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Correct Option   (c) Birds

Correct Option (a) Thyroxine

Correct Option (d) Jersey

Correct Option  (c) Heart

Correct Option (a) Reverse osmosis

def generateodd(a,b):

for i in range(a, b+1):

if(i%2! =0):

yield(i)

def Reverse (X):

for i in range(len (X) -1, -1, -1):

print x[i] *2

Pass 1: [12, 54, 22, 90, 55, 78]

Pass 2 : [12, 22, 54, 90, 55, 78]

Pass 3 : [12, 22, 54, 90, 55, 78]

def recurfactorial(n):

if n == 1:

return n

else:

return n*recurfactorial(n-1)

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num < 0:

print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers")

elif num == 0:

print("The factorial of 0 is 1")

else:

print("The factorial of",num,"is",recurfactorial(num)

def BinarySearch (Arr,l,R,X):

if R >= l:

mid = l + (R-l)//2

if Arr[mid] == X:

return mid

elif Arr[mid] > X: 

return BinarySearch(Arr,l,mid-1,X)

else:

return BinarySearch(Arr,mid+1,r,X)

else: return -1

Arr = [ 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 ]

X =int(input(' enter element to be searched'))

result = BinarySearch(Arr,0,len(Arr)-1,X)

if result != -1:

print ("Element is present at index ", result)

else:

print ("Element is not present in array")

c) Def

In Python a function is defined using the def keyword.

Manufacturing franchise opportunity: These types of franchises provide an organization with the right to manufacture a product and sell it to the public, using the franchisor's name and trademark. This type of franchise is found mostly in the food and beverage industry. Most bottlers of soft drinks receive a franchise from a company and must use its ingredients to produce, bottle and distribute the soft drinks. 

How do Franchising help Start-ups: 

1. Franchising helps in the working of start-ups because the product already carries a name in the market which is otherwise the most difficult to establish. That is why start-ups pay royalty to the franchisor. Franchising offers an established product that saves efforts, time and money involved and hence help start-ups. 

2. It is very important that the salesman must know his product. In this case start-ups are the, salesman. Therefore, start-ups take up training to understand the product and franchisors make franchises fully conversant with the product/services that they have to offer. Franchisors charge a fee for this purpose and their motive at every step is ‘Pay and Smile. 

3. Start-ups can grow rapidly without having to increase labour cost and other operating costs because generally buyers walk up to them straight away.

4. In practice, Franchises work for the benefit of franchisors. In other words, they turn one plus one in to eleven. They help each other. Franchisor’s efforts to boast his franchises are always sincere, so, there is no clash of interest. 

Advantages of franchising—to the franchisor 

1. Quick expansion: A franchisor can expand a business nationally and even internationally by authorizing and selling franchises in selected locations. The capital necessary for this expansion is much less than it would be without franchising. Operating a franchised business requires fewer numbers of employees than a nonfranchised business. Headquarters and regional offices can be lightly staffed, primarily to support the needs of the franchisees. This allows the franchisor to maintain low payroll and minimize personnel problems. 

2. Cost advantages: The franchisor can purchase supplies in large quantities thus, achieving economies of scale that would not have been possible otherwise. Many franchise businesses produce parts, accessories, packaging and raw materials in large quantities, and then sell these to the franchisees. One of the biggest cost advantages of franchising a business is the ability to commit larger sums of money to advertising. This pooling of resources allows the franchisor to conduct advertising in major media across a wide geographic area. 

Creativity The creative process: 

The process of creativity involves five steps: 

1. Idea germination, 

2. Preparation, 

3. Incubation, 

4. Illumination and, 

5. Verification. 

1. Idea germination: This is the seeding stage of a new idea. It is the stage where the entrepreneur recognises that an opportunity exists. The idea germination takes place according to interest, curiosity of the entrepreneur according to which opportunity is explored and exploited to its best potential. Creative idea germinates besides the interest, the need of a specific problem or area of study. 

2. Preparation: On the basis of the idea, interest and curiosity the need is adjudged by the entrepreneur and he starts looking for the answer to implement the idea. If the idea is to launch a new product or service then market research is conducted. That happens because the seed of curiosity has taken the form of an idea. The entrepreneurs foresee the future of the product. 

3. Incubation: This is the subconscious assimilation of information. This is the transition period. The entrepreneur starts thinking about the idea and implementation in his/her sub-conscious mind. 

4. Verification: Also called the validation or testing stage. This is where the idea is verified to prove that it has value. This is the most difficult phase of creativity as obstacles begin to appear. This is the developing stage in which knowledge is developed into application. 

5. Innovation: It is the process of entrepreneurship which involves the translation of a useful idea into an application which has commercial value. It takes persistent efforts to analytically work out the details of the enterprise or service, to develop marketing strategies to organize finances and strategize operations. 

