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ATP stands for Adenosineri Phosphate and is the energy currency of a cell.

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts.

It is a membrane bound bag like structure filled within organic and organic molecules along with water and found in plant cells to support the organelles. Animal cell has very small vacuoles.

1. False, Leucoplasts store starch.

2. False, Bacteria is a plant cell

3. False, Amoeba does not contain chloroplasts

4. False, Mitochondria can help to produce energy

5. True

6. True.

They can develop into any type of cell in the body. Such as blood cell, nerve cell etc.

1. This is a animal cell. 

2. It is the basic unit of an animal body. 

3. Animal cell is covered by a cell membrane and lacks cell wall. 

4. It has organelles like mitochondia, Golgi apparatus, Ribosomes, etc.. 

5. It differs from plant cells since it lacks chloroplast. 

6. It has centrioles which are not seen in plant cells.

7. Nucleus is the controlling centre of the cell.

1. Nucleus is seen in the cytoplasm of plant and Animal cells. 

2. It is surrounded by nuclear envelope. 

3. It has one or two nucleoli and chromatin body.

4. The chromatin body stores genetic information. 

Functions of Nucleus: 

1. It controls all the processes and chemical reactions that take place inside the cell. 

2. Inheritance of character from one generation to another.

Aerobic respiratory reactions take place within the mitochondrion to release energy. So it is known as “The Power House’” of the cell.

The lysosomes are the main digestive compartments of a cell and digest damaged cell parts. Hence they are called scavengers of the cell.

Plant cell 

1. It has cell wall

2. It has plastids such as chloroplasts, chromoplasts etc. 

3. Centrioles are not seen. 

4. It has a large vacuole. 

5. It is larger in size.

Animal Cell 

1. Cell wall is absent. 

2. Plastids are absent. 

3. It has centrioles which help in cell division. 

4. Vacuoles are small or absent. 

5. It is smaller in size.

(c) A is true but R is false

1. It controls all the processes and chemical reactions that take place inside the cell. 

2. Inheritance of character from one generation to another.

(a) Both A and R are true

(a) Both A and R are true

Tissue is a group of cells organized for a specific function.

Correct answer is (c) Nucleus

1. Golgi: secretion :: Endoplasmic reticulum: Transport.

2. Plant tissue : Xylem :: Animal tissue : Epithelium.

3. Plant organ : stem :: Animal organ : Stomach.

Lysosoms can lyse (destroy) a cell by producing enzymes. Hence they are known as suicidal bags of the cell.

It is an inter membranous network made up of flat or tubular sacs within the cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types. They are rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

(b) Golgi bodies

Analogy:

1. Bacteria : microorganism :: mango tree : Macroorganism.

2. Adipose : tissue :: eye : Organ.

3. Cell wall: plant cell:: centriole : Animal cell.

4. Chloroplast: photosynthesis :: mitochondria : Respiration.

Correct answer is (c) Centriole

1. Transporting channel – Endoplasmic reticulum 

2. Suicidal bag – Lysosome 

3. Control room – Nucleus 

4. Power house – Mitochondria 

5. Food producer – Chloroplast

• Vaccination is the administering of vaccine. Vaccine is the ‘antigen’, given to a person or even to animals for acquiring immunity against particular pathogens or diseases.
• In olden days, vaccipes were prepared with the help of completely or partially killed pathogens. But this method causes some inconvenience. Some persons were allergic to such raw vaccines or they contracted the same disease through such vaccines.
• Hence in recent times the vaccines are produced by using biotechnology. These vaccines are artificial which are synthesised in the laboratories.
• The antigen is produced with the help of gene of the pathogen. Such vaccine becomes safe for administering.
• These antigenic proteins are injected to people to make their immune systems strong. This process of vaccination is absolutely safe. The vaccines are more thermostable and active for a long period of time.

(1) Fruits are perishable food stuff. They are spoilt soon if not consumed immediately. Hence for storage and usage for a long term, their preservation is absolutely essential.

(2) For year-long use of the fruits they are dried, salted, packed in air tight containers, used for preparing jams and jellies or condensed into pulps or syrups. Beverages, pickles, sauce, and various other products made from the fruits are largely used by us.

(3) The preserved products also fetch financial benefits.

(4) In national and international markets, Indian fruits like mangoes are in great demand. We can get foreign currency through exports of fruits and fruit products. The local horticulturists get good benefit from their orchards.

(5) Processed fruit products also give vitamins and minerals that help in maintaining good health. Thus fruit processing is important for human life.

The distance was covered because the concept of Green corridor was applied. The heart was sent from one hospital to another, where the recipient was kept ready. The quick transportation is necessary to keep heart in living condition.

The close relatives of deceased person take the decision to donate the organs.

Four patients lives were saved due to organ donation of one lady.

Green corridor is a special road route that enable harvested organs meant for transplants to reach the destined hospital

Two kidneys, liver and heart of the brain- dead lady were transplanted.

• Due to accidents or illness, some of the vital organs may get damaged and may not work to fullest capacity.
• In such cases, if organ transplantation is done, it will be very helpful for that needy patient.
• The dead person’s organs can be used for organ transplantation and a life can be saved.
• Many government and social organizations are spreading awareness about such donations. Therefore, gradually the awareness about organ transplantation is increasing.

Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc, Anabaena, Azolla.

