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The correct option is (D) Chemotropism.

If the roots of the plants are growing towards nitrate concentrated region of the soil it is called chemotropism. 

In chemotropism, the organism are stimulated by the chemicals that are present in the outside environment and these chemicals navigate the plants during their growth phase.

(i) The system of Jajmani came into practice after the 16th and 17th centuries. It was in vogue much earlier. 

(ii) It meant artisans and peasant householders entered into a mutually negotiated system of remuneration most of the time goods for services. 18th century mentions about the zamindars of Bengal. 

(iii) These zamindars remunerated blacksmiths, carpenters and even goldsmiths for their work by paying them a small daily allowance and diet money. 

(iv) In Maharashtra village artisans were compensated by villagers for their unique services giving land probably cultivable waste. Such lands became artisans water or miras-their hereditary holding.

(i) ‘Indica’ written by Megasthenes was the most important source of information about the Mauryan period. Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya. A beautiful depiction is given by it about the society and administrative system. 

(ii) Arthashastra written by Kautilya is another important source of information. It provides a detailed knowledge about the Mauryan administrative system.

(iii) Vishaka Dutta wrote Mudra Rakshash which gives a lot of information about how Chandragupta snatched the reins of rule from the Nanda dynasty.

(iv) The text of Jain and Buddhist religion illuminate on the life and religions views of the Mauryan kings. The inscriptions of Asoka help in understanding the history of the Mauryan age.

(i) The Indus Valley Civilisation is known as the Harappan culture. 

(ii) This civilisation was first discovered in 1921 at the present site of Harappa situated in the province of west Punjab in Pakistan. 

(iii) Archaeologists use the term culture for a group of objects distinctive in style, usually found in a specific area and period of time. 

(iv) The distinctive objects include-seals, beads, weights, stone blades and even baked bricks belong to Harappan culture. They were found from areas asAfghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan and Gujarat.

(i) Participation of Indian merchants and middleman, as junior partners in opium trade. 

(ii) Upsurge in demand for Indian cotton following Anercen Civil war in 1861.

1. The Fifth Report was voluminous affairs. It ran into 1002 pages. 800 pages were appendices that reproduced petitions of zamindars, ryots, reports of collectors from districts and notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras. 

2. It was submitted to the British Parliament in 1857 about the policies and practices of East India Company from its inception on the activities of the East India company were closely debated and watched in England. 

3. Many groups in Britain opposed the monopoly that the company had over trade with India and China. They wanted the revocation of the charter that gave the company this monopoly. 

4. Many private traders wanted a share in the India trade and British industrialists wanted India to be transformed into a market for their goods. 

5. Political groups argued that Bengal conquest had benefitted only the company and not the nation as a whole. A number of Acts were passed to regulate and control the company rule in India. 

6. The Company was forced to produce regular reports on India’s administration and committees were appointed to enquire into Company’s affairs. 

7. The fifth report was one such report created and presented with a motive of pointing finger towards the East India Company from the very beginning. 

8. For over a century and a half, the fifth report has shaped our conception of what happened in rural Bengal. But the report cannot be accepted uncritically. The Fifth Report exaggerated the collapse of zamindari power.

1. Many explanations have been given for the end of the Harappan civilisation. These range from climate change, deforestation, excessive floods, the shifting and drying up of rivers due to over use of the landscape. 

2. The rainfall in the Indus region slightly increased around 3000 BCE and further decreased in the earlier part of the 2nd millennium BCE. 

3. It may have adversely affected agriculture and stock breeding. The decline of the decreasing fertility on account of increasing salinity of the soil caused by expansion of the neighbouring desert. 

4. Others attribute it to sudden subsidence or uplift of the land which caused floods. 

5. Wheeler believed that the civilisation was destroyed by Aryan invaders. His views were based on the skeleton remains recovered from Deadman lane and correlated to the archaeological evidence of the Rig Veda. 

6. George Dales refutes Wheeler, he explained that the skeletons found in the site, did not belong to the same period. The citadel, the only fortified part of the city yielded no evidence of final defence.

7. The end of the Harappan civilisation was a gradual process. By 1800 BCE most of the mature Harappan sites in the region such as Cholistan had been abandoned. There was an expansion of population in new settlements in Gujarat, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. 

