Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The speaker had no sympathy for the old woman — later shows sympathy — looking at her physical appearance — moved by her condition — when she says she would show him horseshoe shrine for fifty paise coin — admires her self respect.

Detailed Answer : 

Initially, the speaker had no sympathy for the old woman. But later when he observed her keenly, looked at her physical appearance, he was moved by her condition. And later, when she offered to become a tourist guide to show him the horse shoe shrine for fifty paise coin, he wondered at her and admired her self respect. When she kept pestering him that she would take him to the Horseshoe shrine, he became angry and turned around to face her and tell her to end the force. He was also disturbed by her questions, her determination and the will to survive even though she was old and poor, the speaker felt himself very humbled and insignificant.

The Tribute 

Once upon a time there were two brothers named Arun and Varun, living in a small village of Uttarakhand. The parents of the brothers expired when the elder one was only eighteen years old and the younger brother Varun was twelve years old. 

The elder brother sacrificed his studies and went to fields to educate his younger brother. He used to accompany his younger brother to school because the school was bit far away from their home. Arun took care of Varun like his child.

 Now Varun had completed his studies and got a job in a bank in town. He was married and had all facilities in the town. He didn’t get time to visit his village and meet his brother. Once his brother wrote a letter, “Dear Varun I am getting older so I want to give your share in our paternal property. So, please come to the village,” 

Varun went to his village, his brother received him warmly and took him to show the fields. When Varun met his brother, he remembered the sacrifice and love of his brother. He told his brother that he didn’t want any share as he got the share of love and care from him and whatever he was then was only because of him. He said, “Bhaiya please you keep all these fields because you with lot of hard work grows crops here. I don’t have any right. Please keep it as a tribute from me.” 

Arun denied at first but later on when Varun insisted a lot, he could not say anything. The tears came in his eyes and he embraced Varun.

War affects not only soldiers but also civilians — boys adversely affected by war — the boys lost their house and parents as well — affected the boys emotionally — thrown into the streets — sister becomes the victim of tuberculosis — example of war may destroy home but not one's heart.

Detailed Answer : 

The war left Nicola and Jacopo homeless. War affects not only soldiers but also civilians. Those two boys were also affected by the war. They lost not only their house but also their widower father, a well known singer. For months, they had barely kept themselves alive in a sort of shelter they had built with their own hands amidst the rubble. Their sister became the victim of tuberculosis. War may destroy home but not one's heart. War, with its attendant horrors, had only broken their home but not their spirit. Their selfless action gave promise of a greater hope for human society.

The poem focuses on how man becomes materialistic — money madness spreads in the society — But for money man loses his values — society goes behind money — individual too — man loses generosity — measures another man in terms of money — money has got men down — we have become our slaves — poet offers a genuine solution that bread should be free — shelter should be free and fire should be free.

Detailed Answer :

The poem 'Money Madness' focuses on how man becomes more materialistic. Money madness has spread in the society. The society goes on measuring the man in terms of money as man loses the value and sentiments in terms of money. The society goes behind money. The man who does not have money, never gets respect in the society. And those who have money, are respected and obeyed by all. So the man too goes behind money. To get the social status, man gives much importance to money. He never bothers to help fellow beings who need his help in difficulties. 

The poet confirms that no man gives a pound without pain and no man gives ten pounds without trembling. Money has got man down. Man has lost generosity. Man makes money but money makes man its slave. The poet fears if the society measures man in terms of money, there would be no future for human relationships. So he offers a genuine solution that bread should be free, shelter should be free and fire should be free to all the people in the world. In his view, it would be a better solution for a better tomorrow.

(a) A develops into an embryo; B develops into endosperm. 

(b) Endosperm develops from primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). Endosperm develops first followed by an embryo. The PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions to give rise to free nuclei and this stage of endosperm development is called free nuclear endosperm. Subsequently, cell wall is formed and endosperm becomes cellular. 

The water of tender coconut in the centre is free-nuclear endosperm and white kernel in the outer part is the multicellular endosperm. 

Non-albuminous seeds have no residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during embryo development (e.g., pea, groundnut). Albuminous seeds retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower).

