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1. Politics of Muslim league was increasingly separatist after 1937 elections. The debacle of the Muslim league in this election played an important role. Only 10 to 12% population had the right to vote. The Muslim League fared badly.

2. League was failed to win a single seat in NWFP. It captured 2 out of 84 reserved constituencies in Punjab, and 3 out of 33 in Sind. It polled only 4.4% of total Muslim vote. 

3. The Congress won absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces forming governments in them. This debacle led the Muslim League to adopt a new line of politics to create a mass base.

4. Congress rejected League’s offer to make government in united Provinces jointly where Congress had won an absolute majority and convinced it that if India stayed united then Muslims would find difficult to gain political power.

5. League to be recognised as sole spokesman of Muslims, could not retain the ground as the elections reflected the social base of the League was fairly weak.

6. Muslim League organised and mobilised the masses giving a new aim-a separatist state by adopting the Pakistan Resolution on March 23, 1940.

7. These elections generated force in the demand for Pakistan because they led to the Muslim League to adopt new segment of politics; politicisation of the Muslim masses. The base of the League expanded after the result of election of 1945-46.

8. The Muslim league became a political power and pressurized the Congress and the British. The demand was a mere bargaining strategy. It was the elections of 1937 that led to the urgency to be the cause of such a demand.

Steps that should be taken to reform the political parties in India are:

• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution and to have an independent authority.
• It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party.
• There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. 
• A strict law should be passed by the Court prohibiting any person with criminal charges from contesting in elections. 

The answer is (C) Highest braclet of taxpayers  

The answer is (D) Rights of man

The answer is  (C) King of Prussia 

The answer is  (D) Marseillaise

The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic – ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods – were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined. The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr Guillotin who invented it. Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the pain degalite (equality bread), a loaf made of wholewheat. Equality was also sought to be practised through forms of speech and address. Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam) all French men and women were henceforth Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen). Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted by a court in

One of the most fascinating figures to emerge from the French Revolution was Maximilian Robespierre. In the 1790s he rose to wield great power in the revolutionary government. As an extreme radical leftist, he was instrumental in instituting 'Reign of Terror'. This was a period when anyone who opposed Robespierre's idealism, was judicially murdered, generally by the use of Guillotine.

Robespierre was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety, the Executive Committee of the National Convention and the most powerful person in France. Robespierre used his position in the Committee to further impose his idealism on the French nation. He did this by instituting the Reign of Terror. After the death of King Louis XVI in 1793, The Reign of Terror began. The first victim was Mary Antoinette. The guillotine was the new instrument of egalitarian justice and it was put to work. Public executions were considered educational. The Revolutionary Tribunal ordered the execution of 2400 people in Paris by July 1794. Across France, around 30000 people lost their lives. The terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution, to prevent counter-revolution from gaining ground. Most of the people rounded up were not aristocrats, but ordinary people. Even the radical Jacobins, the supporters of Robespierre, felt that the Terror must be stopped. In July 1794, Robespierre was arrested and sent to the guillotine next day. He was the last victim of the Reign of Terror.

Human poverty is a definition of poverty which takes us beyond the general definitions of poverty i.e., not having enough money Being able to earn a fixed amount as set by the government as poverty line does not actually free them from poverty. A person who is unable to get proper education and shelter and nutritious food, or if a child is forced to child labour or they face social and caste discrimination, then they come under human poverty.

The opposition party plays important role in a democracy as

(i) The Success of the democracy depends to a great extend on the constructive role of the opposition parties.

(ii) It keeps a check on the working of the ruling party.

(iii) It puts different views in the Parliament and criticise the government for its failures or wrong policies.

(iv) By doing this, it can keep a check on the ruling party, which is made to move on the track.

Bombay started developing in the 19th century.

The five prominent reasons for the expansion of Bombay and due to which it emerged as a centre of trade and other activities were:

(i) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay
presidency. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders, bankers, artisans, shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.

(ii) By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills in Bombay with about 146000 workers. Large number of people migrated here in search of job.

(iii) Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India till well into the 20th century.

(iv) Bombay was the junction head of two major railways-Central and Western railways. It encouraged a large number of migration.

(v) By 1925, Bombay became India’s film capital, producing films for the national audience.

