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(b) A textile made from unbleached cotton, originally from Calicut.

A variety of textiles, spices, jewels and ornaments, ivory, timber, sandalwood, monkeys, peacocks, perfumes, aromatic and medicinal plants, sugar, rice, iron, steel, paper….

(a) The Kaveri.

The characteristics of a political party are:

(i) Political parties contest elections and share power.

(ii) A political party has members who agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promoting the common good.

(iii) It seeks to implement the policies by winning popular support through elections.

(iv) Political parties try to persuade people that their policies are better than others.

The French Society was divided into 3 divisions that were Clergy, Nobility and 3rd estate.

1. Clergy consisted of the high priests and they did not have to pay taxes.

2. Nobility consisted of the king and the and the peole who were very rich and wealthy and even they dont have to pay taxes.

3. The 3rd estate consisted of peasants, farmers, lawyers, some middle class minsters, etc and they all had to pay taxes.

The impact of globalization on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. 

Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of food grains, in order to supply dye to Britain's flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture.

Post liberalization, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidized agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. 

The impacts of the globalization on India economy are :

(i) Globalisation describes a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade.

Impact of globalisation: Increase in foreign trade, Increase in foreign investors.

Exchange of technologies between two countries.

(ii) Globalisation has resulted in foreign investments and has created jobs in the country. In the wake of the competition from the MNCs, Indian companies have upgraded the quality of their products and services. Many Indian companies have themselves established business units in other countries. This has helped in the development of the Indian economy.

(iii) Emergence of Indian companies as multinational Several of the top Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have been able to get benefit from the increased competition created as a result of Globalisation.

(iv) Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services particularly those involving IT (Information Technology).
For example, The Indian company producing a magzine for the London based company and call centres.

(v) Local companies supply raw materials to foreign industries and have prospered.

(vi) Creation of new jobs For those which are Globalisation has created new jobs and has helped in reducing unemployment rate to an extent.

Reasons for the need of environment friendly economic growth:

(i) Present production technology has polluted atmosphere and water bodies with garbage, smoke and poisonous gases.

(ii) Rapid economic growth and industrialization have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources.

Suggestions to achieve it:

(i) Increased use of renewable and clean sources of energy, less use of fossil fuels, organic farming.

(ii) Measures to reduce global warming and global limits on carbon emission, etc.

A. Commercial Farming 

i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc. 

ii. Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another 

iii. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming 

iv. Use of well-developed network of transport and communication 

v. High productivity for commercial purpose 

B. Subsistence Farming 

i. Is practiced on small patches of land 

ii. Labour intensive farming 

iii. Use of primitive tools 

iv. Dependent on Monsoons 

v. Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture. 

vi. Low productivity.

Key features of federalism : 

i. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government. 

ii. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration. 

iii The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. 

iv. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government. 

v. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.

Political Expression of Social Division

i. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these. 

ii. They can voice their demand in a peaceful and constitutional manner through elections 

iii They can fight for their recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Major steps taken by Indian Government towards decentralization in 1992. 

i. Constitution mandate to hold regular elections to local government bodies. 

ii. Reservation of seats in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes. 

iii. Reservation of at least one third of all positions for women. 

iv. Creation of an independent institution called the State Election Commission in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections. 

v. The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to state. 

Given, x = {1, 2, 3, 4} 

⇒ n(x) = 4

y = {1, 4, 9, 16}

n(y) = 4

Total number of possible products 

 = 4 × 4 = 16

Products x.y which are less than 16 are {1 × 1, 1 × 4, 1 × 9, 2 × 1, 2 × 4, 3 × 1, 3 × 4, 4 × 1}

n (x.y) = 8

∴ Required probability = 8/16 = 1/2.

This is because cross hybridization as a step in a plant breeding programme involves a collection of pollen grains from the desired plants and other pollination techniques to incorporate the desired traits.

Incomplete Dominance.