Issue of Shares is the process in which companies allot new shares to shareholders. Shareholders can be either individuals or corporates. The company follows the rules prescribed by Companies Act 2013 while issuing the shares.The process of creating new shares is known as Allocation or allotment.

Container tags are tags which have both opening as well as closing tag like <B> .....</B> whereas empty tags are tags which have only opening tag like <HR>,<BR>.

Speaker is not an input device.

Control Unit acts as the nerve centre that sends control signal to all other units. 

Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory are examples of Primary Memory.

Examples of impact of technology on food availability:

(i) The technique of cold storage and use of refrigerated ships boosted the export of perishable goods without fear of loss. Meat exported from America could be sent to areas where meat was scarce.   

(ii) Faster railways, larger ships and lighter wagons enabled cheaper and quicker movement of perishable foodstuffs from faraway farms to their final markets.

(iii) Meat which was a luxury item in Europe so far was beyond the reach of poor people. High prices kept the demand and production low until the development of new technology.

(iv) Now animals were slaughtered for food in America, Australia or Newzealand and then transported in refrigerated ships to Europe as frozen meat-cost of transportation was also less than transportation of live animals.

(v) The poor people of Europe could now consume a more varied diet including meat, butter, eggs, etc.

Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. A license for open sources software allows the end user to study, change and distribute the software for any purpose. 

Some copyrighted software is made available for use, free of charge for an unlimited time. These are called Freeware. The copyright still remains with the producer / owner for any future development. 

Shareware are copyrighted software that can be shared for a limited on a trial basis with the understanding that if the user decides to use it, he will pay for it

The three features of waterways in India:

(i) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

(ii) They are fuel efficient and environment-friendly means of transport.

(iii) Around 95% of the country’s trade volume is moved by sea.

Women achieved gender equality through the following ways:

1. Having a fair proportion of representation in the elected bodies.
2. By forming women's organisation to claim their rights.
3. By reserving one-third seats in the lok sabha and state assemblies for women.

(i) Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of environment

(ii) They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support a variety of industries and provide livelihood for many communities.

(iii) They control wind force and temperature and cause rainfall

(iv) They provide humus to the soil and shelter to the wildlife.

Resource planning is a complex process. It involves the following process:

1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. 

2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. 

3. Match the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Forest is very important for human beings because if forest is not present we cannot alive on this earth because it gives pure air from atmosphere and in environmental is useful because it helps in maintain environment condition and help in stopped acid rain.

(i) In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements.

(ii) Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

(iii) In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus, share power.

(iv) In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.

Consumers are exploited in the market place in the following ways :

(i) Shopkeepers weigh less than what they should. 

(ii) Traders add charges that were not mentioned before. 

(iii) Traders sell adulterated or defective goods. 

(iv) False information is passed through the media and other sources to attract consumers.

Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.

(i) Technology has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

(ii) It has enabled to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas.

(iii) Internet has allowed to send instant electronic mail and talk across the world at negligible costs.

Four risks of indulging in unsafe and unprotected sex: 

1. Acquiring of sexually transmitted diseases. 

2. Depression 

3. Teenage pregnancy 

4. Unwanted /stressful motherhood 

5. Premature birth of infant 

Obesity is a state of excess fat in the body. 

Reasons: 

1. Too much snacking in between meals 

2. Wrong choice of fatty foods 

3. Sedentary lifestyle

Causes for drug abuse : 

(i) Curiosity 

(ii) Excitement 

(iii) Need for adventure 

(iv) Experimentation 

(v) To escape from stress

90° Ordinary  light is incident on the surface of a transparent material at the polarising angle.

The sequence of steps that take place in a PCR are listed as follows. 

(i) The target DNA is mixed with Taq polymerase, the two oligonucleotide primers and nucleotides. Very small amount of target DNA (just a single molecule) is sufficient as PCR is extremely sensitive. 

(ii) When the mixture is heated to a temperature >90°C, the DNA molecule denatures. The hydrogen bonds that hold together the two polynucleotides of the double helix are broken, so the target DNA becomes denatured to single stranded molecules. 

(iii) The mixture is then cooled down to 50–60 °C where the primers anneal to the DNA molecules at specific positions. The two strands of DNA can also rejoin at this temperature. 

(iv) When the temperature is again raised above 70°C, the DNA polymerase enzyme attaches to one end of each primer and synthesizes new strands of DNA, complementary to the template DNA molecules. 

(v) Now there are four strands of DNA (two original and two new). This process is called extension by which the enzyme extends the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as template. When the temperature is then increased back to >90°C, the double-stranded DNA molecules (each of which consists of one strand of the original molecule and one new strand of DNA) denature into single strands. 

(vi) The second cycle of denaturation-annealing-synthesis, at the end of which there are eight DNA strands. This means that after 30 cycles, there will be over 1 billion products derived from each starting molecule.

