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1. The sustainable development is important because it calls for the protection of resources for future generations.

2. Sustainable energy resources are only the renewable energy resources like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass.

3. These energy sources are more equitably distributed and environmental friendly.

4. Non-conventional energy sources will provide more sustained, eco friendly cheaper energy after the initial cost is taken care of.

5. Traditional methods of resource use result into generating enormous quantity of waste as well as create other environmental problems. Hence, sustainable development calls for the protection of resources for the future generation. There is an urgent need to conserve the resources. 

Roadways still have an edge over railways in India because :
(i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines and construction time is also comparatively less.
(ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography which is a limitation in case of railways.
(iii) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains like the Himalayas, whereas the mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. Likewise, it is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plains in the deserts, swampy or forested tracks.
(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances, whereas railways are suitable for transportation of large number of people and goods in bulk, especially over long distances.

(v) Roadways provide door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower but railways have not reached everywhere, still there are places which are yet to be connected with the railways.
(vi) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and seaports. On the other hand, railways work as a lifeline for the economic growth of a country as they carry raw materials and produced goods from one part of the nation to another on a large scale.

The main motive of trade is exchange to goods and services.

Tourism is travel undertaken for purposes of recreation rather than business.

382 person per sq km.

Amritsar and Ludhiana.

NHAI is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways.

The basic idea behind decentralization:
(i) Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level because people have better knowledge of their local problems.
(ii) It helps in promoting direct participation. 

Structure of Rural Local Government :
(i) Zila Parishad: All the mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of the members are elected and headed by a chairperson.
(ii) Panchayat Samiti or Mandal or Block: The members of this body are elected by the entire panchayat members in that area. A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form this government body.
(iii) Gram Panchayat: A council consisting of several ward members often called Panch. The president is called sarpanch. It is the decision-making body for the entire village.

(A) Human geography is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and earth’s surface. 

(B) (i) Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology. 

(ii) It is not important what human beings produce and create, it is extremely important with the help of what tools and techniques do they produce and create. 

(iii) Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed better understanding of natural laws—The concepts of friction and heat helped us discover tire.

(i) Irrigation covers only about 33 percent of the cultivated area in India. The crop production in rest of the cultivated land directly depends on rainfall. 

(ii) Monsoon adversely affects the supply of canal water for irrigation. The rainfall in Rajasthan and other drought prone areas is meager and highly unreliable. 

(iii) The areas receiving high annual rainfall experience considerable fluctuations. This makes them vulnerable to both droughts and floods. Drought is a common phenomenon in low rainfall areas which experience occasional floods.

Importance of welfare approach: 

(i) It looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities. 

(ii) It argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social security and amenities. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients. 

(iii) According to this the government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximising expenditure on welfare.

(i) Popular movements make people aware of their rights and expectations which can be drawn from democratic institutions. drawn from democratic institutions. 

(ii) Popular movements let the government be aware of the similar demands, similar problems and expectations of people through an educative task for expansion of democracy rather than disrupting it. 

(iii) Similar problems, similar demands, and similar expectations of the same group/people.

(i) Links Asian Region to Western European Markets

(ii) Connects the industrial areas of Russia.

(i) It depicts change from one party dominance to a multi-party alliance system. 

(ii) Congress

(iii) Indira Gandhi 

(iv) Sonia Gandhi 

(v) A.B. Vajpayee, Karunanidhi and Sharad Yadav

(i)  Welfare approach considers human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all developmental activities.

(ii) The Govt. must spend more money on providing education and health facilities for all. These activities are the primary responsibilities of the govt.

(iii)  People are not participants in development but only passive recipients.

The non-aligned countries were more than merely mediators during the Cold War. The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries — a majority of them were categorised as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) — was to be more developed economically and to lift their people out of poverty. Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new countries. Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free. It would remain dependent on the richer countries including the colonial powers from which political freedom had been achieved. The idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this realisation. The UNCTAD brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development. The report proposed a reform of the global trading system so as to: 

1. give the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) control over their natural resources exploited by the developed western countries. 

2. obtain access to western markets so that LDCs would sell their products and, therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries. 

3. reduce the cost of technology from the western countries and 

4. provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.

(i) Economic globalisation generates great or economic growth and well being for larger section of population when there is deregulation. 

(ii) Economic globalisation gives opportunities to countries to do best in their economy. 

(iii) Moderate supporters of globalisation view it as a challenge to be responded intelligently without accepting it uncritically.