According to Darwin, the fitness of an organism is measured by its reproductive ability. Also the appearance of new forms is linked to the lifespan of an organism. The greater its lifespan, the more it can reproduce and hence, greater new forms would appear. This can be observed in the Development of dark-winged moth due to industrial melanism.

For example, industrial evidence: It is a case of natural selection. In England, it was observed before industrialisation that white-winged moth were more than dark-winged moth. But the situation became reversed after industrialisation. It was found that predators will spot and pick a moth against a contrasting background. During pre-industrialisation, the tree trunks were covered by white lichens and on white-background dark coloured moth can be picked up. During post industrialisation, the tree trunks were covered by dark, dust, coal particles and became dark, on which white moth can easily be picked up. Thus, it was found that industrial melanism supports evolution by natural selection.

Eco R1 stands for
E – Escherichia
Co – coli
R – RY 13 (strain)
I It indicates that it was the first enzyme being isolated from the bacterium E. coli.

Crossover chromatids results from interchange of segment or recombinant chromatids while,those that remain intact are non-cross over chromatids or parental chromatids.

1. Cutting of desired gene at specific location can be carried out by incubating purified DNA molecule with the restriction enzyme at some optimal condition. The progress of restriction enzyme digestion can be checked by Agarose gel electrophoresis.

2. Synthesis of multiple copies of the desired gene is also known as replication of DNA in vitro and can be achieved by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). This involves three three main steps.

• Denaturation: The dsDNA is denatured by using high temperature of 95°C for 15 sec. Each separated ssDNA now acts as a template for the further synthesis of DNA.
• Annealing: This can be done by using two sets of oligonucleotide primers. This step is performed at somewhat lower temperature (40-60°C) using Mg²⁺ as a cofactor for Taq polymerase nd dNTPs depending upon the length and sequence of the primers.
• Extension: It is achieved by Thermostable enzyme, i.e. Taq polymerase in the reaction as it can tolerate the high amount of temperature and can extend the primers by adding nucleotides complimentary to the template.

1. The enzymes present in the cytoplasm of the cell makes it difficult for DNA to pass through and reach cell membrane.
2. Secondly cell membranes are made up of phospholipids and cholesterols which make DNA molecule impermeable being hydrophilic.

Richa will try to convince her family by explaining them about the phenomenon of sex determination in human beings in which male possesses one X and one Y chromosome while, a female has two XX-chromosomes. If an ovum fertilises with a sperm carrying X-chromosome, the zygote develops into a female (XX) while, if an ovum fertilises with sperm carrying Y-chromosome, the zygote develops into a male (XY).Hence, it shows that the genetic make up of sperm, which fertilises the ovum determines the sex of a child. Thus, it is not right to blame a mother for the birth of a girl child as it is a by chance phenomenon because there are both 50-50% chances of having either a male or a female child each time a female becomes pregnant.

To force a recombinant DNA into host cells, a cloning vector must possess the following characteristics:
(a) (Origin of replication (ori): The process of replication begins from here where any piece of DNA when linked to this sequence is made to replicate within the host cells.

(b) Selectable marker: It selectively permits only the growth of the transformants by identifying or selecting the transformants and eliminating non-transformants.

(c) Cloning sites: These are the sites which a vector requires to link a foreign or alien DNA for commonly used restriction enzyme, e.g., restriction sites in E. Coli cloning vector includes Hindi II, Ecor I, BamW II, Sal I, Prul etc.

Morula is formed in isthmus, the upper portion of an oviduct. The diploid zygote is formed by the fusion of haploid sperm and ovum which rapidly moves by cleavage through the isthmus of the oviduct by mitotic division. As a result of which blastomeres of 2, 4, 8, 16 daugther cells are produced. This embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called morula.

(c) Weight of boat A is equal to the weight of water displaced, weight of B is less than that of displaced water and weight of C is more than that of displaced water.