At the end of a PCR, a sample of the reaction mixture is usually analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA produced should be sufficient for the amplified fragment to be visible as a discrete band after staining with EtBr.

(i) Genetic biodiversity enables a population to adapt to its environment and to respond to natural selection. Genetic diversity within a species increases with environmental variability which results in the formation of polymorphs, races and subspecies in geographically isolated populations. Therefore, it provides the raw material for adaptation and evolution of new life forms (speciation). The different varieties of a given plant may differ in the concentration and activity of an important chemical compound that the plant may be producing (e.g., reserpine in Rauwolfia vomitoria). Similarly, the genetic diversity of rice in India is reflected in having more than 50,000 strains and in having more than 1000 varieties of mango.

(ii) Species biodiversity refers to the variety of species within a region. Species diversity has three qualities: (a) Species richness (the total number of species), (b) Species evenness (the relative abundance of species) and (c) species dominance (the most abundant species). Species diversity is the sum total of relative chance of seeing species as well as the actual number of species present.

(iii) Ecological biodiversity describes the number of niches, trophic levels and various ecological processes that sustain energy flow, food webs and the recycling of nutrients. Ecological biodiversity helps in producing more productive and stable ecosystems which can tolerate various stresses like prolonged drought.

Two sources are said to be coherent when the waves emitted from them have same frequency and constant phase difference.

Cadmium, boron → neutron absorbing material

Width of the central bright fringe is inversely proportional to the width of the slit. So if we increase the width size, the angular width of the fringe decreases.

At every point on equatorial axis, the potential is zero, so work done W = qΔV = 0(zero).

(i) Prostate glands and seminal vesicle : add their secretions so that the sperms are in a fluid and it makes their transport easier and also provides nutrition.Testes secrete testosterone which brings about changes in the appearances in the boys at the time of puberty. 

(ii) Female foeticides/illegal sex selected abortion of female foeticide. 

(iii) Interfere in release of egg and eggs are not released.

Social divisions in a country are reflected in politics in the many ways:

(i) Political parties make different promises to different communities during election for votes.

(ii) In elections, people tend to vote on the basis of social divisions. They vote for the candidate of their own community in the hope that he will look after their interest in a better way than the candidate belonging to other community.

The five steps undertaken by the "Indian Government" for enhancing the status of the "women on par with that of men" are women are given the right to vote just as equal as men, right to education, the government passed a law which has made dowry as illegal and no one can force any citizen to give dowry, hostels for working women who work away from their residence and temporary homes are provided for relief and rehabilitation to destitute women and women in distress.

(i) Women are given the equal right to vote like those of men.

(ii) The Government of India passed the Hindu Code Bill and Kamala Act due to which now girls have equal share along with their brothers in the property of their parents.

(iii) The government of India has declared dowry as illegal and now no one can force the other party to give dowry. Such persons can easily be prosecuted.

(iv) To impart education to girls various schools and colleges have been opened.

(v) Gender empowerment focuses on opportunities and participation in decision making process and values.
(vi) Women have been recognised as a separate target group in our developmental planning, for raising their status at par with that of men. To achieve the above objective the Rational Commission for women was set up in January, 1992.
(vii) Constitutional safeguards, initiatives in the areas of capacity building, employment and income generation, welfare and support services and gender sensitisation have been undertaken by department of women and child development under the National Policy for Empowerment of Women, 2001.

In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. In the cases of India, Sri Lanka, Belgium, Yugoslavia it has been very much observed that social diversities can be accommodated in a very positive manner.

But a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it do not come about easily.

(i) People who feel marginalised, deprived and discriminated have to fight against the injustices.

(ii) Such a fight often takes the democratic path voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner.

(iii) Seeking a fair position through elections.

(iv) Sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power.

However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Konkan Railways

Asthma and T.B.

(i) use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides 

(ii) Industrial effluents

Age structure: 

(i) Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups. 

(ii) It is an important indicator of population composition, since a large size of population in the age group of 15-59 indicates a large working populations. (iii) It helps in planning process and estimates future population.

Difference between growth and development: 

(A) Both growth and development refer to changes over period of time. The difference is that growth is a quantitative and value neutral. It may have a positive or negative sign. It means that the change may be either positive or negative. 

(B) Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive. It means that development can not take place unless there is an increment or addition to the existing conditions. It occurs when positive growth take place. Yet positive growth does not always led to development. Development occurs when there is a positive change in quality.

Wildlife and forests must be conserved for the following reasons:

• Biodiversity persists in a particular region because of forests so it is important to save a different kind of species with the help of the forests.
• The ecological stability is completely dependent on the forests.
• Forests release pure air which is important for human beings and keep a stable climatic condition for human health.