Paul Ehrlich proposed the rivet popper hypothesis. This hypothesis states that in an airplane (ecosystem) all parts are joined together using thousands of rivet (species). If every passenger travelling in it starts popping a rivet to take home (causing a species to become extinct), it may not affect flight safety (proper functioning of the ecosystem) initially but as more and more rivets are removed, the plane becomes dangerously weak over a period of time.

Side of the Square field (a) = 16 m

Area of the square field = a²

= 16 m x 16 m = 256 m²

(i) Each of its sides increased by 4 m

New side = (16+4) m = 20 m

New area of the square field = (a)²

= 20 m x 20 m = 400 m²

(ii) Each of its side is double

New side = 16 m x 2 = 32 m

New area of the square field = (a)²

= 32 m x 32 m = 1024 m²

Let the original length of the rectangle = l and its original breadth = b

∴ its original area = length x breadth 

i.e A = l – b 

Since,

Increased length = 3l

and, increased breadth = 3b

∴ New area = 3l x 3b = 9 x l x b [∵A = l x b]

⇒ Area of the new rectangle = 9 times than area of original rectangle

Here, AC = 22 cm, BM = 3 cm, DN = 3 cm

 Area of quadrilateral ABCDF = Area of Δ ABC + Area of Δ ADC 

= 1/2  x AC x BM + 1/2  x AC x DN 

= 1/2  x 22 x 3 + 1/2  x 22 x 3 = 3 x 11 + 3 x 11 = 33 + 33 = 66 cm² 

Thus, the area of quadrilateral ABCD is cm².

Essentially small scale industries comprise of small enterprises who manufacture goods or services with the help of relatively smaller machines and a few workers and employees. Basically, the enterprise must fall under the guidelines set by the Government of India. At the time being such limits are as follows

1. Personal character : SSIs enjoy personal character.
It is generally owned by a single entrepreneur or partnership.

2. Simple managerial structure : It is managed by owners only. Thus, can reap the benefits of direct motivation, secrecy, flexibility, etc.

3. Labour incentive techniques : There is pre-dominance of labour. These units use labour incentive techniques of production instead of mechanised methods of production.

4.Local area of operations : The operations of a unit are localised. It depends mainly on local resources but products are exported all over the world.

5. Simple technology : The machinery and equipments used for production of goods are operated manually and are not very sophisticated.

Lorry receipt is a receipt issued by transport company if goods are sent through road transport. It act as undertaking for a company to deliver the goods to the point of destination. Lorry receipt contains information about the name and address of the transporter, name of the consignor (seller or sender of the goods) date of booking of the goods for transport, name of the consignee, name of place of origin and destination, description of goods, number of packages along with their total weight and freight charges.

Every business operates with an aim to earn more than what has been invested and profit is the excess of revenue over cost. Profit plays an important role in business.

1. Sources of Income: Investors invest their money in the business with the sole purpose of earning profit, since profit is a source of income, it is therefore provides the owners of business the mean with which they and their family members can live a comfortable life.

2. Continuity of Business: The incentive of earning profit keeps the man engaged in business activities. A business can only grow and gain strength if it earns profit. So earning of profit is necessary for the continuity of business.

3. Efficient working: Profit is required for efficient and smooth functioning of the business. It is considered as a barometer for judging the performance of the business.

4. Goodwill : Profit helps in building the reputation
or goodwill of the business firms. With profit increasing over time, a business enterprise gains reputation. Such goodwill creates market standing which ultimately helps to raise loans and thereby obtain credit more easily.

5. Reward for risk bearing : Risk is always associated with any business. A person who invests money in the business has to bear the risk also. In the eventuality of loss due to any risk, the businessman doesn’t stop the business. It is the profit element that motivates him to carry on with business even in the case of losses.

6. Social responsibility : Higher profits make better remuneration and amenities possible. It increases the standard of living of workers. A firm with a higher profit is in a position to carry out its social responsibility towards various groups.

The major areas of social responsibility of business are as follows :

(a) Responsibility towards the shareholders: A business enterprise has the responsibility to provide a fair return to the shareholders or owners on their capital investment and to ensure the safety of such investment.

(b) Responsibility towards the workers: Management of an enterprise is also responsible for providing
opportunities to the workers for meaningful work.

(c) Responsibility towards consumers: Supply
of right quality and quantity of goods and services to consumers at reasonable prices constitutes the responsibility of an enterprise towards its customers.

