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Creativity is a natural gift as well as it can be nurtured. Intuition and inspiration certainly aid and enhance the final results of any creative activity but in general if a designer follows a process in a certain way then that can also lead to creative output. Each graphic designer develops one’s own method for solving design problems, then evolves that method over a period of time which culminates into a special ‘style’ of that designer. No designer will view a problem from the same perspective; on the other hand, uniqueness of creative solutions lies in this specific aspect of problem perception. However, it is possible to capture major commonalities across various styles and develop a broad outline of the design process. 

There has been always a curiosity about understanding the nature of creative process. Graphic design is no exception to it. It is believed that creative people are ‘gifted’ and bestowed with special power or gift of generating beautiful ideas. Although, there is some bit of truth in this belief, since some people are naturally fluent in generating interesting ideas and articulating them, it is also true that if a person makes efforts and understands various procedures and subtle dynamics of creative thinking and then follows it in a step-by-step manner then it can yield creative results.

Thumbnail are small sketches. Which can be as small as your Thumbnail.

• Design has function as well as some purpose. In theoretical terms, ability of design is to fulfill the function or purpose. It is called as teleology of design.
• Another aspect of design is called content or meaning of design that can be broadly called as semiotic value of design.
• Apart from the main function of the design is to communicate the message and the users should be able to recognize the particular design.
• A designer is always aware about the formal beauty or aesthetic value, functionality, communicability or utilitarian value and semiotic value of the meaning of a design at an intuitive level.
• Aesthetics has always been associated with artistic activities where individual elements are organized within a compositional space to achieve the organic unity.
• We are often amazed by the certain ornamentation being drawn or incised on a mud pot or a water container, yet these marks may not have any bearing on the functionality of the object just has the overall visual appeal.
• Teleological or the functional concerns are at the core of any design choice as far as the user is concerned. User will not accept a design if it does not serve the purpose.

- Different floral patterns

- Proportion, creativity, balance of patterns

- Finishing the design

The ability of design to fulfill the function as purpose is called Teleology.

(i) It is an era associated with early states and cities, growing use of Iron, the development of coin.

(ii) It also witnessed the growth of diverse system of thoughts including Buddhism and Jainism.

(i) Salt was destroyed by the colonial government to prevent the use of salt that had not paid the tax. 

(ii) (a) Gandhiji felt the need to abolish salt tax as salt constituted basic necessity. 

(b) The British were taxing starving people. 

(iii) (a) Gandhiji considered salt tax more oppressive than other taxes because he saw it was a four fold curse. 

(b) It deprived people of a valuable easy village. 

(c) An unheard of tax of more than 1000% was extracted from the starring people.

1. Bombay was the commercial capital of colonial India. It was an important port on the western coast and a big centre of International trade. Half of the import exports of India take place through this by the end of the 19th century. 

2. Then, Opium was one of the important items of this trade. It was exported to China by the East India company. Indian traders and middle men were partners in this trade. They helped in integrating Bombay’s economy with the opium growing areas. They were Malwa, Rajasthan and Sind. 

3. Profit from the trade helped in the growth of Indian traders and other capitalist class. It was included the people of many communities – Parsi, Marwari, Gujarati Bania, Konkani Muslim, Bohra, Jew etc. 

4. Arrival of American cotton was stopped due to the American Civil war that was started in 1861. 

5. The demand of Indian cotton was increased. It was the great opportunity for Indian capitalists of Bombay for earing big profits. 

6. Due to the opening of Suez canal in 1869 the link of Bombay with European countries and economy came closer. Government and Indian merchants gained advantage from the opportunity. 

7. Bombay became as ‘Urbs Prima in India’. By the late 19th century Indian merchants were investing their money in industries like cotton mills. 

8. All these helped in the building of various activities of the city.

(i) (a) The water tank was built where the two mountains met. 

(b) It helped in the accumulation of water from which ever will came; water brought from a distance through the pipes. 

(ii) The other sources of water for Vijayanagara were tanks and canals. River Tunghbhadra provided its water for them. 

(iii) (a) It was very big project. One mountain was shattered and broken. 

(b) Many people were engaged in the gigantic task. 

(iv) of the ardos task and difficult terrain.

(i) (a) Every home was connected to street drains. The main channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered with bricks that could be removed for cleaning. 

(b) House drains first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while waste water flowed into streets drains. 

(ii) (a) Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks with drains connected through the wall to the street drains. 

(b) Many houses had wells, often in a room that could be reached from the outside. 

(iii) The drawback of sanitation is that the debris was not always removed when the drain was cleared.

