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(a) Balance of trade records the volume of good and services imported as well as exported by a country to other countries. 

(b) Favourable/positive balance of trade: when the value of export is more than that of imports for a country then that country has a positive balance of trade. 

(c) Unfavourable/Negative balance of trade means a country spends more on buying goods (imports) that it earns by selling (exports) to other countries-leading to exhaustion of its financial reserves.

Nucleated settlements: 

(i) These settlements are those in which large number of houses are built very close to each other. 

(ii) These settlements develop along river valleys and in fertile plains. 

(iii) Here, communities are closely knit and share common occupation.

(a) Balance of trade records the volume of good and services imported as well as exported by a country to other countries. 

(b) Favourable/positive balance of trade: when the value of export is more than that of imports for a country then that country has a positive balance of trade. 

(c) Unfavourable/Negative balance of trade means a country spends more on buying goods (imports) that it earns by selling (exports) to other countries-leading to exhaustion of its financial reserves.

Earlier architects and engineers had to be skilled draughtsmen but now computer does a lot of work for them. This phenomenon is called De-Skilling.

A situation where people do not enjoy the work but continue to do it only in order to survive is called Alienation.

With the growth of anti-Brahminical movement and the development of regional selfconsciousness in the 20^th century there was an attempt in several Indian languages to drop Sanskrit words and phrases. 

• A crucial result of the Backward Classes Movement was to emphasize the role of secular factors in the upward mobility of caste groups and individuals. 

• Recent years have seen assertions of Dalits who now take pride in their identity. 

• However, sometimes caste identity seems to compensate for their marginality in other domains. 

• But they nonetheless are discriminated in all spheres of life in terms of occupation, marriage practices, and food-sharing and so on. These caste rules may have become flexible to some extent but have definitely not disappeared. 

• Thus, the lower castes have gained some self-confidence and pride but otherwise remain excluded and discriminated. 

(c) diversification

The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment.

A cheque is a paper instruction to the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

ISI logo will you like to see on the electric heater to be sure of its quality.

ISI mark is the standard of quality check for electrical valuable goods.

Examples of modern currency are Paper bills/notes, coins and credit cards etc .

Examples of older currency are coins made of precious metals like gold or silver and also terracotta coins etc. 

Inspite of being situated near Cherapunji and Mawsynrum ,Shillong has faced an acute water shortage problem. To solve this nearly every house hold has a rooftop rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 percent of the water requirements are fulfilled by the rooftop water harvesting system.

The Development goal for an urban unemployed youth would be to find a good job and earn a decent wage with that work. He will aspire to maintain a good standard of living .

Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

The development goal for a farmer who is only dependent on rain for growing crop would be a good and sufficient monsoon season so that his crops get the required irrigation and he can benefit with the good produce.

Sri Lanka is an island nation. It has about 2 crore people, Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 percent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 percent). Among Tamils there are two subgroups. Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 percent). The rest, are called ‘Indian Tamils’. Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhist, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 percent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

States ‘need’ the nation as much or even more than nations need states. One of the characteristic features of the modern era is the establishment of democracy and nationalism as dominant sources of political legitimacy. This means that, today, ‘the nation’ is the most accepted or proper justification for a state, while ‘the people’ are the ultimate source of legitimacy of the nation. 

Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. This new ability to move ‘electronic money’ is referred to as a consequence of electronic economy. This is possible because of the communication revolution. 

(a) Chandran received unsolicited suggestions from relatives and friends as to what he should do after graduation.

(b) there was plenty of independence and leisure in lectureship.

(a)

(ii) high

(b)

(iii) intentionally

(c)

(i) disapproval

(d)

(i) rivals

(a) pestered 

(b) persecution

(a) Animals like deer, antelopes etc. all slaved their ground and make a loud noise to drive away the panther. 

(b) The panther avoids the open spaces where as the game animals deliberately seek open spaces. 

(c) The loud noise made by birds and animals is irritating to the sharp ears of the panther and he has no other option except to go away. 

(d) The panther stalks as close to its victim as it can manage and then makes the final dash by rushing at it at a lighting speed.

(a) didn’t have an academic bent of mind. 

(b) unhappy/disappointed/not proud of him/ dejected/displeased. 

(c) his father crying/the sight of his father crying/ his father in tears. 

(d) he would be able to overcome his failures/he would be able to succeed. 

(e) realised he could fight back/there is no age to learn to fight back/one’s will is important to learn to succeed. 

(f) never give up/the harder you work the faster you bounce back/to get up one more time than you have fallen.

(a) resilience 

(b) haunting

The correct option is (c) 32 cm.