(d) Responsibility towards Government and community : An enterprise must respect the laws of the country and pay taxes regularly and honestly. It must behave as a good citizen and act according to the well accepted values of the society.

The responsibilities of business towards shareholders (investors) and creditors are as follows :

1. To ensure safety of investment.
2. To provide a fair and regular dividend or interest.
3. Growth of the business should be planned.
4. There must be effective communication.
5. It must utilize resources properly.
6. To offer reasonable opportunity for participation of shareholders in policy decisions.

No, he cannot claim the compensation, as he has violated the principle of utmost good faith. He should have disclosed all the material facts to the insurance company.

The parameters used to measure the size of business are the number of persons employed and the capital invested.

A nominal partner is one who allows the use of his / her name by a firm, but does not contribute to its capital. He/ She does not take active part in managing and does not share its profits or losses, but his liability is unlimited like other partners.

(a) Foreign Exchange Banks, 

(b) Export - Import Bank.

Examples of businesses in which sole proprietorship is popular are, beauty parlours and hair salons.

The traders who do not have a fixed place of business are known as itinerants retailers.

(a) Statutory corporations enjoy independence in their functioning and a high degree of operational flexibility.

(b) Since they are autonomous organisations, they frame their own policies and procedures.

Examples of Statutory corporations are Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).

(i) Train-TrainId 

Reservation-RefNo

(ii) (d) By default, the UNION operator selects all the values.

(i) select TName, Passenger from Train T, Reservation R where T.TrainId=R.TrainId;

(ii) select T.* from Train T, Reservation R where T.TrainId!=R.TrainId;

(iii)

Merits :

(a) Higher returns to shareholders.

(b) No compulsory payment of dividends to shareholders.

(c) Permanent capital source.

(d) Raised without any charge. 

Demerits :

(a) No guarantee of steady income to shareholders.

(b) Raising of funds through equity shares costs more.

(c) Issue of additional equity shares dilutes voting power.

(d) More formalities and procedure for issue.

Detailed Answer : 

Merits of equity shares : 

(a) Equity share capital doesn't create any charge on the assets of the company. 

(b) Voting rights of equity shareholders assure democratic control over management of the company. 

(c) Equity share capital is to be repaid only at the time of winding up of a company and hence it is permanent capital of the business. 

(d) There is no burden on the company in respect of dividend payable to equity shareholders because it is not compulsory to pay dividend. 

Demerits of Equity shares : 

(a) The voting power and earnings of existing equity shareholders is affected by issue of additional equity shares. 

(b) Raising funds through issue of equity shares involves a lot of formalities and a lengthy procedure. 

(c) Since the dividend payable to equity shareholders keeps on fluctuating, investors who want steady income do not prefer them. 

(d) The cost of raising funds through equity shares is generally more as compared to other sources.

Correct option (d) 2015

Correct option (a) China 

Correct option (d) 1881

Six systems of Indian medicines are included in it:

(a) Ayurveda

(b) Yoga

(c) Unani

(d) Sidha

(e) Naturopathy

(f) Homeopathy

Poverty refers to a state in which an individual is unable to fulfil even the basic necessities of life. 

Suggestions to remove rural poverty : 

(a) Gainful wages and self-employment opportunities for poor class. 

(b) Minimum indirect tax on wage goods consumed by workers and progressive taxation on income and wealth. 

(c) Ceiling on land holdings and surplus land for landless farmers with required amount of finance. 

(d) Minimum wages should be guaranteed by Government to every worker. 

(e) Stringent measures against exploitation of child and women labour.

(f) Adequate expansion of free social service; health and education for rural and urban poor.

(g) Increased output of wage goods to be made available for the poor at reasonable prices.

(h) Availability of cheaper credit for poor, so as to create self-employment opportunities for them.

One of the significant developments that has taken place in the economic scenario of the world has been the emergence of regional economic groupings. Regional economic grouping is one of the major instrument of promoting international trade activities among countries. It focuses on creation of larger economic unit from smaller national economies. The main aim is to accelerate the development process and improve the quality of life of the residents of the region by providing them with greater choice both as producers and as consumers. Regional and economic groupings such as the SAARC, European Union, ASEAN, G-8, G-20, BRIC, etc. are formed to increase economic co-operation among nations in the neighbourhood or those sharing common economic Interests. This is particularly considered essential by developing countries as they all facing competition not only from developed nations but also amongst themselves in the comparatively restricted economic space enjoyed by the developing world. All major familiar economic activities in the region have an impact on overall human development in a common environment.

