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(i) In aniline, the lone pair of electrons on N-atom are delocalised over benzene ring due to resonance. As a result, electron density on the nitrogen atom decreases. In contrast, in methylamine, +I-effect of CH₃^– group increases electron density on the nitrogen atom. Therefore, aniline is a weaker base than methylamine, hence its pK_b value is more than that for methylamine.

(ii) Ethylamine is soluble in water due to formation of inter-molecular hydrogen bonds with water molecules. However, in aniline due to large hydrophobic part, i.e., hydrocarbon part, the extent of hydrogen bonding decreases considerably and hence aniline is insoluble in water.

(iii) Due to the presence of two H-atoms on N-atom, primary amines undergo extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding whereas tertiary amines have no H-atoms on the nitrogen atom, do not undergo H-bonding. As a result, primary amines have higher boiling points than tertiary amines.

(i) [Co(NH₃)₅Cll]Cl₂: Pentaamminechlorido cobalt (III) chloride

Co(III): [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s^o —d²sp³ hybridisation leads to octahedral shape.

Magnetic behaviour: Diamagnetic.

(ii) K₂[Ni(CN)₄]: Potassium tetracyano nickelate (II)

Ni(II): [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s° —dsp² hybridisation leads to square planar shape.

Magnetic behaviour: Diamagnetic.

Two functions of epidermis are : 

(i) Epidermis on the aerial parts of plants often secrete a waxy, water resistant layer on their outer surface. 

(ii) They prevent water loss, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic bacteria or fungi.

The bangles are of every colour born out of the seven colours of the rainbow. These are sunny gold, paddy green, royal blue, pink and purple. Boy s and girls work in dark hutments, next to the flickering flames of oil lamps around furnaces, blowing glass, welding and soldering it to make bangles.

Keeping a potted plant in darkness for about 48 hours for removing its starch is called destarching the leaves. The plants get destarched as the leaf utilizes all the starch for its metabolic activities

1. The extract focus on the famous places of Mumbai which the writer visited. This extract describes the interaction between Mumbai and the writer. She is enthralled by the charms of Mumbai and how she develops an everlasting relationship with Mumbai. 

2. The writer liked the sea during the monsoon, when it appeared violent and enraged, as it splattered the Worli Seaface with walls of sea spray.

3. The writer would spend her free time traveling the book lined pavements at Fountain or browsing for hours in the strand bookstore.

4. According to me we can make our locality clean and beautiful by not littering here and there. We should throw garbage only in dustbins. We should not spit on walls and roads. We should keep parks and roads clean and plant more and more trees.

Yes, I like the rain. I love to feel the raindrops on my face; it rejuvenates my senses. During the rain, I enjoy spending time with my family, sitting under the shelter on the terrace. (A model answer has been provided for students’ reference. It is strongly recommended that students prepare the answer based on their own experience and understanding.)

Coordination may be defined as a process of synchronisation of different activities and efforts of the various units of an organisation so that the planned objectives may be achieved with minimum conflict. 

Following are the features of coordination : 

1. Integration – Coordination is a process of integrating group efforts. Coordination unifies unrelated or diverse interests into purposeful work activity. Coordination comes into picture where groups of persons are involved in working. 

2. Unity of action – Every individual perceives the organisation goals differently. Coordination results in reconciliation of goals by securing unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose. Coordination is a binding force between departments. 

3. Continuous process – Coordination is not a one-time affair but a continuous process. It begins at the planning and continues till controlling. 

4. Pervasive function – Coordination is required at all levels of management due to interdependent nature of activities of various departments. Coordination integrates the efforts of different departments. 

5. Deliberate function – Coordination is a deliberate function. A manager has to coordinate the efforts of different people in a deliberate manner. 

6. Responsibility of all managers – Coordination is the function of every manager in the organisation. Coordination is required at all levels of management

(i) Price/ Pricing 

 (ii) Factors discussed in the above case are : 

(a) Product Cost

(b) Utility and Demand

(c) Extent of competition

(d) Marketing methods used

(e) Pricing objectives.

Detailed Answer :

(i) The concept of Marketing used above is 'PRICE MIX'.

(ii) Four factors affecting price determination are :

(a) Production cost : The price should recover all costs viz. fixed costs, variable costs and semi variable costs apart from obviously including a fair return for undertaking the marketing effort and risk. 

(b) Utility and demand : While determining the price of any product, the utility provided by it and the intensity of demand should not be ignored. If buyer is a\satisfied that the given product meets his/her requirement, he would also be ready to pay the cost and reasonable margin to the producer.