In ΔPOT, 

(OP)² = (OT)² + (PT)²

OP² = (7)² + (24)²

OP² = (25)² 

OP = 25 cm 

PR = OP + OR 

= 25 + 7 

= 32 cm

The length of BC is 10 cm.

BP = BQ = 3 cm 

AR = AP = 4 cm 

RC = AC – AR = 7 cm 

RC = QC = 7 cm 

BC = 7 + 3 = 10 cm

(2 * 3) * 4 = (2 × 2 +3) * 4
= 7 * 4
= 2 × 7 + 4 = 18

During 1960s, scholars debated about whether tribes form a part of the caste-based peasant (Hindu) continuum or whether they were an altogether different kind of community.

Those who saw tribes being a part of the continuum argued that tribes were not fundamentally different from caste-peasant society but just less stratified and a more community-based rather than individual-based ownership of resources. 

Opponents to this stated that tribes were totally different because they had no notion of purity and pollution which is central to caste. 

By the 1970s, it was pointed out that tribe-caste peasantry did not hold any value in term so the criterion forwarded such as livelihood, isolation, religion. This is because of the following reasons: 

1. Many tribes such as the Gonds, Bhils and Santhals are very large abd spread over extensive territory. 

2. Certain tribes like Mundas, Hos and others have long settled to agriculture and huntinggathering tribes like Birhors of Bihar employ specialised households to make basktes, press oil etc. 

3. Also, many castes (non-tribals) have turned to hunting-gathering in the absence of other alternatives. 

Tribes can be assimilated into the hindu caste fold in the following ways

• Sanskritisation
• Acculturation
• Acceptance into the shudra fold

Some scholars believe that there is no coherent basis for treating tribes as pure and uncontaminated by civilisation. They propose instead that tribes should really be seen as “secondary” phenomena arising out of the exploitative and colonialist contact between preexisting state and non-state groups like the tribals. This contact itself gives rise to the ideology of tribalism to differentiate themselves from the newly encountered others. There is no reason to believe that tribes are out of contact with the rest of the world or have always been the oppressed section of the society. This can be said because of the following reasons

1. Gond kingdoms in central India such as that of Garha Mandia or Chanda. 

2. Many of the Rajput kingdoms of central and western India emerged through a process of stratification among adivasi communities themselves. 

3. Adivasis often exercised dominance over the plains people through their capacity to raid them and through their services as local militias. 

4. They also occupied a special trade niche, trading forest produce, salts and elephants. 

5. The capitalist economy’s drive to exploit forest resources and minerals and to recruit cheap labour has brought tribal societies in contact with mainstream society a long time ago.

Even as India fought for its independence from British colonialism a vision of what Indian democracy ought to look like emerged. As far back as in 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India. In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress dwelt on how independent India’s constitution should look like. The Karachi Resolution reflects a vision of democracy that meant not just formal holding of elections but a substantive reworking of the Indian social structure in order to have a genuine democratic society. The Karachi Resolution clearly spells out the vision of democracy that the nationalist movement in India had. It articulates the values that were further given full expression in the Indian Constitution. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution seeks to ensure not just political justice but also social and economic justice. Equality is not just about equal political rights but also of status and opportunity. 

In Karachi Congress Resolution, 1931 Swaraj was conceived by the Congress to include real economic freedom of the masses. The Congress declares that no constitution will be acceptable to it unless it provides or enables the Swaraj Government to provide for: 

1. Freedom of expression, association and meeting. 

2. Freedom of religion. 

3. Protection of all cultures and languages. 

4. All citizens shall be equal before the law. 

5. No disability in employment or trade or profession on account of religion, caste or sex. 

6. Equal rights and duties for all in regard to public wells, schools, etc. (any other provision can be given as example from the resolution)

Many tribal areas have had a rich tradition of grassroot democratic functioning Meghalaya for example. All the three major ethnic tribal groups, namely, the Khasis, Jaintias and the Garos have their own traditional political institutions that have existed for hundreds of years. These political institutions were fairly well-developed and functioned at various tiers, such as the village level, clan level and state level. For instance, in the traditional political system of the Khasis each clan had its own council known as the ‘Durbar Kur’ which was presided over by the clan headman. Though there is a long tradition of grass root political institutions in Meghalaya, a large chunk of tribal areas lie outside the provisions of the 73rd Amendment. This may be because the concerned policy makers did not wish to interfere with the traditional tribal institutions. 