When many developed countries were finding it difficult to maintain a growth rate of even 5 percent, China was able to maintain near double-digit growth rate for more than two decades. It was 3.6 percent in Pakistan. The reasons of this low growth rates are reform processes and political instability. The total cultivatable area in China accounts for 40 percent of the cultivatable area in India. China’s development strategy is its Great Leap Forward (GLF) which aimed at the high-scale industrialization of the economy. Therefore basis of growth rate of China is manufacturing sector where as it is service sector in India. China has least index with respect to income, population below poverty line or health index – death rate, sanitation, literacy, life expectancy or malnutrition etc. Since 1978 growth rate of GDP was around 10 percent. In economic size, China is supposed today only by the U.S., Japan, Germany and France. One child norm is important in reducing the population ,it has controlled its population growth rate through the One Child Policy programme.

The expenditure on health improved health, efficiency, quality of living and life expectancy of people. In recent years, India has embarked upon the development of vast health infrastructure. This is evident from the fall in the death rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy. But more need to be done in the field of health care as it has some shortcomings such as unequal distribution of health services, lack of employees, lack of proper referral system, poor management, lack of modern facilities and techniques, etc. 

We can increase the effectiveness of healthcare programmes to increase life expectancy in the following manner : 

(a) The wide gap between rural and urban areas, poor and rich in utilising health care facilities must be addressed through more investment in health facilities in rural and backward areas by the government as private investment is not forthcoming in these areas. 

(b) Women’s health across the country should be taken into greater focus as a healthy mother gives birth to a healthy offspring and health status of population can be improved. 

(c) Regulated private sector health services, NGOs and community participation can improve the effectiveness of health care facilities and play an important role in spreading health awareness. 

(d) Indian system of medicine including Ayurveda and Naturopathy should be explored and used to support public health as they are based on natural healing and are of preventive nature.

Human Development Index is broadly an arrangement of social aggregates is averages of longevity, knowledge and access to resources. 

The HDI is calculated using the following indicators: 

(a) Health - Life expectancy at birth, 

(b) Education, 

(c) Purchasing power parity. In the year 2016, HDI for China, India and Pakistan was estimated to be 0.738, 0.624 and 0.550 respectively. Global ranking of these countries was found to be China- 90, India- 131, Pakistan-147. 

Higher HDI ranking indicates better performance. Population growth rate is highest in Pakistan than India and China. The fertility rate is low in China and very high in Pakistan. The reason is adoption of one child norm in China has performed better than India and Pakistan. China is far ahead of India and Pakistan. China has least index with respect to income, population below poverty line or health index – death rate, sanitation, literacy, life expectancy or malnutrition etc. Pakistan succeeded in lowering proportion of population below the poverty line faster than India.

Rural marketing is the assembling, storage, processing, transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of different agricultural commodities across the country. 

Steps taken by government in developing rural markets : 

(a) Setting up of regulated markets: Regulated markets have been set up to improve the marketing of agricultural produce. In this, there is a control of market committee on the sale of agricultural produce. As a result, the malpractices have come to an end in the mandis. Out of the 7600 mandis, about 7000 mandis are regulated. Now more than 70% of the produce is sold in the mandis. 

(b) Storage facilities: Government had set up central warehousing corporation in 1957. The main objective of this is to run and construct godowns and warehouses for the storage of agricultural produce. For the same purpose, the State Government has also set up ‘state warehousing corporations’. Godowns have been established at mandy level and village level. In the beginning of the 10th plan, the storage capacity of all the agencies was 702 lakh tonnes. 

(c) Grading and standardization: Agricultural Produce (grading and marketing) Act was implemented in 1937. Under this act, government has established grading stations for goods like flour, ghee, eggs, etc. AGMARK stamp of the department of agricultural marketing is marked on the graded goods. There is a wide market of AGMARK goods. These goods are sold at higher prices.

 (d) Quality control: Government has setup central control quality laboratory at Nagpur. Eight other regional laboratories have also been established in various parts of the country. The main objective is to test the quality and purity of agricultural goods. In this way, quality control is being given due importance.