(c) Extent of competition in the market : In case of monopoly, a firm can enjoy complete freedom in fixing prices. However, if it is facing competition, it should consider the prices charged by the competitors also.

(d) Marketing methods used : Pricing of products also gets affects by the elements of marketing such as amount spent on advertisement, type of packaging, discounting policies, credit or finance facilities, etc.

1. The concept discussed in the given paragraph is Business Environment which consists of specific and general forces. Business Environment includes both specific and general forces. Specific forces affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working. General forces have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly. 

2. Following points highlight the importance of business environment for a business enterprises : 

First mover advantage – Environment provides numerous opportunities to a firm understanding environment, helps a firm to identify the opportunity and to be the first to exploit it to its advantage. It gives an edge to the firm over its competitors.

For example, Maruti Udyog became the leader in the small car market because it was first to identify the preference of middle class population in the context of rising fuel cost.

Warning signal – A change in environment may be the source of many threats to a firm. A firm can anticipate the impact of such a change and prepare itself to meet such threat by adopting various measures.

For example, if a firm finds that a new firm is entering into the market, it can meet such a threat by improving the quality of the product or engaging in aggressive advertising.

Tapping useful resources – Environment is a source of various resources for running a business. A business enterprise designs policies to get its inputs like raw-materials, machines, finance, labour, etc. from the environment. It uses such inputs and produces goods and services desired by the customers and then, supplies the output to the environment. 

Coping with changes – In order to effectively cope with rapid changes in technology, fashion and government policies, managers should understand the environment.

(i) Specific and General Forces

Business Environment includes both specific and general forces.

Specific forces affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working. General forces have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly.

(ii) Importance of business environment :

(a) It helps to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage instead of losing them to the competitors.

(b) It helps to identify threats on time which serves as an early warning signal.

(c) It helps in tapping useful resources so that it can convert them into output that the environment desires.

(d) It helps in coping with rapid changes in an increasingly dynamic environment.

(e) It helps in assisting in planning and policy formulation.

(f) It helps in improving performance by continuously monitoring the environment and adopting suitable practices.

(i) Specific and General Forces

Business Environment includes both specific and general forces. Specific forces affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working. General forces have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly.

(ii) Importance of business environment :

(a) It helps to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage instead of losing them to the competitors.

(b) It helps to identify threats on time which serves as an early warning signal.

(c) It helps in tapping useful resources so that it can convert them into output that the environment desires.

(d) It helps in coping with rapid changes in an increasingly dynamic environment.

(e) It helps in assisting in planning and policy formulation.

(f) It helps in improving performance by continuously monitoring the environment and adopting suitable practices.

Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. All communities, social groups get their say in the governance. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens acquire a stake in the system; through participation.

(i) Power sharing among the different organs of government (Horizontal power sharing). In a democracy, power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive and the judiciary. This is called the horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Under this kind of power sharing arrangement, one can exercise unlimited powers. Each organ has its own powers, and it can also check the powers of other. So this results in a balance of power among the various institutions.  

(ii) Power sharing among governments at different levels : Under this, people choose separate governments at separate levels, for example, a general local government for the entire country and local governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional levels. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called a Federal government.  

(iii) Power sharing among different social groups : In a democracy, especially, in a multi-ethnic society, power is also shared among social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and the administration. 

(iv) Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements : In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

(b) Antihistamine → Terfenadine

Anti-acid → Ranitidine

Tranquillizer → Meprobamat

Antibiotic drug → Penicillin

The organs of the U.N.O. are : 

(i) General Assembly : It is an important organ of the UNO. It consists all the countries as a member. All the countries have one vote but can send a participant. The conference is held once in two years. 

(ii) Security Council : It is one of the main organs of UNO which consists of 15 member countries. i.e. 10 non permanent countries and 5 permanent countries which are, USA, USSR, China, France and England. 

(iii) Economic and Social Council : It consists of all the countries as members. Its work is to discuss about the economic and social factors of the developing countries and to help the poor countries. 

(iv) International Court of Justice : The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands). It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York (United States of America). The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international laws, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. 

(v) Trusteeship Council : The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven member states, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the territories for self-government and independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994. By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet as occasion required by its decision or the decision of its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly or the Security Council.

The effects of the Cold War were : 

(i) Russian refusal of its army : England and USA withdrew their Army but Russia refused to do so. It was only after the intervention of England and the USA, that Russia agreed to withdraw its forces. 

(ii) Sovietization in Europe : Russia was refused of not honouring Pledges to the Yalta and Balkan areas. The western Europe recognized the military authority over East and central Europe.