Gradually, Bombay became an important administrative centre and a major industrial centre in Western India.

Demand deposit funds deposited in a bank account at a low or a zero interest rate, which allows depositors to directly withdraw their money and issue bank checks up to the limit of their account balance at any time.

• Banks accept the deposits and also pay an interest rate on the deposits.
• In this way, people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an interest as well.
• People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require.
• Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.

The USA was known as the bread basket of the world during the 19th century.

The different factors responsible for the expansion of agriculture in the USA are

(i) The growth of urban population and export market encouraged farmers to produce more wheat.

(ii) A spread of railway made it easy to transport the grain.

(iii) Introduction of machines helped in production.

(iv) During the First World War Russian supplies of wheat were cut off and the USA had to feed Europe.

Expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century :

(i) In many parts of the world, these developments meant a loss of freedom and livelihoods. 

(ii) Late 19th century Europeans conquest brought about many destructive economic, social and ecological changes in the colonies.

(iii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people's livelihoods and the local economy.

(iv) The example of indentured labor migration.

(v) Creat misery and poverty for others.

(vi) New forms of coercion in Asia and Africa.

Consumer Protection Councils help the consumers against any harassments or cheating from any business or economic agency. If any businessman resorting to unfair means he shall be taken to task by councils set up at the district, state and national level. Consumers’ complaints are heard by them and with their cooperation, the councils try to get the culprits duly punished and the grievances of the consumers redressed. The councils educate the consumers to be aware of their rights and how to protect them. (The rights, for example, of information, right to choose, right to be heard, right to be protected against goods hazardous to life and property etc.) 

The councils see to it that the customers are compensated for the loss they incurred in buying defective goods or getting poor services. For example, a bank was fined for sloppy services, a hospital had to pay compensation to a patient for medical negligence etc.

Consumer Forums are the organisations formed to guide consumer rights. They are also called as Consumer Protection Councils.

Following are the importance or functions of consumer forums

(i) They guide a consumer in filing the cases at the consumer courts.

(ii) They can also represent individual consumer at the consumer courts, if required.

(iii) They create awareness among people regarding consumer rights. For this, they also receive financial support from the government.

(iv) It works for the protection of the consumer rights.

(v) It imparts knowledge about consumer rights by writing articles and getting it published in newspaper.

(a) In India, the consumer movement as a social force originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interest of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices. 

(b) Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration; the malpractices of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form in the 1960s.

(c) Till the 1970s, consumer organizations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into malpractices in ration shops.

Legitimate means rightful. Democracies are called legitimate governments as:

(i) The government represents the will of the people. 

(ii) Everyone can participate in the decision making Process. 

(iii) Anyone can stand for the elections. 

(iv) It promotes equality among individuals. 

(v) It allows room to correct mistakes. 

(vi) The decision making quality is improved. 

(vii) No part of the society is left isolated in decisions making process. 

(viii) Conflicts are resolved in a better way.

Classification of economic sectors on the basis of nature of activities are as follows :
(i) Primary sector: When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector, such as agriculture, dairy farming, fishing, forestry.
(ii) Secondary sector: In this, natural products are changed into other forms through manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made and therefore, some process of manufacturing is essential. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant we spin, yarn and weave cloth.
(iii) Tertiary sector: It helps in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. They provide aid or a support for the production process. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities.

Need for rules and regulations in the market: 

(i) Individual consumers often find themselves in a weak position. Whenever there is a complaint regarding a good or service that had been bought, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility on to the buyer. 

(ii) Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices, such as when shopkeepers weigh less than what they should. 

(iii) Markets do not work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful. A long battle had to be fought with court cases to make cigarette manufacturing companies accept that their product could cause cancer. 

(iv) Large companies with huge wealth, power and reach can manipulate the market in various ways. At times false information is passed on through the media and other sources to attract consumers. 

(v) Consumer is also exploited when buyers purchase in small amount and are scattered. For example, a company for years sold powder milk for babies all over the world as the most scientific product claiming this to be better than mother's milk. It took years of struggle before the company was forced to accept that it had been making false claims. 

The following steps are taken by the government to protect the flora and fauna of the country:

(i) Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972 in India.