The two main land reforms undertaken in India are as follows : 

(a) Abolition of Intermediaries: The idea behind this move was that ownership would give incentives to the tillers to make improvements in agricultural output. Almost 200 lakh tenants came into direct contact with the government and were freed from exploitation. 

(b) Consolidation of Land Holdings: As scattered and fragmented agricultural land is unproductive, the farmer is given one big piece of land in lieu of small and fragmented fields. 

(c) Tenancy Reforms: The land was mostly cultivated by the tenants and the land revenues were paid by them to their landlords. So the land reforms such as exemption and fixation from rent, no eviction from land, compensation to the tenants were introduced. 

(d) Re-organisation of agriculture: The Govt. provided loans at low rate of interest to the small/poor farmers to gain from the new technology (Green Revolution). The fertilizers and high yielding varieties of seeds were subsidized.

9/11 event implies a series of attacks on the US by hijackers from Arab countries on 11 September 2001. It was the most disastrous attack on the US. The hijackers attacked on important US building such as World Trade Centre in New York, Pentagon building and Capital building of US Congress in Pennsylvania.

The US responded to it by launching ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ to arrest all those who were suspected to be behind this attack. The US forces made arrest all over the world without the knowledge of the government of the persons being arrested, transported and detained them in secret prisons mainly against Al-Qaeda and Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

• Pakistan began with Post-Cold War period with successive democratic government under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. 

• Ordinary citizens rich or poor or belonging to different religions or institutions view democracy more suitable and support them. 

• Because it was earlier believed that democracy could flourish and find support only in prosperous countries of the world.

East-West Corridor is connecting Silchar (Assam) in the East to Porbandar (Gujarat) in the west.

(i). Commonalities between India and Soviet Union : 

• Both the nations shaped the nation on linguistic basis. 

• To promote welfare motives, the economic and technological developments took place in India also. 

• States were divided on the grounds of geographical boundary and strength of populations also in both the nations. 

(ii). Dissimilarities : 

• Soviet Union was divided into 15 independent republics/countries to be disintegrated. 

• India maintained its unity and integrity even among diversified nature of states and peoples without any more division. 

(iii). The Indian experiment worked better to promote linguistic and cultural plurality without affecting unity and integrity of the nation though India adopted some diplomatic measures to make country united.

(i) Essential functions of state :

 • Law and order 

• National security 

(ii) With the help of enhanced technologies, state can collect information about its citizens. 

• With this information, the state is better able to rule. 

• Thus, the states become more powerful than they were earlier. 

(iii) Flow of capital from rich countries enables the developing countries to invest in most wanted fields to make their country self-dependent.

(i) The US’s massive expenditure of defence and lack of money for peace related issues. 

(ii) Our country spends a lot on peaceful initiations first as well as make efforts to find out a peaceful solution first.

(iii) This cartoon conveys message that the countries are ready to spend on military rather than on peaceful initiation.

1.(a) The first type of quems were probably used for grain as smaller stone was pushed or rolled to and pro over the base stone which were usually converse. 

(b) The second type of quern was a pounder lastly making a large cavity in the nether stone. 

(c) It was possibly used for providing herbs, and spices for making curries. 

2. The quems were as a rale made of hard; gritty igneous rock or sand stone. 

3. (a) The second type of quems are described as ‘curry stones’ as they were probably used to pound herbs and spices. 

(b) They were used for making currier. So they were called as curry stones.

Buddhism is the state religion of Sri Lanka.

(i) High per capita income, 

(ii) High HDI 

(iii) Greater focus on economic growth rather than development. 

(iv) High standard of living. 

(v) Most of the population has access to basic healthcare and education. 

(vi) High quality of life parameter - including freedom, equal opportunities, etc.

Money acts as a medium to exchange itself for goods and services : A person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she might want. 

Everyone prefers to receive payments in money and exchange the money for things they want. 

For example : A shoemaker wants to sell shoes in the market and buy wheat. The shoemaker will first exchange shoes for money and then exchange the money for wheat. If the shoemaker had to directly exchange shoes for wheat without the use of money, he would have to look for a wheat growing farmer who not only wants to sell wheat but also wants to buy the shoe in exchange. Both the parties have to agree to sell and buy each others commodities. This process, is very difficult, time consuming and unhealthy.

Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial locations are either available or can be arranged at a lower cost

The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment.