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Feels helpless about what captain inflicts on him – feels that one can’t drive from the tiger in his basic nature – his wildness and ferocity are essential traits that are subjugated.

Sudden information about his early life – satisfied selfish appetites – has inordinate demands for food – left wife and family without warning – labeled for desertion

Balu, his spoiled child threw his account books in the gutter which destroyed all transactions – could not SSLC inspite of admitting him in school in great style and private tutor - seized school leaving book, tears it and throws it in the gutter – runs away from home – befriends Dr. Pal and falls into evil ways – refuses to restart the business of his father – spread false rumors about his death. 

Modern town man always struggling to change his social position – experiences ups and downs of life – attains self knowledge only when he gives up his chase for money – lack of insight contributes to his failure

• Kemp was the first person who analysed the existence of the Invisible Man without any trace of or apprehension.

• He was a well-qualified scientist

• he had a rational and logical approach to the happenings around him. Thus he scoffed at the idea of the invisible Man and those who believed in the existence of such an absurd being were looked upon by him with contempt. 

• was a keen observer and a self-confident scientist

• On coming face to face with the invisible man, Kemp did not get startled. He never lost his cool and in a very calm and composed manner, he heard Griffin’s entire story with patience and assured to respect his freedom.

• Kemp’s determination to check any potential threat to the society and his grit to contain the unchecked terror caused by the Invisible Man was thus fully established.

• This can't be called a betrayal because he took this step in the larger interest of the welfare of the society.

• The manner in which he arranged and organized the arrest of Griffin also indicates the dominance of his moral strength over any other human weakness.

• In college Kemp was Griffin’s senior, but Kemp was not violent or given to fits of madness, he was not impulsive and had a logical thinking.

• On the other had Griffin, because of his boundless ambition became antisocial and isolated himself from rest of the world. In his pursuit he loses his humanity and allows himself to become a slave of negative forces.

• Marvel was a tramp

• He was lazy and did not show any intention to work hard for improving his life.

• Griffin did not have a very high opinion about Marvel’s abilities, still he made him his accomplice because Marvel was an obvious weakling who could be easily intimidated.

• His cowardice did not let him defy Griffins commands. Surprisingly, this apparently good -for-nothing fellow managed to cheat a wicked and dangerously evil man like Griffin.

• But this act does not make him a turncoat in any way because he assisted Griffin much against his own wish.

• He was a simple person, who was no match for the all powerful Invisible Man.

• He had no choice but to obey each order coming from his se

• lf proclaimed master.

• Marvel was more of a slave than an accomplice in crime. When he succeeded in sneaking away, it was actually to save his life.

• Of course towards the end he does show smartness by hiding the entire money and the three books of Griffin.

• But once again this was done for survival than treachery. 

• Molly Farren takes the last dose of opium and falls unconscious in the snow

• The child slips slips from her clasp down into the snow.

• It discovers a bright light coming across the night and toddles toward it.

• The light comes from the open door of the weaver's cottage, where Silas stands unconscious, in one of his fits.

• He has been told that to watch the new year in is good luck and may bring his money back, and he has been watching out the door for some sign of the gold.

• When Silas recovers, he thinks for a moment that his gold has come back, for on the hearth he sees a blurred vision of a heap of coins.

• When he touches them, he finds they are the golden hair of a sleeping child.

• he feels he should keep her because it came to him, as if it were an act of fate or destiny that should bring them together

• Feels a kinship with the child since they are both alone

(a) It is direct injection of pre-formed antibodies or antitoxin. It is for quick immune response, e.g. Immunization against T 

(b) Antihistamine quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy. 

(c) Colostrum is a yellowish fluid secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation, has abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant. 

(d) Cytokine barriers are interferons produced by the virus-infected cells. They protect non-infected cells from further infections.

Amniocentesis is banned to check increasing number of female foeticides. 

Pusa komal & Himgiri 

 Aedes mosquitoes spread diseases like dengue and chikungunya. 

A small amount of curd contains Lactobacillus and other Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) that grow in milk and convert milk into curd. LAB produces lactic acids that cause coagulation of protein in milk to from curd. 