(ii) Fourteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna. Four out of these - Sundarbans in West Bengal, Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand, the Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris- have been included in the world network of biosphere reserves.

(iii) Financial and technical assistance is provided to many botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

(iv) Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced.

(v) Total 89 national parks, 490 wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens are set up to take care of natural heritage.

Lenders ask for collateral while lending because :
(i) It acts as a security against loans.
(ii) Lenders use it as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
(iii) If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

• In India, the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ began with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unfair trade practices.
• Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form in the 1960s.
• Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions.
• They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport.
• Because of these efforts, the movement succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms, as well as the government to correct business conduct.
• A major step taken in 1986 by the Indian government, was the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, popularly known as COPRA.
• They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passages transport.
• More recently, India witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups.

Social conditions: 

1. The Vijaynagara empire was divided into different castes and sub castes. The Brahamans in the society were highly respected and occupied an important placed in the society. 

2. If a crime is committed then they were not foigiven. They were punished except death penalty. The Brahmans led a simple life and were acted as a sole model for others.

3. Women were highly respected in Vijaynagara empire. They had attained higher education and made an immense contribution in the field of literature.

4. Malpractices were also prevalent in the society. Dowry was in rogue. People belonging to higher caste used to have a large number of wives. Prostitution was also prevalent in the society. People were fond of entertainment and enjoyed hunting, horse riding, dance, music etc.

Economic condition: 

1. Vijayanagara Empire was very prosperous. Agriculture was the main sources of income and land revenue. It was called Raya Rekha.

2. Land revenue was fixed between one-forth to one-sixth of the total produce. To improve the agriculture, canals were dug out to provide irrigation facilities to the people. 

3. The prosperity of the agriculture, trade and industry was also flourishing. Textile and metal industries were very important. The villagers were excelled in making terracotta pottery.

4. Trade was carried through ports. It was through these ports, trade was carried with Africa, Malaya, Vijayanagar import was less than export as goods made in Vijayanagara empire were in great demand.

Lenders ask for collateral while lending because : 

(i) It acts as a security against loans. 

(ii) Lenders use it as guarantee until the loan is repaid. 

(iii) If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

1. The rulers of Vijayanagar associated themselves with divinity. By construction of the capital Vijayanagara in area, that as per local traditions had claim to divinity.

2. The sacred centre as per archaeologists and scholars was at the rocky northern end of the city on the banks of the Tungabhadra. 

3. These hills sheltered the Monkey Kingdom of Bali and Sukriva mentioned in the Ramayana. Other traditions suggest that Pampadevi, the local mother goddess, did penance in these hills in order to marry Virupaksha, the guardian deity of the kingdom, also recognised as a form of Shiva. 

4. Rulers of Vijayanagara encouraged temple building. The deity was identified with the king. Royal portrait sculpture was displayed in the temples and kings visited to temples were treated as important state occasions on which he was accompanied by important nayaks of the Empire.

5. Apart from choosing a site of the capital marked by existence of shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi, the kings claimed to rule on behalf of God Virupaksha. 

6. The Vijaynagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of God Virupaksha. All royal orders were signed as ‘Shri Virupaksha’ using Kannada script. Kings remarked their close links with gods by using the title Hindu Suratrana that literally meant Hindu Sultan. 

7. It needs to be noted, that temples in early medieval times worked not only as centres of learning but as important religious; social, cultural and economic centres.

8. Rules constructing, repairing; maintaining temples by giving grants of land were important means employed for winning support and recognitions for power wealth and piety.

1. Under the leadership of eminent Sanskrit Scholar V.S. Sukthankar, very ambitions project was started in 1919 CE. Many scholars decided to make a critical edition of Mahabharata.

2. Scholars worked out a method of comparing verses from each manuscript. They sorted all those verses appeared common in all manuscripts. All these were published in several volumes running into 1300 pages. It took 47 years to complete the project.

3. There were many similarities in various elements of Sanskrit version of the story. All these found in all the manuscripts that stretched from Kashmir and Nepal in north and to Kerala, Tamil Nadu in South.

4. A number of regional variations came in the light as the epic had been transmitted over the centuries. These were written as foot notes and appendices to the main texts. Pages in large numbers are devoted to these variations whenever they were taken together.

