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The answer is (D) 9

The shadow planets according to Indian Panchang are Rahu and Ketu.

Solar month name:

Vaisakha

Jyaistha

Aashaadha

Sraavana

Bhaadrapada

Asvayuja(Aasvina)

Kaarthika

Maarghasira

Pausa (Pushyam)

Maagha

Phalguna

Chaitra

Mercury. Its orbital time period is 88 days.

The answer is (C) 12

Uttarayan- Dakshinayan 

(i) Uttarayan: After 22 December, the Sunrise gradually shifts towards east. This continues till 21 June. It is the period between the makar Sankranti and karka Sankranti. Uttarayan means north movement. This is the six month period which indicates a semantic of the northward movement of the Sun on the celestial hemisphere. In this period days are bigger than night. 

(ii) Dakshinayan: The summer solstice occurs around 21 June. So, from 21 June, the Sunrise gradually shifts towards the south. This continues till 22 December. According to Indian Astronomy, in this period the Sunrise is said to be dakshinayan, moving towards the south. It is the period between karka Sankranti and Makar Sankranti. In this period days are shorter than night.

Venus is a planet. It is called as the morning star or evening star, due to its appearance as a very bright dot, just before Sunrise for about eight weeks in the eastern sky and for about eight weeks in the western region of the sky immediately, after sunset.

Panchang consists of two words: Panch- Five Ang-Parts. Panchang is a Hindi word and made up of 5 parts:
1. Tithi: It is calculated with the help of position of Sun and Moon, in transit. Tithi is calculated by Moon longitude of Sun longitude. Tithi vridhi is the tithi present at sunrise on the first day, as well as on the second day, and so on. Days- Seven days of the week are: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.

2. Nakshatras: The 360-degree zodiac is divided into 27 parts to achieve nakshatras. There were 27 nakshatras. Every Nakshatra is divided into 4 A Rashi consist of two and a quarter of a Nakshatra.

3.Yoga: There are 27 yogas, it is calculated by (moon longitude + sun longitude)/13 degree, 20 minutes.

4. Karan: One tithi consists of two Karan. There are total 11 Karan. Among them, 4 are fixed and seven are not fixed. Karan is calculated by tithi.

Moon is a non-luminous body. It has no light of its own. It only reflects the light of the sun falling on its surface. When this reflected light reaches the earth, we see the moon. Only that part of the moon is visible, which reflects the sunlight towards the earth. On the New Moon Day, the moon is present between the sun and the earth. Thus, the reflected light from ‘the moon does not reach the earth, and hence, is not visible.

The night just after the new moon day, we see the crescent moon. It happens because only the reflected light from the crescent part reaches the earth. The rest of the moon is only faintly visible because the sunlight reflected from the earth also falls on the moon’s disc.

The crescent goes on increasing every day, till, on the fifteenth day, the full bright face of the moon is visible. On this day the earth is between the sun and the moon, such that the night side of the earth is facing the day side of the moon. This is called full moon day. This gradual increase in the bright disc of the moon is called waxing of the moon.

After the full moon, the bright face of the moon goes on decreasing every night. This decrease in the bright disc of the moon is called waning of the moon. By another fifteen days, the new moon is formed. This waxing and waning of the disc of the moon, are the moon revolves around the earth is called phases of the moon.

In Hindu religion, people believed that if a person dies in uttarayan that person is supposed to go to heaven.

In 2018, there is an extra month or Adhika mass as per the Hindu calendar. This month is also known as the Mai Mass or Londa Mass or Purushottam Mass. The Adhika mass starts from May 16, 2018 and ends on June 13, 2018 and is dedicated to Lord Shri Krishna. The position of this month in the Hindu calendar is not fixed and it can occur between any two months, randomly. The Radhika mass is added to the Lunar calendar, to compensate for the extra days of the lunar and solar calendars.

When the earth moves from one Rashi to another Rashi, it is called Sankaranti. Makar Sankranti marks the transition of the Sun into the zodiacal sign of Makra (Capricorn) on its celestial path.