LAB increases vitamin B₁₂ along with other vitamins in the curd

Introduction of genetically engineered lymphocytes into a ADA deficiency patient is not a permanent cure because these cells are not immortal and the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes. A possible permanent cure can be isolating the gene producing Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) from bone marrow cells and introducing it into cells at early embryonic stages.

The pathogen gains entry through contaminated food and water

The symptoms include sustained high fever (30°C to 40°C), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, loss of appetite.

In severe cases, intestine gets affected.

All living things have the ability to produce their own kind. This is called reproduction. Some animals lays eggs which hatch into young ones. They are called oviparous. For example, birds, lizards, frogs, fish, snakes and insects. Some animals give birth to young ones. They are called viviparous. For example, human beings cows, dogs and snakes. Plants also produce seeds which germinate to form new plants. For example, plants like grain, maize, lady finger, mango and coconut grow from their seeds.

Parasitism : It is a relationship between two species in which one benefits at the expense of other. Types of Parasitism : 

(a) Ectoparasites : Parasites living on the surface of the host are called ectoparasites. eg. flea, mosquito, lice etc. 

(b) Endoparasites : Parasites seen in the interior of the host body are called endoparasites eg. Flatworms, tapeworm etc. Endoparasites are of two types, intercellular and intracellular. Intercellular endoparasites inhabit intercellular spaces whereas intracellular endoparasites live within the cells of the host body.

The type of barriers of innate immune system are
(1) Physical barrier
(2) Physiological barrier
(3) Cellular barrier
(4) Cytokine barrier

Economic Importance of Lac Culture :

1. Lac is used in preparing a bangles

2.  Lac is used in preparation of toys. 

 3.  Lac is used in the preparation of inks and polishes. 

 4.  Lac is used in wood work and for making ornamental things. 

5.  Lac is used in process of silvering the back of mirror. 

 6. Lac cultivation has its roots in India and Bangladesh and is a major source of economy to the local population.

Widal test administered to confirm the disease.

Genomics is the study of genes and genomes by using DNA sequencing and related analysis.  

Applications of Genome : 

(a) Gene Therapy : It is a method to correct a gene defect diagnosed in a child / embryo. Here genes are inserted into a person's cells and tissues to treat a hereditary disease.

(b) Transgenic animals : These are the animals whose genome has been altered by sheep, cows and fish.introduction of an extra (forcing) gene by manipulation. eg Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish.

Rinderpest is an infectious, viral disease that affects animals like cattle, domestic buffalo and other cloven-hoofed animals.

In cattle, the most susceptible species, classical signs of the disease include fever, erosive lesions in the mouth, discharge from the nose and eyes, profuse diarrhoea and dehydration, often leading to death within 10 to 15 days. In other species rinderpest may show milder clinical signs.

The merits of democracy are

• A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government.
• Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making.
• Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
• Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes.
• In a democracy, people rule themselves as leaders are elected by them.

In a democracy, there is generally more than one party for elections. There is competition among political parties to win elections and form the government. Political parties try to influence and impress the voters by making many promises.

(i) Make different promises to different communities,

(ii) Look after the due representation of various communities,

(iii) Make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.

(iv) In the same way social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others. In many countries there are parties that focus only on one community.

The categories are:

(i) Children (below 15 years), who are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and healthcare.

(ii) Working age (15 to 59 years), who are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population.

(iii) The aged or elderly (60 years and above), who can be economically productive though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily but they are not available for employment through recruitment.

(A) the strengths of acids

The cardiac cycle is the series of electrical impulses and muscle contractions that pressurizes different chambers of the heart, causing blood to flood in one direction. The cardiac cycle varies in different organisms, due to changes in the structure of the heart. Some organisms have a three-chambered heart, which consists of the sinus venosus, atrium, and ventricle. Most tetrapods have developed a more efficient heart, which can supply a greater pressure of blood to the organisms. The “four-chambered heart”, is actually just a modification of the three chambered heart. The sinus venosus is reduced to the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium. The atrium and ventricles are divided in the four-chambered heart, allowing a separate pathway to be established to the lungs, allowing for greater oxygenation of the blood. The separate circulations pathways are known as pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body) circulation.

Difference between blind spot and yellow spot:

The process by which glucose is completely oxidized in absence of oxygen, to form alcohol or lactic acid and a small amount of energy is known as fermentation. 