However, sociologist Tiplut Nongbri remarks that tribal institutions in themselves need not necessarily be democratic in its structure and functioning. Commenting on the Bhuria Committee Report that went into this issue Nongbri remarks that while the Committee’s concern for the traditional tribal institutions is appreciable, it fails to take stock of the complexity of the situation. For notwithstanding the strong egalitarian ethos that characterised tribal societies the element of stratification is not altogether absent. Tribal political institutions are not only marked by open intolerance to women but the process of social change has also introduced sharp distortions in the system, making it difficult to identify which is traditional and which is not.

• Tribal groups like Khasi, Jaintia and Garo have their own traditional political institutions. 
• These institutions are fairly well developed and function at various tiers such village, clan and state level. 
• In the traditional political system of the Khasis each clan has its own council called Durbar Kur presided over by the clan headman. 
• A large chunk of tribal areas lie outside the provision of 73^rd amendment as the policy makers did not wish to interfere with the traditional tribal institutions.

State initiatives- 

• Reservation of seats in state and central legislatures 
• Reservation of jobs in government services 
• Reservation of seats in educational institutions 
• Abolition of Untouchability – Article 17 
• Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850 
• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes (Prevention of Atrocities Act) 1989 

Non-state initiatives – (movements and struggles) 

• In pre-independence time efforts made by Jyotibha Phule, Periyar, Ambedkar and others 
• In contemporary times efforts made by political organisations like Bahujan Samaj Party in UP, Dalit Sangharsh Samiti of Karnataka 
• Literary contributions creating Dalit awareness specially in Marathi, Tamil Kannada Telugu and Hindi

Legal- 

• Forest acts changed the lives of the pastoralists. They were prevented from entering the forest because the colonial forest policy changed from laissez faire to active intervention. The demand for railway sleepers transformed the forests. 
• Colonial administrators introduced harsh measures against the labourers by introducing penal sanctions against them in case of non-fulfilment of the contract. The recruitment of labourers was carried out by the Transport of Native Labourers Act 1863. 

Industrial- 

• Deindustrialisation took place because traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures declined in the face of Manchester competition. 
• Decline of cities like Surat and Masuliptanam while Bombay and Madras grew. The British took over Indian states like Dhaka and Murshidabad who lost their court gentry and this led to the decline if indigenous artisans and craftspersons. 

Architectural- 

• Job Charnock leased three villages Sutanuti, Kolikata and Gobindapur in order to set up trading posts. Fort William was established for military engagements. 
• The European town had spacious bungalows, elegant apartments and so on. When domestic water supply, electric connection and sewage links were available the Europeans residents utilised them fully whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town.

• It connotes the political awareness and the assertion of rights 
• Living in impoverished and exploited circumstances 
• Denied access to forest and forced them to migrate in search of wage labour 
• Government’s monopoly over forests continued even after independence. 
• ‘internal colonialism ’ faced by the tribals in the name of national development, mining industries 
• Displaced from their land without appropriate compensation or rehabilitation, (projects such as Sardar Sarovar dam, Polavaram dam etc)

Theory of relative deprivation- 

• Social conflict arises when a social group feels that it is worse off than another around it. 
• Role of psychological factors such as resentment and rage. 
• The limitations of this theory are that while perceptions of deprivation may be necessary condition for collective action but not a sufficient reason in themselves. 

The logic of collective action- 

• Mancour Olson’s book argues that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursing their self-interest. 
• A person will join a social movement only if there was something to be gained from it. 
• Mcarthy and Zald rejected Olson’s assumptions that social movements are made up of individuals pursuing their self interest 

Resource mobilization theory- 

• It depends on ability to mobilize resources or means of different sorts. 
• Critics argue that a social movement is not limited by existing resource. It can create resources such as new symbols and identities. 
• Scarcity of resources need not be a constraint.

1. The migration of men from the villages of the Himalayan region can lead to an unusual proportion of women-headed families in the village. 
2. The work schedules of young parents in the software industry in India may lead to increasing number of grandparents moving in as care-givers to young grandchildren. 
3. Sometimes these changes occur accidentally, as when a war takes place or people migrate in search of work. 
4. Sometimes these changes are purposely brought about, as when young people decide to choose their spouses instead of letting elders decide. 
5. Or when same sex love is expressed openly in society. 

India an example of a State nation- 

• State-nation where ‘nations’ -be they ethnic, religious, linguistic or indigenous identities-coexist peacefully and cooperatively in a single state polity. 
• Indian state has ruled out both assimilationist and integrationist model from the very beginning after independence. 
• The constitution declares India as a secular state but religion language and other factors are not banished from the public sphere. Citizens are given the institutional and political space to identify with both their country and their cultural identities. 
• Thus a successful strategy is to build state-nations that accommodate diversity constructively.