Slums or ‘’jhuggi-jhopri’ clusters are colonies of shanty structures. These are inhabited by those people who are forced to migrate from the rural areas to these urban centres in search of livelihood but are not able to afford proper housing due to high rents and high costs of land. They occupy environmentally incompatible and degraded areas. Developing countries like India face this problem at a large scale. The example of Dharavi, Asia’s largest slum is a striking example of the same. India has a predominance of rural population that migrates to urban areas in search of jobs but since they are illiterate and unskilled, they end up living in drenched housings in slums.

(i) The iron and steel industry forms the base of all other industries, so it is called a basic industry. It provides raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for production. 

(ii) It may be called a heavy industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials and its products are also heavy.

(iii) Iron is extracted from iron ore by smelting in a blast furnace with carbon and lime stone.The molten iron is cooled and moulded to form pig iron which is used for converting into steel by adding strengthening materials like manganese. 

(iv) The large integrated steel industry is traditionally located close to the sources of raw materials-iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone. 

(v) Places where these could be easily brought near ports. In mini steel plants/mills access to markets is more important than inputs.

NH-7  is the longest national highway of India.

Migration is a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over space. There are two main types of factors which cause people to migrate.

○ Push factors which cause people to leave their place of residence

○ Pull factors which attract people from different places

● In India people migrate from rural to urban areas due to push factors like poverty, high population, pressure on the land, lack of basic infrastructural facilities like healthcare, education, natural disasters  such as floods, droughts, cyclonic storms, earthquakes, tsunami, wars and local conflicts.

● The factors that attract people to urban areas are better opportunities, availability of regular work, relatively higher wages, better education, better healthcare and sources of entertainment.

Migration also has certain consequences like economic, social, demographic and environmental consequences.

○ Economic Consequences:

■ A major benefit of migration is the remittance sent by the migrants

■ Remittances from international migrants are a great source of foreign exchange.

■ Punjab, Kerala, Tamil Nadu receive the highest remittances from international migrants

■ Remittances are mainly used for food, repayments of debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education etc.

■ Migration from rural areas of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha are due to the success of green revolution

■ Unregulated migration to metro cities causes overcrowding. This is a negative consequence of migration as it causes the formation of slums.

○ Demographic Consequences: 

■ Migration leads to redistribution of population.

■ Rural - urban migration contributes to the population growth of cities. 

■ Age and skill selective out migration from rural areas have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure. 

High male dominated out migration from rural areas of MP, Rajasthan, Uttrakhand, Maharashtra etc. has led to serious imbalances in the age and sex composition.

○ Social Consequence:

■ Migrants act as agents of social change. 

■ New ideas related to new technology, family planning, girls’ education. etc. get diffused to rural areas through people.

■ It has positive contributions such as the evolution of composite culture, widens the mental horizon of people etc.

■ It also has negative consequences such as anonymity, and a feeling of dejection which creates social vacuum can lead to criminal activities and drug abuse. 

○ Environmental Consequences:

■ Overcrowding has put pressure on existing social and physical infrastructure in urban areas.

■ Unplanned growth of urban settlement leads to formation of slums and shanty colonies.

■  Overexploitation of resources, cities are facing acute problem of depletion of groundwater, air pollution, disposal of sewage and management of groundwater.

(i) Mysore 

(ii) (a)Gujarat (from Bombay) 

(b) Meghalaya (from Assam) 

(c) Haryana (from Punjab) 

(d) Chhattisgarh (from Madhya Pradesh) , 

(iii) Pakistan 

(iv)  Pakistan 

• Bangladesh

• All types of services are special skills provided in exchange of payments. Health, education, law, governance and recreation etc. require professional skills. These services require other theoretical knowledge and practical training. 

• Major components of the service sectors: 

(i) Finance 

(ii) Transport and communication 

(iii) Business sector 

(iv) Wholesale and retail trading 

(v) Law and management 

(vi) Government at different levels (to be explained)

(i) The occupational composition of India’s population which means engagement of an individual in farming, manufacturing trade, services or any kind of professional activities. 

(ii) About 58.2% of total working population are cultivator and agricultural labourers whereas only 4.2% of workers are engaged in household industries and 37.6% are other workers including non house hold industries, trade, commerce, construction, repair and other services. 

(iii) As far as the occupation of country’s male and female population is concerned, male workers out-number female workers in all the three sectors. The number of female workers is relatively high in primary sector though in recent years there has been some improvement in work participation of women in secondary and tertiary sectors. 

(iv) The proportion workers in agricultural sector in India has shown a decline over the last few decades. The participation rate in secondary and tertiary sector has registered in increase. 

