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Class size = 4, 1st class interval = 4 - 8

(i) A hotspot is a geographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. It is an area of high endemism and high level of species richness.

(ii) Ramsar Sites : It is a wetland site designated of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, an inter-governmental environmental treaty established in 1971 by UNESCO and came into Force in 1975.

(iii) The Red Data book maintained by IUCN is created for the recordings of endangered and rare species of plants, animals, fungi as well as some local sub-species that exist within the territory of the state or country.

Steps of PCR Technique :

The three steps of PCR Technique are :

(a) Heat denaturation : This step involves heating of DNA at about 91°C. The heating breaks the hydrogen bonds to make ssDNA. The DNA molecule with more G–C pairs, need higher temperature.

(b) Annealing : It is pairing of primers to the ssDNA segment. The primers have to be designed as per the requirement. This step requires temperature at about 55°C.

(c) Polymerisation : The temperature is raised to 72°C. The Taq Polymerase adds NTPs behind the primer on the ssDNA.

Nitrogen deficiency

Cytosine and Uracil

Monocot stem

The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its first meiotic division.

(a) Ramapithecus: It was more man-like and lived on the tree tops but also lived on the ground. Its jaws and teeth were like these of humans. They walked erect on their wind Feet. 

(b) Cro-Magnon Man: They were about 180 cm in height with large skull, broad and arched Forehead, distinct chin and had elevated nose. Their cranial capacity was about 1650 CC It could walk and run Faster and lived in families in caves.

Life span: The period from birth to the natural death of an organism is called its life span Life span of an elephant – 60 – 75 years

Let the smaller and larger of two parts be x and y.

According to question

y² = 8x

Sum of the squares of the two parts is 20.

x² + y² = 20

x² + 8x - 20 = 0

x² - 2x + 10x - 20 = 0

x(x - 2) + 10(x - 2) = 0

(x - 2)(x + 10) = 0

x = 2 or x = -10 (rejected as part of pice never be negative)

y² = 8x

y = √8x

=√8 x 2

= √16

= 4

Hence, the no. is 2 + 4 = 6

The phase difference between any two points on a wave front is Zero.

Irrespective of the nature of wave front, phase difference between any two points on wave front is defined in terms of RADIANS. 

Minimum distance between object and real image in the converging lens is 40 cm.

Explanation:

Let,
u=object distance.
v= image distance.
f= focal length of the lens.
x= distance between object and image.

We already know that to obtain real image v must be positive.

Now we should use the lens formula,

1/v-1/u=1/f

Now, u = x - v.
Again we should put the appropriate value according toCartesian system of sign convention u is negative, we get,

1/v+1/(x-v)=1/f. 
⇒ (x-v+v)/[v(x-v)] = 1/f. 
⇒ xf/(vx - v²) = 1
⇒ xf = vx - v². 

Then,

v² - vx + xf = 0

Let's take the condition for real root of this quadratic equation in v.

Now, the roots are:

v=(1/2)[x+/- √(x²–4xf)].

For v to be real, x² > 4xf

or,  x > 4f

So the minimum distance between object and real image is 4 x 10 = 40 cm. 

Two parts each of resistance 4R are connected in parallel; so effective resistance across ends of diameter AB is

= (4R x 4R)/(4R + 4R) = 2R

γ-rays have largest penetrating power.

For disappearance of glass lens in liquid, refractive index of liquid 

= refractive index of lens = 1.45

ϕ =LI 

For same current ϕ_A > ϕ_B, so L_A >L_B 

i.e., Inductor A has larger value of self-inductance. 

Electric flux ϕ = 1/ε₀ x (net charge enclosed by surface S)

= 1/ε₀ x (2q - q) = q/ε₀

(a) Division of work. 

(b) Initiative. 

(c) Fair remuneration 

(d) Stability of tenure. 

(e) Esprit de-corps

(a) Initiates action. All organizational activities are initiated through directing. Along with planning, organizing and staffing, managers must stimulate action by issuing instructions to subordinates and by supervising their work. The aim of directing is to activate employees to work towards the realization of predetermined goals of the organization. 

(b) Integrates employees’ efforts. At all levels of management, there are subordinates under the managers. The work entrusted to these individuals is interrelated. Thus, individual efforts need to be integrated so that the organization achieves its goals. The directing function integrates the activities of the subordinates by supervision, guidance and counseling. 

(c) Means of motivation. The organizational objectives cannot be realized unless people working in an organization are motivated to work willingly and perform well to the best of their abilities. Directing helps in motivating employees to contribute their efforts towards the achievement of organizational goals. 

(d) Provides stability and balance in the organization. Managerial direction involves interpersonal communication, effective leadership and motivation, which help to maintain stability in the organization. Leadership and communication also help in maintaining a balance between individual and organizational interests. The capabilities of employees are utilized fully to serve the interest of the organization as well as the wellbeing of employees. 

