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​​​​​​ Following table shows distinction between capital market and money market:

Advantages of Formal organisation: 
(a) It is easier to fix responsibility since mutual relationships are clearly defined.
(b) It avoids duplication of effort since there is no ambiguity in the role that each member has to play.
(c) It maintains unity of command through an established chain of command
(d) It leads to accomplishment of goals by providing a framework for the operations to be performed.
(e) It provides stability to the organisation because there are specific rules to guide behaviour of employees.

Difference between Capital Market and Money Market:

(i) Management as an art.
(ii) Three features that establish it as an art are:
(a) Existence of theoretical knowledge. As in art, in management too, there is a lot of literature available in various areas of management which the manager has to specialise in.
(b) Personalised application Like in any art, in management too, a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a personalised and unique manner. This gives rise to different styles of management.
(c) Based on practice and creativity Management satisfies this criteria as a manager gains experience through regular practice and becomes more effective.

Factors which affect the requirements of working capital are: 
(i) Business cycle as in case of boom, larger working capital is required as the sales and production are more.
(ii) Seasonal factors as peak season requires higher working capital than lean season due to higher level of activity.
(iii) Production Cycle as working capital requirement is higher in firms with longer processing cycle.
(iv) Credit allowed to customers results in higher amount of debtors, increasing the working capital requirement.
(v) Operating efficiency as firms managing their raw materials
efficiently require lesser working capital.
(vi) Free and continuous availability of raw materials enables the firms to keep lesser stock and hence work with smaller working capital.
(vii) Higher Growth prospects will require larger amounts of working capital so that the firm is able to meet higher production and sales targets
(viii) Level of competition as higher competition requires larger stocks to meet urgent orders from customers and thus higher working capital.
(ix) Inflation increases the working capital requirements as larger amount of money is required to maintain a constant volume of production and sales.

Two factors that would affect the fixed capital requirement of Pinnacle Ltd. are:
(i) Diversification: It will increase the fixed capital requirements as the investment in fixed capital will increase.
(ii) Level of Collaboration: Collaboration reduces the level of investment in fixed assets.

(i) Incident ray 

(ii) Angle of deviation 

(iii) Normal on AC 

(iv) Emergent ray

This is because the pistil is intact due to which cross-pollination takes place leading to fertilisation and formation of fruit.

(i) Na or K 

(ii) Ca 

(iii) Hg 

Reactivity order: Hg < Ca < Na < K

(i) (a) Blue 

(b) White 

(ii) 1 M HCl

•  Virtual 
•  Erect 
•  Diminished 
•  On the same side as the object

The water from the high level in the dam is carried through pipes to the turbine, at the bottom of the dam. Moving turbine rotates the coils of the dynamo to produce electricity. Two limitations of hydro-energy: 

(i) Flowing water is not available at all places. 

(ii) Kinetic energy of flowing water can rotate a wheel or turn a turbine to produce electricity only when the water is available in sufficient quantity.

To indicate that such a number is not in use.

They are called protective tissues because

• They protect the plants from mechanical injury and infection.
• They prevent loss of water.

• Endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network enclosing a fluid-filled lumen.
• The two types of endoplamic reticulum are Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER).
• RER has ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes take part in protein synthesis.
• SER does not have any ribosomes on it and secretes lipids. Some proteins and lipids synthesised in ER are used for producing new cellular parts, specially the cell membrane by biogenesis.

1. Unstriated muscle
2. Ligament

The mass of all the ionic species present in the formula unit of an ionic molecule.

• On earth value of g is maximum at poles and minimum at the equator.
• At poles radius of earth is slightly less, so value of g is more while at equator the radius of earth is slightly more, so the value of g is less, g = \(\frac { 1 }{ R }\)

1. Sponge has minute pores in which air can be trapped, when pressed the air is expelled out and so it is compressible. However all its other characteristics is representing solid-state of matter & hence it is considered a solid.
2. Rubber band changes its shape under the influence of force and regains the shape when the force is removed. That is why it is stretchable, but its constituent arrange itself as in solid state of matter. Hence, it is consider a solid.

Chemical changes: Growth of plant, rusting of iron.

Plants are stationary thus their supportive tissues are made up of dead cells.
Animals move, hence they possess living cells to provide energy for movement. Also, for the many more differences and functions in plants and animals, they are made up of different tissues.

Every object in this universe continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by some external unbalanced force to change that state.

One example in which both physical and chemical changes take place simultaneously is burning of candle. Burning of wick of the candle forming CO₂ and emitting light and heat energy is a chemical change. Simultaneously melting of wax also takes place which, is a physical change.

