Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The causes of infertility in Males are :

(i) Cryptorchidism – it is a condition in which the testes are unable to descend from the abdomen in the scrotum.

(ii) Oligospermia – Low sperm count

(iii)Impotancy – Failure of erection

(iv) Asthenospermia – decreased motility of sperm 

Father explains that it will lead to generation of e-waste;

Difficulty in recycling e-waste / hazardous nature of recycling of e-waste / exposing workers to toxic substances present in e-waste

Son’s wish to update his father with modern techniques, Awareness about trends and technologies, well versed with their applicability in daily life.

Concern for environment, scientific thinking, inquisitive nature, social awareness, judicious use of money, sense of responsibility.

(a) CH₄, NH₃, H₂O and H₂

(b) Anaerobic/Anoxygenic

(c) Life come from pro-existing non – living organic malecules and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution.

(a) Adaptive radiation - The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats). 

(b) Convergent evolution 

(c) Wolf is a placental mammal, whereas Tasmanian wolf is a marsupial mammal.

(a) There will be 138 pink flower-bearing plants and 69 white flower-bearing plants.

(b) Pink (Rr) selfing

Phenotypic ratio: red : pink : white

                              1  :    2    :     1

(c) Incomplete dominance

RNA is the first genetic material. 

Reasons: 

(i) RNA is highly reactive, and acts as a catalyst as well as a genetic material. 

(ii) Essential life processes such as metabolism, translation and splicing evolved around RNA.

Porins are proteins that form huge pores in the outer membranes of plastids, mitochondria and some bacteria allowing molecules upto the size of small proteins to pass through.

The Zygotene.

Unit of classification

A vascular bundle in which cambium is absent.

Pollen has an outer layer called exine which is made of sporopollenin.

Most resistant organic material is known/ withstand high temperature, strong acids and alkali/ no enzyme that degrades sporopollenin so far known.

Parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization which leads to the development of seedless fruit.

Biopatent : A patent is the right granted by a government to an inventor to prevent others from commercial use of his invention. When patents are granted for biological entities and for products derived from them, these patents are called biopatents.

(i) P. Maheshwari: The originator of Indian Plant embryology.

(ii) E. Wilson is the Father of biodiversity

(iii) M.S. Swaminathan: Father of green revolution in India

(iv) H. Boyer : Constructed first recombinant DNA, thus gave birth to the science of recombinant technology.

Set/ Set design

(a)  Type Casting

(b)  Anti Type Casting

(c) Casting by ability

 (i) Setting 

(ii)  properties.

Type of behavioural analysis. Provides us with information about how a person behaves under stressful situation. Involves role playing for which he is observed.

An Advocate has a duty to act in a dignified manner, to respect the court, not to communicate with a judge in private and impair impartiality, not to act in an illegal manner towards the opposition, to refuse to represent clients who insist on adopting unfair means. In addition, being an office of the Court, an Advocate is expected to uphold and maintain the values of the profession.

Furthermore, an Advocate's duty towards the client include being bound to accept briefs, not to withdraw from service, not to appear in matters where he/she is a witness, not to suppress material or evidence. An Advocate also had to maintain client confidentiality and not to instigate litigation or to charge contingency fee (fee depending on success or favourable result of matters).

There is a general duty to ensure that his/her duties do not conflict with the client's interests. An Advocate is also expected not to negotiate directly with the opposing party (only through the opposing advocate) and to carry out legitimate promises made. Breach of these rules and standards of conduct lead to disciplinary action against advocates which may result in suspension or debarment.

The right of advocates to advertise their services or solicit clients has been a controversial issue in the field of legal ethics and professionalism. In India advertising by lawyers has been strictly restricted by the Bar Council of India. An amendment to this rule allows advocates to furnish certain information on their websites after intimating and taking approval from the Bar Council of India. However, only 5 pieces of information can be put up on the internet, that is first, the name of the advocate or the firm, second, the contact details, third details of enrolment with the Bar, fourth, his professional and academic qualification and fifth the areas of practice.

Taking approval from the Bar Council of India.

Negative feelings get minimised when a counsellor extends a positive regard to the client by accepting that it is all right to feel the way the client is feeling. 

1. Counselling is part of the service sector. Thus, not following ethical standards will have legal implications. 

2. Client counselor relationship is based on ethical practice. It guides the ethical conduct of behaviour and decision making in actual clinical setting.

The Calcutta cricket cluc was the first Indian club to be organised. It was established in 1792.

A Gandhian Cap is made out of a cheap white cotton khadi. Gandhian cap became part of the nationalist uniform and even a symbol of defiance.

India extends from latitudes 8⁰4’ & 37⁰6’N and longitudes 68⁰7’ and 97⁰25’E

When monsoon winds arrive with moisture in them, violent thunder and lightning announce their arrival. This is referred to as ‘breaking of monsoon’/

Perennial rivers are those which never run dry and Himalayan rivers never run dry as they are snowfed and rainfed.

The right to vote granted universally to all adults men or women, rich or poor, white or black.

(i) Climatic Factor : They had to judge the climatic conditions of the regions where they wanted to move. They had to judge how long the herds could stay in one areas and where they could find water and pasture.

(ii) Timing : They needed to calculate the timing of their movements and ensure that they could move through different territories.

(iii) Relationships : They had to set up a relationship with farmers so that herds could graze in harvested fields and manure the soil.

(i) Need for Sleepers : Sleepers were the basis input required for constructing a railway line. Each mile of railway track required between 1700 to 2,000 sleepers. To meet this demand large number of trees were felled. 