The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space. Therefore, efficient means of transport is a prerequisite for fast development. 

(i) For a long time, trade and transport were restricted to a limited space. 

(ii) With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide. 

(iii) Today, the world has been connected into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport. 

(iv) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other.

The two reasons are: 

(i) Prudential Reasons: These lay emphasis on better outcomes of power sharing. 

(a) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between the social groups. Thus it ensures the stability of political order. 

(b) Its absence results into imposition of will by majority community, which undermines the unity of nation. 

(ii) Moral Reasons: These stress on power sharing as a valuable act because: 

(a) It is the very spirit of democracy. 

(b) A democratic rule involves it with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects.  

(c) A legitimate government is the one where citizens acquire a role in the system through participation.

Importance of radio and television as effective means of communication in one country. 

(i) Doordarshan, the national television channel of India broadcasts a variety of programmes ranging for entertainment, education to sports etc. 

(ii) Many educational programmes are also broadcast and in different languages. 

(iii) They create awareness about the subject of national and social importance. 

(iv) They entertain as well as educate people. 

(v) They give information about various issues of social concern. 

(vi) Programmes for every age group is shown on the television. 

(vii) They help in creating awareness among the people for the various programmes and policies launched by the government.

Rural to rural (R-R)

The Kreb’s occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Chemoautotrophs are cells that create their own energy and biological materials from inorganic chemicals. They feed on chemicals that are good electron donors, such as hydrogen sulphide sulphur or iron and derive energy for their life functions.

Leaching is the natural process by which water soluble substances such as calcium, fertilizer, pesticides etc. are washed out from soil or wastes. These leached out chemicals causes water pollution.

Correct Option (b) Primary consumers

Correct Option  (b) Cristae

(a) Private detectives will be hired 

(b) has dismissed the plea 

(c) has transferred three IAS Officers 

(d) A property dealer was shot dead

(a) radiation has reached food chain in Japan 

(b) 45 persons died in 

(c) were released in Libya 

(d) were imposed 

Correct Option  (b) Chloropyll-a, 680

Correct Option ) (c) Fungi

Correct Option  (a) Agaricus bisporus

Correct Option (d) Phosphate group

Correct Option (c) 1 : 2 : 1

Significance of a Food Chain : 

(i) It helps in understanding the food relationship and interactions among various organisms in an ecosystem. 

(ii) It helps in following the basic mechanism of transfer of food energy and nutrients through various components of nature. 

(iii) It helps to understand the movement of toxic substances in an ecosystem and biological magnification.

Solar cell panel comprises a large number of solar cells and can provide a much higher power for many uses. 

Two materials used for making solar cell are Gallium and Silicon. 

Limitations of Solar cells : 

(i) It is not available in night and on a cloudy day. 

(ii) Energy reaching the surface is very much diffused, so its direct utility is limited.

(i) Ni in its atomic ionic state can not afford two vacant 3d orbitals hence d² sp³ hybridisation is not possible.

(ii) Transition metals have vacant d orbitals in their atoms or ions into which the electron pairs can be donated by ligands containing π electrons, e.g., C₆H₆, CH₂ = CH₂, etc. Thus dπ-Pπ bonding is possible.

(iii) Because in case of CO back bonding takes place in which the central metal uses its filled d orbital with empty anti bonding π * molecular orbital of CO.

The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O. group of the amino acid located four residues earlier along the protein sequence.

Ribulose is a ketopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. It has chemical formula C₅H1₀O₅. Two enantiomers are possible, d-ribulose (d-erythro-pentulose) and l-ribulose (l-erythro-pentulose). They are important in the formation of many bioactive substances.

Saturated fatty acids are one of the two major categories of fat. Common dietary saturated fatty acids include stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, and lauric acid.

Sugar alcohols are used as a substitute for sugar in certain foods, particularly those that are labeled “sugar-free” or “no added sugar.” As consumption increases, it is important to look at the potential health benefits and risks of sugar alcohols.

Denaturation of proteins is a process of transition from the folded to the unfolded state. It happens in cooking, in burns, in proteinopathies, and in other contexts. The duration of the folding process varies dramatically depending on the protein of interest.

Various initiatives which happened at international level for the conservation of biodiversity are:

1. The Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, called upon all nations to take appropriate
   measures for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefit.
2. The World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002 where 190 countries pledged to reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and local levels by the year 2010.

Longer toes and long prehensile tail indicate arboreal adaptation.

Correct Option (a) Antigen

Two types of food chains that are observed in the ecosystem. These are grazing food chain and detritus food chain.
Differences between the two are:

Correct Option (b) Gene flow