5. These variations could be reflected in the complete process which shaped before and after social histories through dialogues between dominant traditions and resilient local ideas and practices.

6. Information about all these processes is based on those Sanskrit texts which were written by Brahmans for themselves. In 19th and 20th centuries, historians explored these texts.

7. Historians believed that, what is written in the texts, could have been practised really. Many scholars studied many other traditions later with the help of Pali, Prakrit and Tamil texts.

8. Such studies mentioned that the ideas contained in normative Sanskrit texts were identified as authoritative. Sometimes, they were questioned and sometimes rejected.

(i) Foreign trade implies exchange of goods and services across the countries. 

(ii) It helps to expand the size of market for producers. Producers and consumers can get commodities produced in any part of the world. 

(iii) It works to integrate markets in different countries.

Advantages 

1. Due to caste system people used to marry within their own caste. It led to maintenance of purity of blood. They adopted occupation of their family from their childhood. It helped them to become more specialists in their fields. 

2. People with bad intentions were generally thrown out of their castes, thus people tried to move on detracted path hardly. 

3. Poor and needy members of the community, caste were helped by the capables that led to encourage to sense of social service and sense of sacrifice. No problem was in finding the occupation on themself as it was for them after the birth. 

4. The main fimction of Brahmanas was to give education. Pupils used to be taught by them without any charge. Through the powers of Shuddhi people of other caste could convert to Hinduism. Shakas, Greeks etc became the part of Hindu society.

Disadvantages: 

1. People began to think about their own caste instead of national interests. It was a severe blow to the sense of Nationalism. According to the caste system, Kshatriyas were permitted to take military training and part of the army. 

2. It was too difficult to change hereditary occupation. So, individual development of persons could not move ahead. 

3. Brahmanas, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas used to consider Shudras as inferior to them and used to hate them. Due to such activities the sense of untouchability was encouraged. 

4. Brahmanas as well as Kshatriyas, both used to consider themselves superior than other castes which led to increase in mutual differences. Brahmans started some customs for their interests and benefited.

(i) Unity in Diversity 

(ii) Nationalism 

(iii) Communal harmony 

(iv) Mutual cooperation 

(v) National Awakening etc

• Divide the land among relatives and others, including servants to keep control over the land. 
• Some rich farmers actually divorced their wives (but continued to live with them) as it allowed them to have a separate share for unmarried women but not for wives.

• Agriculture is the single most important source of livelihood. Many activities that support agriculture and village life are also sources of livelihood. For example, a large number of artisans such as potters, carpenters, weavers, ironsmiths, and goldsmiths are found in rural areas. 
• Rural life also supported many other specialists and crafts persons as storytellers, astrologers, priests, water-distributors, and oil-pressers. 

State any one set of principles on which caste system is based.

The caste system can be understood as the combination of two sets of principles, one based on difference and separation and the other on wholism and hierarchy. 

Each caste is supposed to be different from – and is therefore strictly separated from – every other caste. Many of the scriptural rules of caste are thus designed to prevent the mixing of castes – rules ranging from marriage, food sharing and social interaction to occupation. 

These different and separated castes do not have an individual existence – they can only exist in relation to a larger whole, the totality of society consisting of all castes. Further, this societal whole or system is a hierarchical rather than egalitarian system. Each individual caste occupies not just a distinct place, but also an ordered rank – a particular position in a ladder-like arrangement going from highest to lowest.

Identify the reasons for the rapid growth of metropolises. 

• The metros attract migrants from the rural as well as from small towns. 
• With the mass-media’s primary focus on these cities, the public face of India is becoming more and more urban rather than rural.

The two sets of principles to understand the theoretical interpretation of caste is :

Difference and separation: the scriptural rules ranging from marriage to food sharing.