As, X on heating gives two new substances Y and Z.
Therefore, X is a compound

1. Elements are made up of only one kind of atoms like gold, iron while compounds are made up of two or more kinds of atoms combined together in a definite proportion.
2. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions. However, compound during chemical reaction can break into simpler substances.

Neutron does not have any charge, i.e. charge is zero.
Its mass is 1.675 × 10^-27 kg.

1. Presence of notochord/ dorsal nerve chord/ paired gill pouches/ have a bilaterally symmetrical body/ are triploblastic/ are coelomate.
2. 1. Class pisces
   2. Class Reptilia

Proteins and Lipids

• Aves/birds can fly.
• Hollow and light bones.
• Streamlined body and forelimbs are modified into wings.
• Warm-blooded animals, heart with four chambers.
• Egg laying animals.
• Beaks present, teeth are absent.

1. Columnar
2. Adipose
3. Ciliated columnar epithelial
4. Aerenchyma
5. Squamous epithelial

Small birds have larger surface area relative to their volume, so they lose heat much faster spend more energy to generate body heat.

1. Impossible, as displacement refers to the shortest route or minimum possible distance to travel from initial to final position.
2. Possible, as the object/ball kept on a height may have zero speed, but due to acceleration due to gravity, i.e. non-zero acceleration it tends to fall down.
3. Impossible, as speed is equal to zero so displacement is also zero.
4. Possible, in case of frictional force, a moving body may have retardation opposite to the direction of motion.
5. Possible, as speed is increasing so does the velocity is increasing and thus, acceleration is postive.

• The particles are very small and cannot be seen with naked eyes.
• Colloidal solutions are stable and shows Tyndall effect.

1. AlCl₃
2. NH₄NO₃

Effects of using manures on soil quality:

• Manures enrich the soil with nutrients and provide a lot of organic matter (humus) to the soil and thus restores water retention capacity of sandy soils and drainage capacity in clayey soil.
• The addition of manures reduces the chances of soil erosion.
• They provide food for the soil organisms, like soil friendly bacteria.

Effects of using fertilisers on soil quality:

• By continuous use of fertilisers, soil can become powdery, dry and the chances of soil erosion increases.
• By the use of fertilisers, the organic matter decreases which further decreases the porosity of soil and plant roots planted in the soil do not get oxygen properly.
• The nature of soil turns to acidic or basic unnecessarily and it can harm the soil organisms.

18 Electrons

Answer: K, L, M, N

• Two trucks moving with the speed of 60 km/h will produce more momentum than the two cars moving with same speed due to the larger mass of trucks.
• Hence collision between two trucks will have more impact and is thus more fatal.

Pure substances contain only kind of particles or two or more particles in a fixed ratio while impure substances contain more than one kind of particles.

1. Brass
2. Tincture of iodine

When a liquid evaporates, it draws the latent heat of vapourisation from anything which it touches. Thus causes cooling.
For example:

• Sweating makes us feel cool.
• Sprinkling water on roof or on an open ground, during summers helps to cool down their surface.

In short run period, when other factors of production remains constant, if the proportionate change in TP is greater than the proportionate change in units of a variable factor, it is said to be law of increasing returns to a variable factor or In short run period when other factors remains constant, if MP increases with the increase in units of a variable factor, then it is known as law of increasing returns to a variable factor.

(i) Decrease in level of efficiency : If we increase the units of variable factors too much with fixed factors of production (after optimum combination), then the factor proportion becomes more and more worse. Due to that efficiency of both the factors decreases (because we are moving away from ideal combination). That's why AP and MP both decreases. Due to that AC and MC both increases. 

(ii) Imperfect substitute: At the point of optimum combination of means of production average and marginal productivity can be increased by substituting fixed factor (because at this point fixed factor is completely utilised). But the factors of production are not perfect substitutes, therefore it is not possible to replace fixed factor with other factor and that’s why, if we have to increase the output at optimum combination then we have to increase the units of variable factor with the same units of fixed factor. As a result there will be over utilisation of fixed factor, so AP and MP both decreases and AC and MC both increases. So ultimately decreasing returns will applies. 

Under perfect competition, all the units are sold at the same price. As a result, the Average Revenue comes equal to the price per unit of the commodity. Also, each additional unit is also sold at the same price per unit which makes Marginal Revenue also equal to the price per unit of the commodity.

Full employment refers to the situation where all those workers who are able to work and willing to work get employment at prevailing wage rate.

Involuntary unemployment refers to an unemployment in which all those people, who are eager and able to work at the existing salary/wage rate, do not get work.