8. The important features associated with Harappan civilisation on writing, weights, pottery, artefacts, long distance trade, craft, disappeared. Even the house construction techniques deteriorated. The urban way of life gave way to a rural way of life. It appears that a strong unifying element perhaps. The Harappan state came to an end.

1. Francis Buchanan came to India in 1794. He was a physician. He served in the Bengal Medical Service by 1815. For few years he had been the surgeon to Lord Wellesly, the governor general of India. 

2. He undertook detailed surveys of the areas under the control of East India Company and became an employee of the East India Company. 

3. He was inspired by the love of nature. He had a keen desire to discover the unknown. He visited every where accompanied by draughtsmen, surveyors, planquin bearers and the coolies. 

4. On his part, Buchanan provided the company all the requisite information. He did his work to the satisfaction of the Company and he was considered as an agent of government. 

5. Buchanan was a keen observer of things. Regions where he went, he saw the stones and rocks. He observed and checked the different strata and layers of soil. He searched for minerals and invaluable stone. 

6. Buchanan registered the areas where iron ore, mica and granite were available. Further, he recorded the local practices of salt making and iron ore mining. 

7. Buchanan, the man of vision, always thought how the land could be made more fertile to give more production. According to him, crops should be cultivated in a particular soil. 

8. His priorities were always different from the local inhabitants. He always worked for the commercial concerns of the East India Company. Always he prepared strategies for the development. He did not like forest dwellers who were primitive and savage.

1. The Vijaynagara empire was founded by the two brothers Harihara and Bukka in 1336. The Sangama dynasty was the first important dynasty. It kept its control till 1485. 

2. The Saluvas military commanders replaced the Sangamas. They remained in power till 1503. 

3. Tuluvas replaced the Saluvas. The most famous of the Tuluva dynasty was Krishnadeva Raya. Under his regime the empire was expanded and consolidated. 

4. The Raichur doab was acquired and severe defeats inflicted on the rulers of Orissa and Bijapur. Trade and industry flourished. 

5. After Krishnadeva’s death, his successors were troubled by rebellious ‘nayaks’. Aravidu dynasty came to power, but the real power was exercised by the triumvirate among which the leading person was Rama Raya. 

6. Ram Raya’s policy of playing off one sultanate king against the other, finally resulted in the three kingdoms (Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmednagar joined their hands). 

7. They inflicted a crushing defeat on Vijaynagar in the battle of Talikota (1565). 

8. The city of Vijayanagara was sacked. The battle of Talikota marked the end of the great age of Vijaynagar. The kingdom lingered on till the 17th century. The seat of Aravidu power shifted to the east. It ruled from Penikonda and later Chandragiri.

Role of Nayakas: 

1. The Nayakas were the military chiefs. They exercised their power in Vijayanagara administration. They controlled the forts and had many soldiers under them. 

2. They kept on moving from one place to another. The peasants who were in search of fertile land sometimes took their help. 

3. The Nayakas spoke Telugu or Kannada. They had accepted the authority of Raya of Vijayanagar. 

4. Taking the advantages of the weakness of the central administration, they rebelled. They could be suppressed only by military action. 

Role of Amara Nayakas: 

1. The Amara Nayakas were the military commanders. They were alloted some territories to rule by the ruler of Vijayanagra empire. 

2. They were free to carry out the administration of their state. They had right to collect land revenue from the peasants and other taxes from the craftspersons and leaders living under their territory. 

3. They kept some portion of the revenue collected for their personal consumption and for the maintenance of their horses and elephants and submitted the rest to the state treasury. 

4. The rulers of Vijayanagra had firmly established and then controlled in peninsular region.

(i) Both Saints belonged to the early Bhakti Movements of Tamil Nadu; started around 6th century AD. Alvars were immersed in devotion to Vishnu, the Nayanar were devotees of Shiva.

(ii) The hymns devoted in Shiva by Mayanars are preserved in Tirumurari whereas which were devoted to Vishnu by Alvar saints are collected in Malayira.

(i) Kutagarashala literally means a hut with a pointed roof or grooves where travelling mendicants halted.

(ii) These resting places were generally places where philosophical debates took place among teache

The three hypotheses to explain species richness in tropics are

(i) The constant environment in tropics promotes niche specialisation and increased species diversity. 