(iii) Sovietization in Iran : Iran got its Independence with the support of England against Nazi rule. But when the Nazi Army left Iran, the British army entered inside according to the treaty signed over Russia. 

(iv) The German Problems : The Russian Otto van Bismark considered German's as their main problem and demanded 1000 million dollars as compensation and Russia destroyed German industries and took the costliest machines to Russia. 

(v) The secret of atom bombs : USA did not disclose to Russia about the atom bombs that she owned. This led to the rise of ill feeling.

The objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement were : 

(i) Mutual respect for each other. 

(ii) Mutual non-aggression. 

(iii) Maintain peaceful coexistence. 

(iv) Non interference in internal affairs. 

(v) To attain economic equality. 

(i) To encourage the respect, enjoyment and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, on the basis of the principles of universality, objectivity, impartiality and non-selectivity, avoiding politicization of human rights issues, thus ensuring that all human rights of individuals and people including the right to development, are promoted and protected in a balanced manner. 

(ii) To promote and encourage sustainable development through international cooperation and, to that end, jointly coordinate the implementation of political strategies which strengthen and ensure the full participation of all countries, rich and poor, in the international economic relations, under equal conditions and opportunities but with differentiated responsibilities. 

(iii) To continue pursuing universal and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament, as well as a general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control and in this context, to work towards the objective of arriving at an agreement on a phased program for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. 

(iv) To serve as a forum of political coordination of the developing countries, to promote and defend their common interests in the system of international relations. 

(v) They reaffirmed the mutual reinforcement between development, peace, security and human rights while stressing the right of people to live in dignity and well-being.

Six benefits of investing in insurance scheme -:

a.  Safe and reliable

b.  Provide protection and security

c.  Income tax benefit

d.  Lump sum amount at maturity 

e.  Tax free 

f.  No limit of maximum amount

Drawbacks -:

a.  Long term policy

b.  Pre mature with drawl is not allowed\

c.  Loan cannot be taken

Standardization Mark -: A Mark given to a product which meets standards with respect to quality of the product in terms of material used, method of manufacture, labeling, packaging, sale and performance.

Importance 

a.  They assure quality ,purity and reliability and safety of products

b.  Encourage manufacturers to provide competition in market Eco Mark:

Items on which Eco mark found are:

a.  Textiles

b.  Cosmetics

c.  Edible and lubricating oils

Eco marks is found on – 

a. Textiles 

b. Cosmetics 

c. Soaps and detergents 

d. Paints 

e. edible and lubricating oils 

f. Packaging material

Balance and Rhythm are principles of design which provide attraction and variety to the dresses.

Balance can be created by using any of these

• Using colours.
• Pleats.
• Buttons.
• Embroidery etc.

Balance can be of two types 

Formal Balance When structure, decoration and accessories are identical on both sides of the dress, it is called formal balance.

Informal Balance When structure, decoration are different on both sides still dress looks attractive.

Rhythm can be created by 

• Repetition of colours. 
• Alteration of pleats.
• Radiation in the form of gathers.
• Repetition of other accessories.

Rhythm is an important principle of art. If rhythm is created in a design, the eye would move easily from one part to the other. Both balance and rhythm can make the dress attractive

Balance: 

1. By using colours 

2. Pleats 

3. Buttons 

Rhythm: 

1. Repetition of colours 

2. Alteration of pleats 

3. Radiations in the form of gathers

One must be careful while laundering woolen sweater at home. We must follow the following steps while laundering woolens at home

• Make draft of sweatre at home.
• Very soft type detergent like easy or reetha should be chosen, as it contains less alkaline.
• Solution with detergent must be made in luke warm water. 
• While washing, less pressure should be exercised, kneading and squeezing method should be adopted. 
• oolen sweater should be rinsed thoroughly.
•  After rinsing, it should be squeezed with light pressure in towel.
• After rinsing it should not be hung, it should be spread on the draft on a flat surface.

We must take following precautions while washing woolens

• We should not use very hard detergent for woolens.
• Very hot water should be avoided. 
• Woolen should always be dried on a flat surface. They should not be hung on line.
• While ironing, it should be done on wrong side. Spread damp cotton cloth on them before ironing.

i. She should outline the garment on a sheet of paper before washing. 

ii. Neutral or mild detergent should be used. 

iii. Should use kneading and squeezing method. 

iv. .High temperature of water should be avoided. 

v. She should never wrung the woolen jacket. 

vi. Should be dried on a flat surface, in shade. 

vii. While ironing wet muslin cloth should be placed on it.