Wholism and hierarchy: higher and lower in status based on purity and pollution 

Inter-connected world mean- global world which is integrated through exchange of people, information, goods and services Cultural and political dimensions – 

i. Political dimensions of globalization at the most simple level, result in an erosion of state capacity, i.e the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, ‘welfare state’ is now giving away to a more minimalist state that performs certain core function such as the maintenances of law and order and the security of its citizens. 

ii. Culturally it leads to the risk of a uniform culture or what is called as cultural homogenization. The risk of a uniform culture is not the emergence of a global culture. What we have in the name of global culture is the imposition of Western Culture 

The factors responsible for the formation of Barite Kisan Union : 

i. Regular electricity with subsidized rated 

ii. Abolition of restrictions on the interstate movement 

iii. Guaranteed supply 

iv. Waiving of payments due to loan to farmers 

v. Pension for farmers 

vi. Higher floor prices for sugarcane and wheat 

Three major issues in the north-eastern states of India : 

i. Movement against outsiders 

ii. Succession issue 

iii. Demand for autonomy

With the court order that the British would pay 25 percent refund to the peasants, civil disobedience, a principle so close to Gandhi, won with flying colours. The term means to disobey in a non-violent manner. Gandhi adhered to this ideal all through the court fight. He refused the summons sent to him to leave Champaran. When he was arrested, he helped the British officials manage law and order problem created by the protesting peasants outside the prison. He encouraged them to be non-violent but firm. As a result the British dropped the case against him. The victory over British through truthful and legal means strengthened his belief in the power of nonviolence.

The play ‘On the Face of It’ features an old man and a small boy. The man is Mr Lamb and the boy Derry who met him in the former’s garden. Derry was withdrawn and defiant. Once he got acid all down on one side of his face. The acid burnt it all away. This created a complex in his mind. Only his mother kissed him and that too on the other side of his face. People looked at his face and passed uncharitable remarks. Mr Lamb was a physically challenged man. He got a tin leg. Children teased him calling ‘Lamey—Lamb’. He had a positive attitude towards life. Mr Lamb’s meeting with Derry brought a turn in Derry’s life. He persuaded him that he could be better than rest of the people. He developed confidence in Derry to face the world in a more positive way.

The narrator stood at threshing floor near her house. Just then, an elder of her street came along from the market. He was carrying a small packet. It contained vadai or green banana bhajji in it. He was holding out the packet by its string, without touching it. The manner in which he was walking made her double up and shriek with laughter. The narrator’s elder brother told her that the man was not being funny. He belonged to a ‘low’ caste. The people of his community couldn’t touch the food packet. Therefore, he was holding it out by its string. Had he touched it, the landlord would never accept such a thing. She felt terribly sad. She felt so provoked and angry that she wanted to touch those wretched vadais herself. She felt humiliated and hurt.

Three factors which determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions:

•  The people's perception of their identities: When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.
•  Representation of a community by political leaders: While representing a community, if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then it is easier to accommodate those demands.
•  The government's reaction: If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

Slash and burn refers to the agricultural practice of clearing a forest by cutting down trees and burning them. The ash is mixed with the soil to make it fertile. The land is cultivated for a few years and is thereafter abandoned to allow the forest to regenerate and the land to recover its nutrients. It is also known as shifting cultivation.

Salient features of this agriculture are :

(i) Forests are cleared and trees are burnt to make the land available for cultivation.

(ii) Digging stick is mainly used for cultivation.

(iii) Mainly root crops and food crops are grown for their own use.

(iv) After 2 years when the soil becomes impoverished they move to another forest area.

(v) Productivity is very low as there is less use of natural fertilisers and pesticides, etc.

Value Points : 

Reasons for overdependence 

 • Easily accessible 

 • More practice 

 • Schools don‘t prepare specifically for entrance examinations 

 • Coaching institutes make tall claims to their results 

How to check this trend 

 • by making sure that teaching in the school classroom is competitive examination oriented too  

• more materials for practice provided. 

• school classrooms should be better equipped 

• interesting environment must be created 

• conduct mock tests for entrance examinations at schools. 

• pay more attention to individual problems

Detailed Answer : 

 F-114 Mall Road 

Agra 

24 July 20 XX 

The Editor 

The Hindu Agra 

Subject : Increasing Dependence on Coaching Institutions 

Sir 

Through the columns of your reputed newspaper I wish to draw the attention of the general public towards the increasing dependence of students on the coaching institutes. It has generally been observed that students rely more on coaching institutions than on schools. The reason behind this is that these centres are easily accessible and more practice-based. On the other hand, schools prepare students only for the Board Exams and not for the entrance exams. 