MOET or Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology is the technique commonly used for herd improvement, i.e., a group of animals that live together or are kept together as a livestock.
The steps involved in the method are as follows.

1. A cow is administered with FSH for inducing the maturation of the follicles and super ovulation, i.e. production of 6-8 ova per cycle instead of one egg.
2. An administered cow is then allowed to mate with the selected bull or is artificially inseminated.
3. The fertilised egg at 8-32 stages are recovered- non-surgically and transferred to the surrogate mothers.
4. Development of embryo occurs. MOET is useful in the way that it enhances or intensify the production of genetically superior breeds of cattles and other herd animals.

1. A small part of activated sludge is allowed to pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as an inoculum. The remaining part of the sludge is pumped into anaerobic sludge digesters in which anaerobic microbes digests the organic mass as well as aerobic microbes (bacteria and fungi) of the sludge which in turn produces gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), carbon dioxide (CO₂), etc. These gases so formed are collectively known as biogas.

Importance of biogas
1. It is used as a source of energy for cooking and for the purpose of heating as well.
2. Reduces greenhouse effect.

When the BOD (i.e. the amount of oxygen consumed when all organic matter in one litre of water is oxidised by the bacteria) of the effluent is reduced significantly activated sludge is produced during the sewage treatment. This is then passed into a setting tank where the bacterial floes are allowed to sediment in order to become an activated sludge.

(i) Herodotus : Record of the great wars and unique events to be remembered by future generations.

(ii) St. Augustine : The story of struggle between God and Evil force.

(iii) J.B. Bury : History is a Science no less no more.

(iv) Arnold Toynbee : It is the story of rise and fall of civilizations.

(v) J. Nehru : History is the story of man from barbarism to civilization.

(vi) Karl Marx : History is the Struggle between have (Capitalist) and have nots (labours).

The definitions of History are :

(i) Herodotus : "History is the record of great wars and unique events to be remembered by the future generations."

(ii) St. Augustine : "History is a story of struggle between good and evil or good and bad".

(iii) Karl Marx : "History is a story of struggle between haves and have nots".

(iv) J.B. Burry : "History is a science no less no more".

(v) Arnold Toynbee : "History is a story of rise and fall of the civilizations".

(vi) Jawaharlal Nehru : "History is a story of man from barbarism to civilization.

Error                      Correction 

(a) on                     in 

(b) matches          match 

(c) being              be 

(d) ever              always/definitely/only

Error                 Correction 

(a) for              of 

(b) the             a 

(c) on              in 

(d) dare         dared

Error                   Correction 

(a) consider      considered 

(b) has              have 

(c) being          been 

(d) or               and

Teachings of Jesus Christ :

(i) Jesus Says, God is one. We are his sons. God is Omnipotent and the king of Heaven.

(ii) Jesus preached fatherhood of God and brotherhood of Men.

(iii) All are equal before God. Give respect to elders.

(iv) Love, forgiveness, justice, humanity were preached by Jesus.

(v) Don't Surrender to wealth. Help the poor, only then will you be a worthy son of God.

(vi) Jesus said fulfilment of duty, Purity of heart, Humanity, obedience to God are the Gateways to heaven.

(vii) Jesus opposed adultery and stealing.

(viii) Jesus had faith in the kingdom of heaven. There is no discrimination in the Kingdom of God.

(ix) Forgiveness is a great virtue. Such people are closer to God.

The results of Renaissance were :

(i) It helped to reform the Catholic Church.

(ii) It created materialistic desire.

(iii) It made Renaissance popular. It gave importance to man, his likes and problems.

(iv) It inspired to search new lands and helped in geographical discoveries.

(v) Literature and Science were developed.

(vi) It brought world from Medieval Age to Modern Age.

(vii) It inspired Reformation and brought the divide of the Church.

(i) Rise of Strong National States.

(ii) Growth of trade industries.

(iii) Money Economy.

(iv) Rise of Capitalism.

(v) Scarcity of labour.