(ii) There is longer exposure to solar radiation in the tropical regions that contributes directly to higher productivity and indirectly to greater species diversity.

(iii) There occurred no glaciation in tropical region and it remained undisturbed. Thus organisms living in tropics continued to flourish and evolved more species diversity.

The XXY individual suffers from Klinefelter’s syndrome.

(i) i gene is the regulatory gene and stands for inhibitor. 

The repressor of the operon is synthesised from the i gene. The repressor protein in the absence of an inducer (lactose or allolactose) binds to the operator region of the operon and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the protein. Thus ‘switching off’ the operon. 

(ii) Regulation by lac operon is referred to as negative regulation because the repressor binds to the operator for ‘switching off’ the operon. 

(iii) Lactose or allolactose acts as an inducer. 

(a) Gene z codes for b-galactosidase (b-gal) enzyme which breaks lactose into galactose and glucose. 

(b) Gene y codes for permease, which increases the permeability of the cell to lactose. 

(c) Gene A codes for enzyme transacetylase, which catalyses the transacetylation of lactose in its active form.

Ori is a sequence from where replication starts and any piece of DNA to replicate in the host cell needs to be linked to it.

It also controls the copy number of the linked DNA.

‘Saheli’ is well accepted because it contains a non-steroidal preparation and has very few side effects.

Besides acting as ‘conduits’ for energy transfer across trophic levels, predators are used in biological control of plant pests. This ability of the predator is based on its regulating the prey population. 

The natural predators reduce interspecific competition and does not harm the crop plants. For example, in an area the invasive cactus can be brought under control by cactus-feeding predator (a moth). 

Using natural predation, the ecosystem is kept stable without harming any of the trophic levels.

(a) These are the stigma and style which wave in the wind to trap pollen grains.  

(b) Provide energy for the movement of sperm tail. 

(c) Provides nourishment to the developing pollen grains.

The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. Australian marsupials are good examples. 

A number of marsupials, each different from the other, evolved from an ancestral stock, but all within the Australian island continent. When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area convergent evolution is said to occur. Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals each of which appears similar to a corresponding marsupial. Eg., Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf (marsupial).

Adaptive radiation is known as the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to the other areas of the habitat. For example, many Australian marsupials, different from each other, such as kangaroo, sugar glider, etc had evolved from a common ancestral stock, but all within the Australian continent. Thus, when more than one adaptive radiation occur in an isolated geographical area, Convergent evolution is said to occur.

Likewise Australian placental mammals also shows adaptive radiation in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals. Each one of these appear similar to the corresponding marsupial, e.g. placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf, anteater and numbat, etc.

The steps are: 

(i) Collection of variability.  

(ii) Evaluation and selection of parents. 

(iii) Cross hybridisation among the selected parents. 

(iv) Selection and testing of superior recombinants. 

(v) Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars.

Before the generation of new plants through the plant breeding programmes, they need to be evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc.
This testing is done on the farmer’s field itself for atleast three growing seasons, at different locations in the country representing all the agroclimatic zones, where the crop is usually grown. The material is then evaluated in comparison to the best available local crop cultivar known as a check or a reference cultivar.

36 chromosomes 

Zygote, a diploid cell is formed as a result of fusion of male and female gametes.
Its development depends on the following two main conditions:
(a) A type of life cycle of the organism
(b) Environment to which it is exposed to

An umbilical cord connects placenta with the embryo.

If the number of chromosomes present in meiocyte (2n) is 24,
Then, the number of chromosomes in gamete will be (n) = 12.
Number of chromosomes in zygote (2a?) will be = 24
And the number of chromosomes in an embryo (2n) will be = 24

Placenta develops after implantation of embryo in human female in the uterus. After implantation, finger-like projections called chorionic villi are surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood. The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and together form a structural and functional unit between developing embryo and maternal body called placenta.

(1) Fermentation is known as the process of conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol and CO₂ with the help of microbes such as bacteria and yeast. Microbes via fermentation are utilised for the synthesis of number of products that are valuable for human beings.
(2) Some of the important applications of microbes are

• In the production of bread using baker’s yeast.
• To ferment fish, soyabean, bamboo shoots, etc.
• To produce different varieties of cheese by fermentation.
• To produce wine, beer and other alcoholic drinks by fermentation.
• In the production of vinegar.