Correct option (b)  2 and 3 

Nageshwar and Balakot. 

Principles are present in all the effective art forms in different nature and importance. There are seven principles considered in an order of growing complexity – Pattern, Rhythm, Contrast, Unity, Proportion, Balance, and Harmony.

Visual identification:

1. PATTERN

2. BALANCE

3. CONTRAST

4. UNITY

5. RHYTHM

6. HARMONY

7. PROPORTION

This statement is True.

Reasons :

1. Partnership is the relation between two or more persons aggreed to share profits and losses.

2. The liability of every partner is unlimited and is joint and several.

3. If any debts arise in a firm and the firm is disable to pay it then the partners are liable to pay from their personal property.

4. There will be no distinction between partners and business . Hence their liability is unlimited .

Importance of co-ordinating are as follows :

1. Integrated group efforts : The specialisation and the corresponding division of work into small parts disintegrate the efforts of all individuals. Co-ordination is concerned with integrated group efforts. Team work under the guidance, direction and motivation of the manager encourages the subordinates to work sincerely and give better performance to achieve organisational goals. Co-ordination helps to reduce the conflicts between the employees and increase their team spirit.

2. Creative force : Group or combined efforts of all the employees in an organisation helps to co-ordinate with each other and forms a creative force to achieve the desired goals.

3. Unity of direction : In the modern age of large scale business, various types of activities are performed by different groups and sub-groups. Co-ordinating function gives direction to bring together these activities to achieve common goals and objectives of the organisation.

4. Facilitates motivation : In the proces of co-ordination the superiors motivate their subordinates by providing them with monetary and other incentives. The subordinates get encouraged and put in better performance.

5. Optimum utilisation of resources : Proper and effective co-ordination helps to bring together all the resources of the organisation. Co-ordination also helps to avoid wastage of resources due to duplication, overlapping, confusion or misuse by certain employees working in different departments.

6. Achievement of objectives : Proper coordination helps to reduce wastages, delays and other problems of the organisation to a great extent. It develops team spirit among the subordinates and brings out harmony and integration in their activities. This ensures smooth working of the organisation in the process of achievement of objectives.

7. Improve relations : Co-ordination brings employees nearer to each other and develops good relations among the employees working at different levels of management. Proper co-ordination always helps employees to improve and develop the relations among the employees working in different departments of the organisation.

8. Higher efficiency : Co-ordination facilitates the optimum use of physical and human resources. This may lead to higher returns at lesser cost, thereby showing higher efficiency. Co-ordination ultimately leads to balanced development of the organisation.

9. Improves goodwill : A well co-ordinated organisation improves efficiency and quality of work. As a result, organisation achieves its goals faster, renders satisfactory services to clients and earns a name and goodwill in the corporate world.

10. Specialisation : In every business organisation all departments are headed by qualified and specialised professionals in their respective field. Proper and efficient co-ordination among these professionals helps top management to achieve organisational goals (targets) as planned by the top management.

Importance of Consumer Protection :

1. Seller dominant market : If the market is dominated by sellers then the consumer’s choice as well as his welfare gets the last preference. All the transactions are finalised in favour of sellers, middlemen and manufacturers, e.g. if there is shortage of goods then the buyer will have to buy a product at the price quoted by the seller.

2. Ignorance of consumer : Ignorance of consumers about their rights, market conditions, price levels, product details, etc. result into consumer exploitation. Many times consumers do not even realise that they are being cheated. e.g. a shopkeeper may sell a product which is actually received by him as free sample.

3. Tendency of the consumer: Majority of the consumers get attracted towards the products of cheap prices, discounts, various schemes, etc. This weakness of the consumers leads to their exploitation without their knowledge.

4. Unorganised consumer : Consumers are neither organized nor united. Compared to them the producers and sellers are in a superior position. An individual consumer cannot fight against powerful traders. Thus, it is easy to exploit unorganized and innocent consumers.

5. Nature of products : Now a days modern products are the end results of complicated production processes. It is beyond the capacity of poor and illiterate consumers to judge the quality or safety aspects of product. Moreover these consumers/customers cannot take legal help even though they realize that they are being cheated because they do not understand production process thoroughly.

6. Lack of information : Today’s consumer lives in a complex world. Distance between producer and consumer is vast. It is impossible to establish direct contact between producer and consumer. After globalization and liberalization policy of the government, the market is full of domestic as well as imported products. But it is difficult for the consumer to get reliable information about the product before it is purchased. He relies on commercials of the product or on trial and error method. In both the cases chances of consumer exploitation are high.