(vi) Crusades.

(vii) Spread of Epidemics.

Detailed Answer : 

The causes for the decline of feudalism are : 

(i) Firstly, feudalism contained in itself the seeds of its destruction. As Henry Martin has observed, “Feudalism concealed in its bosom the weapons with which it would be itself one day smitten”. In course of time, when the feudal lords began to assert themselves too much, the kings who headed the feudal hierarchy, thought of bringing them under control. In this task they received full support from the newly emerged middle classes and freemen who were not under the control of the lords. 

(ii) Secondly, the liberation of the serfs due to enormous growth in trade and commerce also greatly contributed to the decline of feudalism. With the growth of trade and commerce, a number of new cities and towns grew which provided new opportunities for work. The serfs got an opportunity to free themselves of the feudal lords by taking up work in the new towns. It may be observed that according to the existing feudal laws, a serf could become a freeman if he stayed away from the manor for more than one year. 

(iii) Thirdly, the Crusades or the Holy Wars also greatly contributed to the decline of the feudal system. As a result of these wars, the Europeans learnt the use of gun-powder from the Muslims. The discovery of gunpowder greatly undermined the importance of the feudal castles. As a result, it was no more possible for the feudal lords to take shelter in these castles and defy the authority of the king. 

(iv) The Crusades contributed to the decline of feudalism in another way too. They opened up trade between Europe and cities of Constantinople and Alexandria. As a result, commerce and industry in Europe received a fillip and a number of important cities developed. The merchants and artisans residing in these cities wished to free themselves from the control of feudal over-lords. 

(v) Fifthly, the scarcity of labour force in Europe as a result of Black Death (which took a heavy toll of life in Europe) enhanced the bargaining powers of the serfs and rendered feudal system weak.

Aggregate Statistics i.e. the numerical characteristics that refer to a large collectivity consisting of millions of people-offer a concrete and strong argument for the existence of Social phenomena. 

For example, even though country-level or state-level statistics of deaths per 1000 population or death rate are made up by aggregating individual deaths, the death rate itself is a social phenomena and must be explain at a social level. This is exactly what Durkheim has done in his study ‘Suicide’ by collecting data about death rates across various countries. Durkheim argued that the rates of suicide (i.e. number of suicides per 100,000 population) had to be explained by social causes even though each particular instance of suicide may have involved reasons specific to that individual or his/her circumstances. 

Features of social stratification are

• This refers to a system by which categories of people in a society are ranked in a hierarchy. This hierarchy then shapes people’s identity and experiences, their relations with others, as well as their access to resources and opportunities. 3 key principles of social stratification are- 
• Social stratification is a characteristic of society, not simply a function of individual difference. 
• Social stratification persists over generations- A person’s social position is ascribed. 
• Social stratification is supported by patterns of belief, or ideology- No system of stratification can survive unless it is widely viewed as being either fair or inevitable. Example-caste system. People with greatest social privilege express the strongest support for systems of stratification. 

Forced incorporation of tribal communities has had a negative impact on tribal cultures and society as much as its economy. 

• Tribal identities are today formed by interactional process. 
• Because this interactional process has not been in favour of the tribes, many tribal identities are based on ideas of resistance and opposition to the overwhelming force of the non-tribal world.
• The positive impact of successes such statehood for Jharkhand and Chattisgarh, is marred by continuous problems. Many citizens of the north-eastern states have been living under special laws that limit their civil liberties. The vicious circle of armed rebellions provoking state repression which in turn fuels further rebellions has taken a heavy toll on the culture, economy, and society of these north-eastern states. 
• Gradual emergence of an educated middle class in conjunction with the policy of reservation is creating an urbanised professional class. As tribal societies get more and more differentiated i.e. develop class and other divisions within themselves, different bases grow for assertion of tribal identity. 
• These issues are categorised as- control over economic resources like land and forests; and issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity. 
• Due to division within the tribes, the reason for asserting tribal identity may be different for different groups of tribals. 
• 2 broad issues have been most important in giving rise to tribal movements. These are issues relating to control over vital economic resources like land and especially forests, and issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity. 