However, complete oxidation of glucose in muscle cells produces lactic acid. During hard racing or exercise, the oxygen supply may not be enough for the needs of the muscle cells. When this happens, anaerobic respiration takes place, as well as aerobic respiration. The lactic acid that is formed by anaerobic respiration causes muscle fatigue and pain.

(i) In plants bearing bisexual flowers, the anthers are removed from the flower before they dehisce. This is called emasculation. The emasculated flowers are covered with a bag of butter paper to prevent contamination of stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging. When this stigma attains receptivity, mature pollen grains are dusted on the stigma and the flowers are rebagged to allow the fruits to develop. 

(ii) If the female parent produces unisexual flowers, emasculation is not done. The flower buds are bagged before the flowers open. When the stigma becomes receptive, pollen is dusted on stigma and the flower is rebagged.

Chemical substances which prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them but are not harmful to living tissues are called antiseptics. For example, Dettol, Savlon, etc.

Adenine cannot pair with Cytosine because the purine and pyrimidine bases pair only in certain combinations. Adenine pairs with thymine (A:T) and guanine with cytosine (G:C). Adenine and thymine are joined by two hydrogen bonds through atoms attached to positions 6' and 1'. Cytosine and guanine are joined by three hydrogen bonds through positions 6', 1' and 2'.

Double fertilization is a characteristics feature of flowering plants. In this process, out of the two sperm nuclei, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo (process is called syngamy) and another fuses with the polar nucleus to form an endosperm (process is called triple fusion). Because two kinds of fusion—syngamy and triple fusion—take place, the process is known as double fertilisation. After fertilisation, 

(i) the ovule develops into a seed. 

(ii) the ovary develops into a fruit. 

The role of saliva in the digestion of food:

a. It moistens the food for easy swallowing.

b. It contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar.

AIDS caused by the Human Immuno deficiency Virus 

In-situ Conservation– Threatened /endangered plants and animals are provided with urgent measures to save from extinction within their natural habitat and they are protected and allowed to grow naturally.

Example- wildlife sanctuaries/ national parks /biosphere reserves/ sacred groves

Ex-situ Conservation –Threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in a setting where they can be protected and given care

Example- in botanical gardens/ zoological gardens/ seed/pollen/gene banks

(a)  To maintain the cells in their physiologically most active log/exponential phase.

(b)  Temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen

(a)  Each primary spermatocyte will undergo meiosis-I and meiosis-2 which will result in 4 spermatozoa

300 million/4 = 75 million

(b)  Since replication has occurred by this stage

46 x 2 = 92 chromatids 

Meiosis –I is completed by this time 92/2 = 46 chromatids

From the human cell, DNA containing insulin gene is isolated. The two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin is introduced into the plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains A and B. The extracted chain A and B were combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin (humulin).

Black Soil :

(i)  This soil Is black in colour and is also known as regur soils. It Is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau. Cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.Are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material.

(ii)  They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. They develop deep cracks during hot weather, are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

(iii)   In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.

Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments.

(i)  Example: education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

(ii)  Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. 

(iii)  If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.

Problems in construction of large dams are:

• Dams wipe out flora and fauna in the region causing environmental problems.
• Increases the chance of flood in the adjacent areas due to cracks or leakages in the structure.
• Increases the chance of triggering an earthquake.
• Possibility of interstate dispute based on water sharing and water scarcity.
• Loss of cultural sites by submerging sacred buildings, artifacts, burial sites, etc.

(i) Farmers require transporting their products to a nearby town for sales. If the government invests some money in transportation and storage of crops or makes better rural roads so that mini trucks can reach everywhere, this activity can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like  transport or trade.

(ii) Suppose a new dam is constructed and canals are dug to irrigate the agricultural I and, it could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself and in reducing the problem of underemployment, besides increasing the crop yield.

The ancient Greek theatre influenced modern western theatre in terms of technology, stock characters, structure and plot of the story. Modernist writers borrowed the concept of catharsis from Aristotle’s ‘Poetics’. Aristotle used the term catharsis to explain the effect of tragedy on audiences. Catharsis means ‘purgation and purification’. The scholars have argued about the different use of term catharsis. But most of them agree with ‘purgation’ and ‘purification’. Some scholars argue catharsis as being Intellectual clarification. The scholars draw the modern period in theatre from the late nineteenth century to early twentieth century. Modernism is a conscious practice of art, rejecting the traditional ways of practice and innovating new forms. The modern theatre has its own roots with its literature.