Source of cry gene–Bacillus thuringiensis. 

The following type of cry genes are isolated from it: cryIAc, cryIIAb, cryIAb. 

The introduction of cry gene acts as biopesticide. The cry gene produce crystals of toxic insecticidal protein. The activated toxin causes death of the insect.

Bt toxin genes were isolated from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and was incorporated into several crops like cotton, tomato etc.
The choice of the genes depends on the crop and the targeted pest, as most Bt toxins are insect group specific. This toxin is coded by a gene named ‘cry’, e.g. Gene cry IAc and cry IIAb control cotton bollworms and that of cry IAb controls com borer.

(1) The given pyramid is a spindle shaped ecological pyramid. The base and the apex of this pyramid is representing the producer (1st trophic level) and tertiary level consumer respectively.
(2) Examples of such ecological pyramid are:
(a) Pyramid of number in a tree ecosystem,
(b) Pyramid of biomass in a lake.

A – Restriction endonuclease
B – Ethidium Bromide (EtBr)
C – Agarose
D – VNTR
E – Apiece
D – Autoradiography

Forests are important for mankind because it helps to purify the air we breathe, mitigate floods and droughts, cycle different nutrients, generate fertile soils, provide and protect wildlife, maintain biodiversity, helps to pollinate crops, provide site for storage for carbon. From aesthetic, cultural and spiritual point of view, it is also not correct to cut down trees for our own benefits.

(i) Increase in the frame rate of animation increases the speed of the animation.

(ii) Decrease in the frame rate of animation decreases the speed of the animation.

Many to Many relationship exists between tables tbl_cust and tbl_product.

The cardinality and degree of the following table tbl_cust are 

(i) 3

(ii) 4

The devices which are used to convert Images on the papers into Digital Images are called scanners.

Design process is a multistage process. It involves creative phase as well as non- creative phases. Apart from the creative capabilities, a designer needs to develop other capabilities such as observation, research, coordination and management, technical knowledge, and persuasive capabilities. The design process as it is practiced can be split in various phases which can happen simultaneously or recursively depending on the situation.

The designer is burdened with administrative responsibilities, financial constraints and design advocacy. In all these four situations design process is practiced in different ways. In the first situation designer has the most freedom. In the second and third situation designer has a reasonable freedom while in the forth situation, the designer has more struggle and less freedom.

Stage 1

Design brief

• Identification of a design problem
• Research, positioning the design project
• Requirement analysis
• Finalisation of the brief

Stage 2

Creative processes

• Preparation and observation
• Explorations and ideation
• Analysis and selection

Stage 3

Planning and Execution

• Concept generation
• Assets creation and collection
• Visual design

Stage 4

Prototype or Dummy

• Testing, approval, final design

Stage 5

Implementation

Stage 6

Report

Stage 7

Review and Assessment

Raster Images and vector Images are two categories of Digital Images.

Referential Integrity

(i) prevent addition of the value in cust_id in table tbl_order if the same value do not exist in tbl_cust

(ii) prevent deletion of the value from cust_id in table tbl_cust if the same value exist in tbl_order

(iii) prevent editing of the value of cust_id in table tbl_cust if the same value exist in tbl_order

Design process is a multi-stage process. It involves creative phase as well as non-creative phases. Therefore, apart from creative capabilities, a designer needs to develop other capabilities such as observation, research, coordination and management, technical knowledge, and persuasive capabilities.

This is the most simplest classification of colours. All the visible colours can be divided into two basic categories— warm colours and cool colours as shown in the figure alongside. Normally, warm colours are considered as aggressive and active colours while the cool colours are considered as passive and receding colours. 

A range of colour hues from redish-violet to yellowish-green is considered as warm colours. On the other hand hues ranging from green to violet are considered as cool colours.

The brief describes theme of the project, target audience, resources available, duration and budget of the project.

Drawing is a system of representing visual ideas and thoughts on a surface. Most commonly it is used as a means of depicting three dimensional reality on a two dimensional surface using pencil, charcoal, crayon, pen, brush etc on a paper, cloth, wall etc. Drawing is also used as a tool for visualisation’. Drawing is a skill which is perfected by its keen interest in its enticing activity of observation and by patient and persistent practice of representing it.

(i) Microsoft Access

(ii) Design View

Anything related to beauty of form is Aesthetic.