Steps of laundering woollen sweater 

1 Make draft on newspaper 

2 Select less alkaline detergent like reetha, ezee etc. 

3 Use luke warm water to make solution 

4 Use light pressure- kneading and squeezing method. 

5 Rinse thoroughly 

6 Squeeze with light pressure in towel 

7 Spread on the draft made after washing on a flat surface

Precautions 

1 Do not use hard detergents 

2 Do not use hot water 

3 Do not hang on line for drying 

4 Iron on wrong side and spread damp cotton cloth on them before ironing. 

Consumer education is acquiring all necessary knowledge that will promote the standard of living besides providing a better degree of satisfaction.

(a) Government agency: - COPRA 

(b) Non- Government agencies - 

(1) Consumer education and research Centre – Ahmadabad 

(2) Consumer guidance society of India

Four responsibilities to tackle the problem of imitation: 

1. Read the details on the labels. 

2. Check the standard mark for the code and the license number. 

3. Scan the bar code with smart phone to know the product name and manufacturer. 

4. Refuse to buy damaged packing of products. 

5. Buy only sealed and packed products.

(i)  SELECT CITY, COUNT(*) FROM TRAINER GROUP BY CITY;

(ii)  TIDTNAME

103    DEEPTI 

106    MANIPRABH

Two precautions I will take to save my expensive clothes are

• Moth balls should be placed inside the containers used for storing the clothes for a long time.
• They should be dry-cleaned and aired properly before storage.

Four long term goals for which family should save money can be

• Education of children.
• Marriage of children.
• For buying properties.
• Money provides old age security

Long term goals for which family should save money 

1. education of children 

2. marriage of children 

3. buying properties 

4. old age security 

5. Raising standard of living

The Tele-Law Scheme is a project which is in association with National Legal Services Authority (NALSA). According to this scheme, the people shall get legal aid services at the panchayat level now. Basically it will become easier to access the legal aid services because they will be available through the Common Services Centres (CSCs) now.

The logic gate P is NAND gate and Q is OR gate.

The average time between successive collisions of electrons in a conductor is known as relaxation time.

Manganin wire is thicker because R =  ρl/A  As ρ increases A also increases.

During charging or discharging there is a displacement current but no conduction current between plates of capacitor.

The above curve shows that :

1. When a heavy nucleus breaks into two medium sized nuclei (in nuclear fission) the BE/nucleon increases resulting, in the release of energy.
2. When two small nuclei combine to form a relatively bigger nucleus in nuclear fusion BE/nucleon increases, resulting in the release of energy.

Correct option: (3) Force of cohesion, between water molecules, is less that n the force of adhesion between water and glass; the reverse is true for mercury.

Explanation: 

The shape of the meniscus, of a given liquid, in a given container, is determined primarily by the comparative magnitudes of the relevant forces of cohesion and adhesion. 

For liquids (like water), the force of cohesion between liquid molecules, is less than the force of adhesion between the liquid molecules and the molecules of the walls of the container (glass). In such a case, the liquid forms a concave meniscus. 

The reverse is true for mercury put in a glass tube. In such a case the liquid forms a convex meniscus. 

[Note: Option (4) is incorrect; the excess pressure (= 2T/r)  is more for the mercury drop which has a higher value of surface tension].

The demand for foreign currency rises in the following situations: 

1. When price of a foreign currency falls, imports from that, foreign, country become cheaper. So, imports increase and hence, the demand for foreign currency rises. For example, if price of 1 US dollar falls from Rs 60 to T 55, then imports from The USA will increase as American goods will become relatively cheaper. It will raise the demand for US dollar. 

2. When a foreign currency becomes cheaper in terms of the domestic currency, it promotes tourism to that country. As a result, demand for foreign currency rises. 

3. When price of a foreign currency falls, its demand rises as more people want to make gains from speculative activities.

Flexible exchange rate system refers to a system in which the exchange rate of different currencies is determined by the forces of demand and supply in foreign exchange market.

Foreign exchange market is the market where foreign currencies are bought and sold.

Explore man’s delusion that he is all important – all other creatures exist for his sport, comfort and amusement – man portrayed as selfish and insensitive, unaware of his role in the scheme of themes – exposes man’s ignorance, pride and arrogance 

As a circus animal is kept well by the captain but still feels a prisoner and helpless – when pushed too far kills the captain and rediscovers his original nature – is forced to be a part of the film.

Mate and cubs killed by hunters – over powered by blind anger – wants to pounce and destroy every creature – kills defenceless sheep but later fills guilty – finds out that preying on domestic animals is easier than hunting in the wild.