(v) It indicates a shift of dependence of workers from farm-based occupation to nonfarm based ones, indicating a sectoral shift in the economy of the country. The spatial variation of work participation rate in different sectors in the country is very wide. 

Correct option (a) Vishakhapatnam

Metropolitan cities                 States 

1  Northernmost  -  Amritsar     Punjab

2  Southernmost  - Madurai     Tamilnadu

3  Westernmost  - Rajkot        Gujarat.

Correct option (b). Linear

Correct option (c)  London

Correct option:  (a)  Primary

Agro-based industries are comparatively easy to establish and provide income in the rural areas with less investment.  

These industries facilitate effective and efficient utilisation of agricultural raw materials.  

Agro-based industries transmit an industrial – culture in rural areas thus bringing about modernisation and innovation in agriculture itself.

Regional Trade Blocs have come up in order to encourage trade between countries with geographical proximity, similarity and complementarities in trading items and to curb restrictions on trade of the developing world. Today, 120 regional trade blocs generate 52% of the world trade. These trading blocs developed as a response to the failure of the global organizations to speed up intra-regional trade. Though these regional blocs remove trade tariffs within the member nations and encourage free trade in the future it could get increasingly difficult for free trade to take place between different trading blocs.

EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

● Headquartered at Brussels, Belgium, 

● EU consists of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

● The commodities traded by it include- Agro-products, minerals, chemicals, wood, paper, transport vehicles, optical instruments, clocks, antiques, etc. 

ORGANISATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

●  Headquarters at Vienna, Austria

● Member countries include Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Venezuela.

● Commodity - crude oil.

Areas

(1) Primitive subsistence -

Malaysia, Indonesia, Northeast India. 

(2) Intensive subsistence - 

● Wet paddy dominatedMyanmar, India, Indonesia 

● Other than paddy- North Korea, Manchuria, North Japan 

● French established cocoa and coffee plantations in West Africa 

● British set up tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka

● Spanish and Americans grew coconut and sugarcane in the Philippines

The following are the advantages of water transport:

● One of the important advantages of water transportation is that it does not require route construction.

● The oceans are linked with each other and are negotiable with ships of various sizes.

● It is much cheaper because the friction of water is far less than that of land.

● The energy cost of water transportation is lower.

● It is also an eco-friendly way of transport. It also aids in lessening the congestion on inland transport. In ancient times, river ways were the main highways of transportation as in the case of India. But they lost importance because of

● Competition from railways,

● Lack of water due to diversion for irrigation 

● Poor maintenance of water bodies.

The distribution of roads in India is not uniform. The density of roads varies from only 12.14 km in Jammu and Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerala with a national average of 142.7 km in 2011.

● The density of roads is high in most Northern States and in southern states.

● It is low in the Himalayan states, Northeast region, Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan as well. The factors that have led to such distortions include :

1. Nature of terrain - construction of roads is easy in plains and cheaper as well. It is costly and difficult in mountainous terrain. Hence, density of roads is better in plains (ex- Northern plains) as compared to high altitude areas, rainy and forested areas (ex-Northeast states).

2. Level of economic development - This is also a major determinant of the density of roads in any area. Construction and maintenance of roads require a lot of capital which can only be supplied if the state/country is well off. Hence, road density is higher in developed countries (ex-USA) as compared to developing countries (ex-India)

(i) Major concentrations of modem manufacturing have flourished in a few number of places. These cover less than 10% of the world’s land area. 

(ii) However, in terms of the total area covered, manufacturing sites are much less conspicuous and concentrated on much smaller areas than that of agriculture due to greater intensity of processes. 

(iii) High tech is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. Professional workers make up for large number of the total work force. 

(iv) These professionally skilled workers are located in urban areas. Due to high rent in the central areas of the cities, they situate themselves in the periphery. 

(v) The industry is situated in the periphery because of the low rent, and also because of the closeness to the urban centres which provide them with availability of the workers. 

(vi) These industries are set up near the urban centres where adequate space is available. Their situation near urban places helps them to gain access to the urban market and also to tap the skilled workforce that is available therein due to availability of educational institutes.

Problems of Rurjil Settlement 

(i) Rural settlements in the developing countries are large in number and poorly equipped with infrastructure. 

(ii) Supply of water to rural settlements in developing countries is not adequate. People have to walk long distance to fetch drinking water. 

(iii) Water-borne diseases such as Cholera and Jaundice tend to be a common problem. 

(iv) The countries of South Asia face conditions of drought and food crop cultivation sequences in the absence of irrigation also suffer. 