Another essential element that needs to be given due and intelligent consideration is the properties used in the set or by actors. This aspect is generally ignored. Like actors, properties arranged within the set, act continually. It is not merely a piece of furniture or a wall hanging. It has to have its character and role understood in the context and interpretation of the play by the director. The properties, whether borrowed or hired or specially constructed, should correspond with the period and atmosphere depicted in the play. The director and the designer must take note of the shape, size, colour and period of the property and also its position within the set. In most of the productions, there is a designated crew to handle properties both for the set, called ‘set props’ and for the actors, called the ‘hand props’.

Stanislavsky’s technique focused on the development of artistic truth on stage by teaching actors to “experience the past” during performance. Actors were instructed to use their own memories in order to express emotion. Stanislavsky soon observed that some of the actors using or abusing this technique were given to hysteria. He began to search for reliable means to access emotion, eventually emphasizing the actor’s use of imagination and belief in the given circumstances of the text rather than his/her private and often painful memories.

Creating the inner character: The actor can begin by a simple and direct character analysis using the awareness of his own instrument to accumulate information about the character which must then be regarded as fact. The actor’s own relationship to the inner character he/she is portraying must be subjective only in how he/she will play the knowledge he/she has found, not what he will play as the character. 

Ask yourself honestly:Who am I? What are my particular likes and dislikes? Do I have a hobby? Am I religious? What is my background? etc.

Accessories are another necessary appendage to the costumes. There could be gloves or a legal paper, a handkerchief or a purse. Costume designer must carefully make note of these items because if forgotten or not made to the form and style or period, these accessories can become troublesome. Wigs and foot wear must also to be taken into account. And if there are period shoes, the problem becomes more serious; not so much with women foot-wear as their costumes are generally long and can cover their feet, but men’s foot-wear becomes an issue to be solved intelligently.

AKASH PUBLIC SCHOOL

5th October,20xx

NOTICE

CHANGE IN LIBRARY RULES

Student are requested to note the new library rules :

If the books are lost, then borrower shall replace the book of the same edition or latest edition or pay the cost of the book. Do not fold ,alter entries made on the cards. Members will be fined Rs 10 per day in case of damaged books. Fresh card will be issued on payment of Rs. 200.

The rules will be in effect from 1st November, 20xx

S,Mohan

Librarian

Kailash Public School

Daryaganj 

New Delhi

5th October, 20×× 

Natwar Stationers, 

12, Daryaganj

Sub: Order for office stationery . 

Dear Sir, 

This is with reference to our meeting on 3rd October, 20xx when we visited your showroom in connection with purchase of stationery products for our school children. 

We are pleased to place an order for the following items.

You are requested to make the delivery before 20th October, 20xx at the above address. Please note that damaged products will be returned for replacement. You are requested to give a discount 15% that was agreed upon. Full payment will be made by cheque on delivery. 

We hope to have a long business relationship with you. 

Please feel free to contact the undersigned for any clarifications or discrepancy in the order details. 

Best Regards

Karan 

(Administrative Officer)

M-114, Mount Kailash 

Kanpur

5th October, 20×× 

The Editor 

The Times of India

New’Delhi 

Sub: The problem of illiteracy among children 

Dear Sir, 

I recently went to my native village to visit my grandparents. There I saw that some of the children in the age group 5-14 (the age at which they should have been in school) remained at home, or were working in the fields or simply loitering in the streets. 

The parents of such children fail to realize this. They see their children as an extra pair of hands and prefer to send them to work in the fields. The parents of the children loitering in the streets clearly do not have access to school, or do not think that for their children schools are better than streets. Whatever the reasons are, the fact remains that there is still a vast village population which needs to be brought in the fold of basic education. Primary education should be universal and publicly financed, and all children should be able to attend school regardless of their parents’ ability or willingness to pay. The reason is simple: when any child fails to acquire the basic skills needed to function as a productive, responsible member of society, the cost of educating children is far outweighed by the cost of not educating them.

I hope this letter will find space in your esteemed daily.

Yours sincerely 

Navtej