The Western and Indian meaning of secularism :

• In the western context the main sense of secularism has to do with the separation of church and state.
• The separation of religious and political authority marked a major turning point in the social history of the west. 
• This separation was related to the process of “secularization” or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. 
• The Indian sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions.

John was requested by his wife Lavinia to help Laura Hinkle work on an Ouija board. Laura was without a partner. She couldn’t work on Ouija by herself. John was reluctant to be a partner to Laura Hinkle. She was ‘flirtatious crocodile’. She leaned forward and held his hands coyly. John didn’t feel comfortable with a flirtatious lady like Laura Hinkle.

The narrator rightly calls the assembly of women “manipulators”. The word ‘manipulators’ here means two things. The women were ‘manipulators’ in the sense that they were operating or manipulating Ouija boards. The other meaning is equally appropriate. Ladies like Miss Laura Hinkle are skilful at influencing people or situations in order to get what they want. They are flirtatious and manipulating.

(a) The speaker is the frog.

(b) ‘We’ refers to the frog and the nightingale. 

(c) According to frog, for better billings, the nightingale should make her voice sharper and snappier with her songs to attract the audience. 

(d) The trait of the speaker's character revealed through the above lines is that the frog is greedy.

John Hallock didn’t specialise in ghost stories. But they seemed to specialise in him. His very first fiction was a ghost story. John worked as a book- keeper in a lumber company to earn a living. However, writing gave him some additional income that helped him to pay for the landlord or the grocer. Jenkins asked him to write another ghost story. This time he wanted something really sensational and full of horror. Something that the public wants. John couldn’t contradict Jenkins as his magazine had been the only one to print his stuff.

John was not particularly gifted for writing ghost stories. He just managed to write them. Even he didn’t know how and why. Sometimes he had to chase inspiration for months. Even, Helen, the ghost undermined John’s ability to write a ghost story.

John’s creative inspiration as a writer of ghost story has strange links with Helen, the ghost. After Lavinia threatened to leave him, John felt that the end of his domestic bliss and peace had come nearer. However, the encounter of Helen and Lavinia proved a blessing in disguise. Lavinia was now sure that a very unattractive ghost like Helen posed no danger to her. He not only got the love of his estranged wife but also the best plot for writing a ghost story again.

(a) The speaker is Marcus Brutus. 

(b) Mark Antony is being given permission. 

(c) The speaker is afraid of Mark Antony's oratory skills as the might convince the mob and turn them against the conspirators. 

(d) Marcus Brutus was an idealist and true patriot but he was a poor judge of people and situations as well. He could not judge Antony's motive for taking Caesar's body to the pulpit.

(a) Travelling to a new country can be very exciting.  

(b) It actually requires a lot of preparation before the visit. 

(c) The best option is travelling light. / Travelling light is the best option. 

(d) We also need to keep in mind the local weather. 

(e) We always return enriched with the experience.

(a) Travelling to a new country can be very exciting.  

(b) It actually requires a lot of preparation before the visit. 

(c) The best option is travelling light. / Travelling light is the best option. 

(d) We also need to keep in mind the local weather. 

(e) We always return enriched with the experience.

The situation occurs when the price is so low that it does not cover fully the AFC. The market price is less than AC of production and the firm incurs losses. This situation is graphically illustrated. At price OP determined by the intersection of market demand and supply comes equilibrium is at point E. At point E, MC = MR and MC curve cuts MR from below. Losses are incurred. Losses are calculated as:

AR = MR = P

TR < TC

TR = PEQO

TC = RCQO

LOSS = RCEP

AR = P covers AVC

The firm is not able to completely cover the AFC. The firm still continues to produce even though there are losses because at least the AVC is being covered by the price.