(ii) Fuel : To run locomotives wood was needed as fuel. As railway was being spread throughout India more and more, wood was requires which could be used as fuel. 

(iii) Expansion of railway tracks : From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid. In 1946, the length of the tracks had increased to over 765,000 km. At the railway tracks spread through India, a larger and larger number of trees were felled. As early at the 1850s, in the Madras Presidency alone, 35,000 trees were being cut annually for sleepers. 

(vi) Contract to private individuals : The government gave out contracts to individuals gae out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks fast started disappearing.

(i) Main occupation : Nomad people depend primarily on animal rearing. Goats, sheep, camels and buffaloes are the main animals reared by the nomads. Some of the nomads also cultivate crops.

(ii) Movements : Nomads do not move randomly across the landscape but have a strong sense of territoriality. They are aware of physical and cultural characteristics of the region of their movement.

(iii) Food : Pastoral nomads consume mostly grain rather than meat. They consume wheat, rice, bajra and maize. Some of the food grains are grown by themselves and some are arranged from the path of their movement.

Green revolution means large increase in agricultural production due to use of high yielding verities of seeds and other inputs.

(i) The nineteenth century was a turning point in forest management and the forms of state control over the teak and nonteak forests of Java. 

(ii) If was the time when the bureaucrats of colonial Forest Service drew boundaries between forest and agricultural land on maps and in the field and established police to restrict people’s access to trees and other forest products. 

(iii) The ideology of “scientific” forestry was being imposed by the colonial state and its foresters, on the local people who were the real owners of these forests.

(i) It was tribal community of Java.

(ii) They were skilled forest cutters and practiced shifting cultivation.

(iii) They had a great skill in buildings palaces.

(vi) Most of them also worked under the Dutch.

The basis of origin of social differences are:

Most social differences are based on the accident of birth. For example, people may be tall, strong, weak, girl or boy. Some social differences emerge because people choose to follow certain practices or principles. For example, a person may be an atheist or may be a feminist. Some people may convert to another religion. All social differences do not result in social divisions. Sometimes, even people belonging to different religions may have common interests.

The Kalangs were a community of Java. They were skilled forests cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that teak could not be harvested without them nor could kings build their palaces. When the Mataram Kingdom to Java split, the families of the Kalang community were divided equally between the two kingdoms. When the Dutch colonised Java they forced the Kalangs to work under them. The Kalangs reacted by attacking the Dutch fort are Joana.

The Kalangs were a tribal community of Java.

Their four characteristics are:

(i) They were skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.

(ii) They had a great skill in building palaces.

(iii) They were so valuable that in 1755, when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms.

(iv) The Kalangs worked, under the Dutch, when Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the 18th century.

Body mass index is a measure of body fat and is commonly used within the health industry to determine whether your weight is healthy. BMI applies to both adult men and women and is the calculation of body weight in relation to height.

BMI = \(\frac{weight\;in\;kilograms}{height \;in\;meters^2}\)

Step 1 : Weight of person in kg and height in metres is taken.

Step 2 : Divide the weight by the square of the height.

Step 3 :
If BMI < 18.5, then person is undernourished.
If BMI > 25, then person is overweight. 

Family Income:-It is that stream of money, goods services and satisfaction that comes under the control of family, to be used by them to satisfy needs, desires and to discharge obligations. 

Money Income:- Income that family acquires in the form of money over a fixed period of time. E.g. wages, bonuses, pay, rent etc. 

Real Income:-It is the flow of commodities and services available for the satisfaction of human wants over a given period of time. E.g. Direct Income and Indirect Incomes.

Advantages: 

(1) Key to success 

(2) Saves time and energy 

(3) Helps in planning ahead 

(4) Finish all jobs in time 

(5) Relieving tension 

Therapeutic Diet: is a meal plan that controls the intake of certain food or nutrients. It is usually a modification of regular diet.  

Types of therapeutic diet based on consistency

(1) Liquid diet: includes food in Liquid state e.g. fruit juices, soup, butter milk, used in diarrhea, indigestion, fever etc.

(2) Semi solid diet: Include foods that are in Semi solid form e.g. custard, khichri etc., used for the patients with gastrointestinal problem. (3)Soft diet includes the foods which are easy to chew and made of simple digestible foods with no spices and fibers, used for patients with gastrointestinal disturbances.

Advantages 

(1) To maintain or restore good nutrition in patients 

(2) Concerned with the recovery from illness 

(3) Used to supplement the medical treatment 

Zygote: It is a fertilized egg formed after the fusion of the sperm with the egg.

The zygote divides several times to form an embryo.

Foetus:  It is a stage of the embryo that shows all the main recognizable body parts of a mature organism. 

An embryo gradually develops into a foetus.

A zygote is the first diploid cell that is formed by the fusion of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of an embryo.

The very early stage of development in pregnancy is implantation stage. In this stage, the wall of the uterus is adhered by the embryo. The prenatal development at this stage is that the conceptus is a blastocyst. The foetus receives oxygen and nutrients from its mother that helps it to grow due to this type of adhesion.

α particle will trace circular path in clockwise direction as it’s deviation will be in the direction (\(\vec v\) x \(\vec B\))
i .e, perpendicular to the velocity of particle. neutron will pass without any deviation as magnetic field does not exert neutral particle.
Electron will trace circular path in anticlockwise direction as its deviation will be in the direction opposite to (\(\vec v\) x \(\vec B\)) with a smaller radius due to large charge/mass ratio as r = mv/qB

Leishmania reproduces by binary fission and Plasmodium reproduce by multiple fission.