This trend can be checked by ensuring that teaching in the school classroom is not just limited to board-oriented syllabus. They must prepare students for competitive exams also. Schools must provide more practice-material to the students. The environment of the classroom should be such that the students get interested in studies.

Teachers should pay attention to the individual problems. 

I hope you will publish this letter in your newspaper so that the concerned authorities become aware of their shortcomings and do the needful. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Arun

Accession Number of a document in the Library is a unique sequence number by which the document should be uniquely distinguished from every other document.

Value Points : 

• Sportspersons should be given lucrative job opportunities to ensure a steady income 

• Government should provide greater incentives/facilities/infrastructure like play fields, equipment, nutritious food etc. 

• Government should encourage national/international exposure 

• Professional trainers should be provided to the sports persons 

 • Tap the talents of the potential sports persons in early years 

Detailed Answer : 

 24 Mall Road 

 Agra 

 7 June 20 xx 

 The Editor 

 The Times of India 

 New Delhi 

 Subject : Sports–A Career Option 

 Sir 

Through the columns of your reputed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the general public towards sports which can be taken up as a career option. Though Sports or Physical Education has been included in the syllabus and marks are given for it, yet it has not been opted for by students as a career option. 

Our government has to put in more efforts and has to make people realise this. It should provide greater incentives, or infrastructure like play fields, equipment, nutritious food etc., to encourage participation in sports. Sports persons should be encouraged to play tournaments at the national as well as the international level and such sports persons should be provided with professional trainers. Efforts should also be made to tap the talents of the potential sports persons in the early years. After receiving training, they should be given increased job opportunities to ensure a steady income. 

Thus, we can realise that much is still to be done to attract people towards opting for sports as a career. I request you to publish this article in your newspaper to make people aware of this. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

 Aruna

The three biological agents that damage paper based library resources are Microorganisms, Insects and Rodents.

Value Points : 

Steps to preserve our historical monuments 

 • Government should provide funds–regular checks on maintenance and upkeep of the monuments 

 • Documentaries on historical monuments/role play, projects, exhibitions by the students 

 • National campaigns like ‘Swachh Bharat’ should be initiated to generate pride 

 • School trips to these monuments. 

 • Incentives like free tickets to students groups to encourage more people to visit.

Detailed Answer : 

42 Mall Road 

Jammu 

17 May 20xx 

The Editor 

The Times of India 

New Delhi 

Subject : Condition of the Historical Monuments 

Sir 

Through the columns of your reputed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of one and all towards the bad condition of our Historical Monuments. They are in ruins as not much care is being taken of them. It is all due to neglect and apathy. 

We all must realise that these monuments are our pride. So the government must pay attention to the proper care and maintenance of these monuments. It should provide funds and should also keep a regular check on the maintenance and upkeep of these monuments. National campaigns like ‘Swachha Bharat‘ should be initiated. Students can also play a major role in this regard. Incentives like free tickets to school groups can be given so that the number of visitors to the monuments increases. Students can also make documentaries, projects, exhibitions to show the people the importance of historical monuments and proper methods should be undertaken for the upkeeping of the national monuments. 

I hope you will publish this letter of mine in your newspaper so that the general public becomes aware of it and pays attention to the cleanliness of these monuments. They must realise not to litter in these monuments. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Aruna

24 Mall Road 

Chennai 

14 June 20xx 

The Editor 

The Times of India 

New Delhi 

Subject : Influence of Friends 

Sir 

Through the columns of your newspaper, I would like to highlight the importance of friends in the life of a student. 

We are all aware that friendship is a valuable relationship. It is a form of companionship which establishes bonding between two friends. It helps them in reducing stress as friends share problems with each other. Friendship boosts happiness. It is well said that joy is doubled and sorrow is halved if we share them with someone. 

But friendship can also prove to be bad as friends can have a negative impact also. Children develop vices in each other’s company. Sometimes peer pressure also leads to some bad habits. Children must realize the importance of learning from each other, they should make use of their time in a productive way. They can encourage each other and can be supportive. 

I request you to publish this letter in your newspaper so that children learn how to make friendship positive and productive and in turn how to stay away from the negative impact of friends. 

Thanking You 

Yours sincerely 

Aruna