Family planning programme- 

• As a result of the family planning programme, growth rate of the population decreased and people started appreciating small family norms. 
• The family planning programme suffered a setback during the years of national emergency. 
• Government tried to intensify the effort to bring down growth rate through coercive measures of mass sterilization (tubectomy for females and vasectomy for males). 
• Massive pressure on lower level government officials to bring people for sterilization in the camps that were organized for this purpose. As a result there was widespread opposition to this programme and the new government elected after emergency abandoned it. National Family planning programme was renamed National family welfare programme.

5 o 10 = (5 * 10) + 3 = 10 + 3 = 13 

For 5 * 10 = 10

For Final Answer = 13

Fill the two blanks in the sequence 2, 14,  , 26, 38 so that the sequence forms an A.P

Before the British came to India, and before the Industrial Revolution, Indian textiles were in great demand throughout the world. The British rule changed India’s status in the world economy. 

(i) Mill-made manufactures swept the Indian markets. Mill-made fabrics were more durable and smooth with a better finish. These were cheaply priced also. 

(ii) Indian Peasants were forced to cultivate these crops that were required by British manufacturers.

(i) It is the largest delta of the world.

(ii) It is the most fertile delta of the world.

(iii) It is formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra river.

(iv) The lower part of the delta is marshy.

Following are the points which explain the statement: 

a. The economic activities have become specialized and complicated and has resulted in a new group of activities, like the Quaternary activities.

b. The Quaternary activities are related to knowledge and education, information, research and development.

c. The people of the Quaternary activities are innovative and contribute to the research and development.

d. Only a few people are engaged in Quaternary activities in economically developed countries.

e. It is characterized by the highest income and higher degree of mobility in the process of career development. 

1.  Land is generally cheap in the peripheral areas of the cities and is available in abundance. Single story buildings can be built. 

2.  The peripheral areas can be well connected with roadway and railway network used by high tech industries.

3.  Cheap and skilled labour is easily available from the nearby areas.

4.  Highly skilled specialists and professionals are available in major metropolitan centres.

5.  The features of high tech industrial landscape are neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed office plant-lab buildings for which the peripheral areas of the cities are most suited. 

1. Agro-based industries: These industries process the raw material 5 Page | 12 from the agricultural field into finished products to be consumed in the market. Major agro based industries are food processing, sugar, fruit juices, etc. 

2.  Mineral based industries: These industries use minerals such as iron, copper, cement as raw material.

3. Chemical based industries: These industries use natural chemical minerals such as Petroleum, salts, sulphur, etc.

4. Forest based industries: These industries use material provided by the forest such as, timber for furniture industry, wood, grass, bamboo for paper industry, etc. 

5. Animal based industries: Raw material in these industries is obtained from animals. For example, wool for woollen textiles, ivory from elephant tusks and leather from animal hide.

1. The canal has two irrigation system such as Flow system (underflow) and lift system (underlift). Around 70% land of the command area is irrigated by flow system and rest 30% Land by lift system. All the lift channels of Indira Gandhi Canal system originate at the left Bank of main canal while the canals on the right Bank of main canal are Flow canals. 

2. Stage 1- Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and northern parts of Bikaner and Jaiselmer district. 

Stage 2- Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu districts. 

The development has direct bearing on the deteriorating human conditions due to environmental degradation and ecological crisis. Air, soil, water and noise pollution have threatened our existence. Consequently, the poor are subjected to three interrelated processes of declining capabilities as given below-

1. Social capabilities due to displacement and weakening social ties.

2. Environmental capabilities due to pollution.

3. Personal capabilities due to increasing incidence of diseases and accidents.

This has adverse effects on their quality of life and human development

As per the World Human Development Report , Human Development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices, increasing their oppurtunities for education, health care, income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound environment to economic, social and political freedom.

Thus enlarging the range of people’s choices is the most significant aspect of human development. It is just opposite the western or euro-centric view of development. People should be able to live a long and healthy life. They should be educated and have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. These are necessary and non-negotiable aspects of the human development.

Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are Uranium and Thorium. Uranium deposits occur in Dharwar rocks. It is found in several locations along the Singhbhum copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Thorium is mainly obtained from the monazite and limonite in the beach sand along the cost of Kerala and Tamilnadu. World's richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha.

Atomic energy commission was established in 1948. The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra) Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamilnadu), Narora ( Uttar Pradesh) Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakrapara ( Gujarat) Collaboration with France, Germany, Russia and U.S.A. in developing the required technology is a positive step in this direction.