(v) Absence of toilet and garbage disposal facilities cause health related problem. Due to heavy rain and flood, the houses made up of mud, wood, thatch remain susceptible to damage.

Trans Canadian Railways is the longest railway line in the North-America. It is 7050 km. Important stations are Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Calgary. 

Characteristics: 

(i) It gained economic significance as it connected the Quebec-Montreal Industrial Region with the Wheat belt of the Prairie Region. 

(ii) It connects Coniferous forest region in the north, each of these regions became complementary to the other. 

(iii) A loop line from Winnipeg to Thunder Bay connects this rail line with one of the important waterways of the world. 

(iv) This line is the economic artery of Canada. Wheat and meat are the important exports on this route.

Values hidden: 

1. Right to safe and clean environment 

2. Respect human and fellow citizens equally 

3. Right to equality 

The restoration of ecological balance between water and soil, plants, human and animal population should be the basic consideration in the strategy of development of drought prone areas in India.

The National Committee on Development of Backward areas, while analysing the Drought prone area Programme pursuant to Fourth Five Year plan said so. With the development of agriculture and allied sectors, it emphasised on major focus on restoration of ecological balance. Other strategies proposed for development include watershed development approach at micro-level and creation of alternative employment opportunities to reduce pressure on marginal lands for agriculture.

Environmental Problems: 

(i) The large urban population in developing countries not only uses but also disposes of a huge quantity of water and all types of waste materials. 

(ii) Many cities of the developing countries find extremely difficult to provide the minimum required quantity of potable water and water for domestic and industrial uses. 

(iii) An improper sewerage system creates unhealthy conditions. Massive use of traditional fuel in the domestic as well as the industrial sector severely pollutes the air. 

(iv) Domestic and industrial wastes are thrown into the general sewerages or dumped without treatment at unspecified locations. Huge concrete structures erected to accommodate the population, play a major role to create heat islands. 

(v) Urban-rural linking are of crucial importance for the sustainability of human settlements. Rural to urban migration has steadily increased in developing countries, which put an great pressure on urban infrastructure and services that are under serious stress.

• Poor hygienic conditions of living
• Lack of basic amenities
• Development of slums
• Unorganized growth of city

Factors

Water Supply - Rural settlements are located near water bodies such as river, lakes and springs where water can be easily obtained.

Land - Fertile lands suitable for agriculture are the most suitable

Upland - People settle on upland because it is not prone to flooding to prevent damage to houses and loss of life. In low lying river basin people chose to settle on terraces and levees which are dry points.

Building Material - People settle at places where building materials such as wood or stones are available.

Defence - Villages and forts were built on hills and islands. So that people may defend themselves in case of war or attack by the enemy.

Planned Settlement - Sometimes planned settlements are constructed by government by providing shelter, water and other infrastructure to the village people.

The accommodative experience of Belgium for peace and harmony 

i. The Path of accommodation adopted in Belgium – 

ii. Dutch and French speaking ministers got equal in the central govt. 

iii. Many Powers of the central government have been given to state government 

iv. The state Government was not subordinate to the Central Govt. 

v. Brussels has a separate Govt. in which both the communities have equal representation. 

vi. There is a third kind of Govt. called community Govt. elected by the people belonging to Dutch, French and German no matter where they live.

Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation 

i. Democracy gives importance to deliberation and public opinion. 

ii. The democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision. 

iii. Its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective. 

iv. Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. 

v. Transparency as Persons have the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. 

vi. It follows procedures and is accountable to the people. 

vii. The democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable 

viii. Democratic govt. follows mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit. 

The answer is (B) 23 million to 28illion

i. Economic independence or access to an inherited or self-generated income is considered to be the major means of empowering women. 

ii. Equal political and civil rights as men 

iii. Ways of autonomy and freedom. 

iv. Distributive justice to reduce inequalities in resources and power. 

v. Love, universal brotherhood, sincerity, honesty and integrity of character, firm attitude of rendering help 

vi. Removing social evils including violence, torture, humiliation etc. 

The answer is (C) 14 July 1789

The answer is (B) indirectly elected

National resources: it is a resource in which only nation (government) have right to extract it out from the place where it is.

For example, Urban development authorities. All the minerals, water, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast termed as territorial water belong to the nation.

International resources: in these resources most of the country have rights to take it out.

The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive economic zone belong to the open oceans and no individual country can utilise these resources without the consent of international institutions e.g. India has the right to use the manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian ocean which lie beyond the exclusive economic zone.