 1/2 x 5 x 3.2 = 8 cm²

(c) Here, base = 3 cm and height = 4 cm

\ Area of triangle = 1/2 x 3 x 4 = 6 cm²

(d) Here, base = 3 cm and height = 2 cm

\ Area of triangle = 1/2 x 3 x 2 = 3 cm²

                           A House on Fire 

I was about to sleep when I heard shouts, ‘Fire, Fire’. I rushed out and saw old Mrs. Gupta’s bedroom on fire spewing out thick smoke. I along with a few neighbours went straight into her house to help her. As we went inside that burning home we saw Mrs. Gupta upstairs. She was on her wheelchair, outside a room whose door had completely burnt. The carpet and the stairs were burning but somehow we managed to get upstairs. As we carried her downstairs, she kept on shouting, ‘I am not leaving without Mark !’ Mark was her 10 year old dog. He was sick and paralysed. Perhaps he was in the same room, outside which Mrs. Gupta stood on her wheelchair. Mrs. Gupta was saved, but we couldn’t help Mark. She started mourning for her dog. Suddenly, we heard the hooter of the fire brigade. Someone had informed them. Within next fifteen minutes, the fire was completely put out and Mark was saved but with a few minor burns.

1. Party based movements are supported by political parties (Trade Union Movement in Kolkata, Kanpur, Bombay, etc.) These movements did not participate in elections formally. And yet they retained connections with political parties, as many participants in these movements, as individuals and as organisations, were actively associated with parties. These links ensured a better representations of the demands of diverse social sections in party politics. 

2. Non-party based movements involve a mass-mobilisation which remain outside party politics (Students and youth from different sections merge themselves). Due to the voluntary nature of their social work, many of these organisations came to be known as voluntary organisations or voluntary sector organisations which chose to remain outside party politics. They did not contest elections at the local or regional level nor did they support any one political party. Most of these groups believed in politics and wanted to participate in it, but not through political parties.

(iv) No state control over economy.

Whenever live and neutral wires come in contact with each other, the incident is called short circuiting. in this case,resistance of a circuit decreases to a very small value.

The decreasing of resistance increases the current.

Every supply has a capacity to bear a maximum load, i.e., the power that can be supplied has a limit. Sometimes, the number of appliances which are switched on at the same time have power more than the capacity of the line. This is called overloading. In this situation, wires of the supply get heated due to extremely large current flowing through them and the circuit may catch fire. To avoid this fire, we use an electric fuse in the circuit.

Prove it is reflexive, prove it is symmetric, prove it is transitive. 

Because it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so R is an equivalence relation on N x N.

Let 3 consecutive positive integers be n, n+1 and n+2 

Whenever a number is divided by 3, the remainder we get is either 0, or 1, or 2. : 

Therefore:    

n = 3p or 3p+1 or 3p+2, where p is some integer 

If n = 3p, then n is divisible by 3 

If n = 3p +1, then n+2 = 3p+1+2 = 3p+3 = 3(p+1) is divisible by 3 

If n = 3p +2, then n+1 = 3p+2+1 = 3p+3 = 3(p+1) is divisible by 3 

Thus, we can state that one of the numbers among n, n+1 and n+2 is always divisible by 3.

Sodium Benzoate.

Tincture iodine is 2-7% elemental iodine, along with Kl or Nal dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and water. It is used as an antiseptic for wounds.

Bithional is added to the toilet soap to remove the bad odour produced by bacterial decomposition on skin and impart antiseptic properties.

(a) A= CH₃CH₂CH₂CHO

B = CH₃COCH₂CH₃

C= (CH₃)₂CHCHO

D= CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃

(b) B

Detailed Answer :

(b) (B) as ketones are less reactive towards addition of HCN than aldehydes and alkane due to higher hinderance caused by steric effect and inductive effect.

(i) Emulsion: An emulsion is a colloidal system in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are liquids (e.g., milk, Cod liver, oil, etc.)
(ii) Hydrosol: A sol in which solid is the dispersed phase and water in dispersion medium is called hydrosol.

Answer given below:

https://bit.ly/2CDOynM

Given that the distance between two tangents parallel to each other to a circle is 13 cm.

Two parallel tangents to a circle are found when the line joining the point of contacts are diameter.

∴ d = 13 cm

⇒ r = \(\frac d2\) 

= \(\frac{13}2\)

= 6.5 cm

Height of a right circular cone, h = 15 cm  

Radius of a right circular cone, r = 8 cm

Slant height of the cone,

\(l =\sqrt{r^2+h^2}\)

\(l =\sqrt{8^2+15^2}\)

\(l =\sqrt{64+225}\)

\(l =\sqrt{289}\)

l = 17 cm

Curved surface area of a cone,

C.S.A = πrl

C.S.A = π × 8 × 17

C.S.A = 136 π cm²

Hence, the Curved surface area of a cone is  136 π cm².

250 # 150

250 # 100

130 # 100

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1. The WHERE clause is used in the selection of rows according to given conditions whereas the HAVING clause is used in column operations and is applied to aggregated rows or groups.

2. If GROUP BY is used then it is executed after the WHERE clause is executed in the query. It means it selects the rows before grouping is done or aggregate calculations are performed. Thats why, WHERE clause is also called Pre-filter. But, GROUP BY is executed before the execution of the HAVING clause. It means it selects the rows after aggregate calculations are performed. Thatswhy, HAVING clause is also called as Post-filter.

3. We cannot use the HAVING clause without SELECT statement whereas the WHERE clause can be used with SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc.

4. We can use aggregate functions like sum, min, max, avg, etc with the HAVING clause but they can never be used with WHERE clause.

5. HAVING clause is generally used with the GROUP BY. If you use the HAVING clause without GROUP BY then also it can refer to any column but it won't be used while performing the query unlike WHERE clause.

Example: The following query has the same results. The WHERE clause uses the “age” index but the having clause will scan the full table instead of directly looking at the "age" column.

1. WHERE clause 

SELECT * FROM Table WHERE age = 10 

2. HAVING clause 

SELECT * FROM Table HAVING age = 10

Error            Correction 

(a) scrub     scrubbed 

(b) on         in 

(c) an        a 

(d) it's        its 

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A firewall is a program or hardware device that filters the information coming through an internet connection to a network or computer system. If incoming information does not pass the rules stored in the firewall, it is not allowed through.

Two features of PHP are:-

1. PHP is platform independent i.e PHP code runs on various platforms like Linux, Unix, Windows etc. 

2. PHP is server-side script and executes on web server.

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