7. Lack of participation of consumers : It is observed that certain decisions, which directly affect consumers interest are taken without any consultation with consumers or their organizations. e.g. Charges of cooking gas, telephone, electricity, etc. Only a strong consumer movement can pressurize various organizations to allow consumer participation in the decision making process.

8. Increase in consumption rate : Compared to earlier period, consumption rate is increased due to increase in population as well as tendency of the people to lead a comfortable life. It results into mass production, many varieties, increased prices, unfair trade practices, etc. Such a situation in the market confuses the consumers and they fall easy prey to exploitation.

9. To restrict unfair trade practices : When more and more consumers start taking support of Consumer Protection Act (1986) to resolve their grievances then it will automatically pressurise the manufacturers, middlemen and traders for not conducting the trade by unfair means. 

The responsibilities of organization towards government are as follows :-

1. Timely Payment of Proper Taxes : The government has levied various taxes on business units such as excise duty, sales tax, corporate tax, etc. Business units should give proper information of product and should pay taxes accurately as per the provisions.

2. Respecting Rules and Regulations : Business unit should follow various laws and regulations created by government. They should conduct business in lawful manner. This helps in smooth conduct of activities of corporate sectors.

3. Earning Foreign Exchange : Large scale business should enter in export trade to earn foreign exchange. They should enable the government to import capital goods and technical know-how.

4. Political Stability : A stable government often brings more returns and peace in a democratic society. Business units should not support those groups or individuals who are interested in creating political disturbance.

5. Implementation of Socio-Economic Programmes: Business organization is expected to help the government in the implementation of various socio-economic programmes. They should help the government in solving the problems of unemployment, illiteracy, decreasing rate of sex ratio etc.

6. Miscellaneous.

(A) Helping government during natural calamities.

(B) They should not seek any favour from government officials by bribing or influencing them.

(C) They should provide complete and correct information to government officials.

(D) Giving timely advice to government in framing important policies in field of export-import, retail etc.

The advantages of E–Business are explained below :

1. Easy Set Up : It is very easy to set up E-business as a compared to traditional business

2. No Physical Space : E-business does not require physical space for operation. It required highly qualified technical professionals.

3. Quick and Easy Communication : Communication become wasy as there is no face to face interaction. Through E-business, it is easier and faster for businesses to communicate with their suppliers and their customers.

4. Low Start Up Cost : The initial investment for starting an E-business is generally lower than the costs associated with starting the same business using a traditional model.

5. Direct Communication : E-business provides a platform for direct communication between suppliers and consumers.

6. Strong Relationship Building : E-business enables strong relationship building between suppliers and consumers as their is direct contact between both the parties.

7. Global Platform : E-business provides business with the opportunity to transact with buyers across the globe. It connects the consumers and businesses anywhere from world through internet.

8. Govt. support : In E-business, transaction cost and availability of product at relatively low prices are possible. This is beneficial to society at large. Hence, govt. always supports or favours E-business

The Features of cooperative societies are listed below :

1. Registeration : Cooperative societies are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act 1912. After registeration a cooperative society acquires a separate legal entity.

2. Voluntary membership : It is a voluntary association of persons who are atleast 18 years of age and have a common interest. A person can join and leave the cooperative society at any time according to their free will.

3. Democratic management : In case of cooperative society 'one person, one vote' is followed irrespective of number of shares held by him. and all the decisions are taken by the members of the society on the basis of majority.

4. Service motive : Main motive of a cooperative society is to provide service to its members. Surplus if generated, is distributed as dividend among members according to the bye laws of society.

5. Limited Liability : Liability of members is limited to the amount contributed by them as capital in society.

(1) Normal Partner.

(2) Digital Cash / Electronic Cash.

(3) National Commission.

(4) F. W. Taylor.

(5) Controlling.

Match the correct pairs :

Correct Option  (a) human behaviour

Correct Option (c) High Court Judge

Correct Option (a) ten

Correct Option  (b) investors

Correct Option  (c) ports

d) To management, workers, consumers and government

Cost centre is a person or item for which cost may be ascertained.

Cost accounting is applied to Manufacturing and service concern

Marginal costing is concerned with Variable cost

The two major reasons for the appearance of variation among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction are :

(1) Crossing over is the process in which DNA is exchanged between the homologous chromosomes during meiosis, This causes variation in the progeny.

(2) The progeny formed due to sexual reproduction has characteristics from the mother as well as the father. Hence because of this the characteristics differ and result in variation.

Nitrification

1. Process of conversion of ammonia to nitrites and to nitrates.

2. First step of nitrogen cycle followed by conversion of nitrogen by Nitosomonas.

3. It is a oxidation reaction.

4. Two step process: Conversion of ammonium  to nitrite, then conversion of nitrite to nitrate.

Denitrification

1. Process of reducing back into free nitrates atmospheric nitrogen.

2. Last step of nitrogen cycle which is released back into atmosphere.

3. It is a reduction reaction.

4. Steps: Conversion of nitrate to nitrite, then to nitric oxide, then to nitrous oxide and finally to nitrogen.

By using the techniques of biotechnology, insect resistant crops have been developed. Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produce protein crystals which contain a toxic insecticidal protein that kill some insects like lepidopterans, coleopterans and dipterans, etc. 

• Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and cloned in bacteria.  
• Specific Bt toxin genes obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis are used in several crop plants like cotton by providing them resistance from insects.

• Bt toxins are insect-group specific coded by a gene called cry which are of various types—proteins encoded by the genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the cotton bollworms, that of cryIAb controls corn borer

Anxious, shy, awkward any other. 

Abstract thinking, systematic thinking, and Personal fable, any other.

Two ways each to create harmony and rhythm in Kurti for tall and thin

Ways to create Harmony in kurti are: 

a.  Style lines should be consistent on every area of garment

b.  All the areas of the kurti have same shapes

c.  Bottom hem should be well aligned

d.  Prints on different areas should align

Ways to create rhythm in kurti are: 

a.  Gradation 

b.  Radiation

c.  Repetition

d.  Alteration

Two ways to identify a stain are: 

(a)  By smell 

(b)  By feel 

( c)  By colur

Procedure of removing unknown stain from white cotton kurti is as follows:

(a)  Soak in plain water 

(b)  Soak in warm soapy water 

(c)  Bleach the stain by exposing to sunlight 

(d)  Treat with dilute alkali 

(e)  Treat with dilute acid 

(f)  Apply oxidizing bleach 

Reasons of aggression in elderly people are: 

1.  Physical discomfort 

2.  Lack of social contact loneliness

3.  Boredom, inactivity 

4.  Change of routine and unwillingness to adjust 

5.  Difficulty in adjustment after retirement 

6.  Lack of importance

Ways to control-: 

a.  Provide physical comfort-good food

b.  Should not react immediately

c.  Talk to them, engage them to take part in social functions 

d.  Make their routine 

e.  Divert themselves

f.  Do meditation and exercise 

g.  Work for community

Procedure to file a complaint in consumer protection forum -:

a. Identify the jurisdiction of the forum- District ,State or National level

b. File the complaint before 2 years

c.  Fill in prescribed format, state the facts and specify the compensation or relief

d.  Attach bills , copy of registered Affidavit , court fees and affidavit stating the contents are true

e.  Submit the complaint in consumer court. A copy of complaint is sent to opposite party and court directs the opposing the party to reply within 30-45 days

f.  Court final order sent to all the parties by registered part 

Influence of ‘Peer group in selection of food’ in what to eat and how to eat.

a. Influence by fancy and fast foods consumed by friends

b. Love to eat pizza, Burger, Fries etc.

c. Can change their taste with friends influence

d. pressuring teens to skip meals or diet to look thin

e. May imitate the behaviors of their peers who practice unhealthy eating behaviors. 

Influence of media in selection of food’ – 

a. play important role in promoting food products and help family in choosing food

b. tells the availability of different products with their nutritional composition 

c.  fascinated by attractive advertisements 

d. easy accessibility , take away foods, new websites for supplying food 

e.  media promotes sugar intake and unhealthy stuff also

The property of gases due to which it is possible to fill CNG in cylinders for using as fuel in cars is compressibility.

Rinderpest was the fast spreading and devastating disease of cattle plague. 

It affected the Africans in the following ways : 

(i) Rinderpest moved like forest fire. 

(ii) 90% of cattle were killed. 

(iii) The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Earlier people rarely worked for a wage. They possessed land and livestock. Due to Rinderpest, they were forced to work for wages and so it affected the economy. 

(iv) Colonial government forced the Africans into labour market.

Given, a = 100, d = -2, t_n = -10

Using, t_n = a + (n - 1)d

-10 = 100 + (n - 1)(-2)

-10 = 100 - 2n + 2

2n = 100 + 2 + 10

2n = 112

n = 112/2

n = 56

Here 56th term is -10

Number of terms in A.P. are 56

S_n = n/2(a + l)

S₅₆ = 56/2 (100 - 10)

= 28 x 90

= 2520

                                         Structural difference

Thymine is present in DNA.