1. Artificial insemination 

2. Embryo transfer.

1. Biotechnology is used to manufacture vaccines for controlling diseases. 

2. Different hormones such as insulin, somatotropin and somatostatin can be prepared in laboratories by using new biotechnological processes. The clotting factors are also manufactured through such techniques.

Biotechnology includes the following main areas:

• Abilities of microbes are used in producing yoghurt from milk and making alcohol from molasses.
• Production of antibiotics and vaccines, etc. is carried out by with the help of specific cells using their productivity.
• Bio-molecules like DNA and proteins are used for human welfare.
• By performing gene manipulation, plants, animals and products of desired quality are produced. Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce human hormones such as Human Growth Hormone and insulin.
• Tissue culture is a non-genetic technique which is used for production of new cells or tissues. Hybrid seeds are also produced in a similar way.

(1) Biotechnology has proved to be useful in the field of agriculture, medicine, clean technology and industrial products.

(2) Due to various biotechnological experiments, the food production is increased substantially. The milk and milk products are now freely available. People no longer die of hunger due to abundant food supply.

(3) The sophisticated vaccines have stopped the spread of epidemics.

(4) The diseases like diabetes can be controlled due to human insulin injections that can be manufactured by biotechnology.

(5) The problems of pollution control, solid waste management and fuels are partially tackled by biotechnological alternatives.

(6) Though all such positive aspects are there, the biotechnology also poses some problems. The genetic changes are breaking the principles of nature. By inserting human genes in bacteria or virus, the products that are needed only for humans are produced.

(7) Human cloning is also a debatable issue. It will cause social and ethical problems. The new generations formed by cloning will have mothers but no fathers. If man tries to manipulate the genomes of other living organisms, it will cause disturbances in the natural balance. The long ternT effects of all such genetic manipulations can be disastrous. Thus, according to some views, biotechnology can be dangerous too.

Expenses on the pesticides are reduced.

• In Ayurveda practices, the natural remedies were used. Since India had great biodiversity and traditional knowledge of herbal medicinal uses, therefore, people depended on such medicinal plants.
• In olden days, such herbs were collected by roaming in the jungles.
• Such important medicinal herbs are now cultivated with care.
• In entire world people have understood the importance of holy basil (tulsi), Adulsa, Jyesthmadh, etc.
• In some of the allopathy medicines too, the plant extracts are used.
• Medicines made from harmful chemicals have side effects and are not safe to be used unless there is medical supervision. Therefore, world-wide herbal remedies are gaining more popularity.

• National Centre of Cell Science, Pune
• Instem, Bengaluru.

• Pesticides are toxic chemicals. By using them indiscriminately, they contaminate the water, soil and also crops.
• The D.D.T. chloropyriphos and malathion are very dangerous. They spread through the food chain causing biomagnification.
• Therefore, we shall not use such insecticides and pesticides. We shall use organic pesticides.

Excessive use will be avoided.

• At the time of spraying, nose, eyes and skin will be covered and protected.
• Care will be taken not to allow children or domestic animals to come in, contact with a pesticide.

The special cells having pluripotency and ability to divide and differentiate into new cells are called stem cells. They are present in multicellular living beings.

The structural and functional unit of the body is called a cell.

i. Non-genetic biotechnology involves use of either cell or tissue.

ii. Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced with gene of cotton.

(1) Biotechnology can be used in the following professional fields, viz. crop biotechnology, animal husbandry, human health, etc.

(2) In crop biotechnology, improvement in the yield and variety of agricultural field is done. The hybrid seeds, genetically modified crops, herbicide tolerant plants are some of the areas in which lot of biotechnological research is being done. By such research, high yielding and disease resistant varieties and varieties which can tolerate stresses such as alkalinity, weeds, cold and drought etc. are produced. BT cotton, BT Brinjal and golden rice are some GMO plants which have become popular in India.

Due to herbicide tolerant plants, the weeds are now selectively destroyed. By using biofertilizers, the use of chemical fertilizers is reduced. Use of bacteria such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc, Anaixiena and plants like Azolla the nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization abilities of the plants are improved.

(3) Animal husbandry is now using the methods of artificial insemination and embryo transfer by which the breeds of cattle are improved.

(4) To improve and to manage the human health, diagnosis ahd treatment of diseases have to be focussed. Diagnosis of diabetes, heart diseases and infectious diseases such as AIDS and dengue can be done rapidly due to biotechnology.

(5) The treatment and prevention of diseases need hormones, interferons, antibiotics and different vaccine which are now manufactured through biotechnology. Gene therapy is also used to treat hereditary disorders.

(6) Industrial products and clean technology to combat environmental pollution uses biotechnology practices.

(7) DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized the profession of forensic science.

• Embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells.

• Umbilical cord
• Embryonic cells
• Redbone marrow
• Adipose connective tissue and blood of adult human being.

Technology that brings about artificial genetic changes and hybridization in organisms for human welfare is called biotechnology.

Biotechnologically developed variety of rice in which gene synthesizing the vitamin A (Beta carotene) has been incorporated and which contains 23 times more amount of beta carotene than that of the normal variety is called golden rice. It was developed in 2005.

The technique of tissue culture and genetic engineering has been studied last year. Tissue culture is ‘Ex vivo growth of cells or tissues in an aseptic and nutrient-rich medium’. Genetic engineering and its use has also been studied under, ‘Introduction to biotechnology’.

Tissue is a group of cells that performs a similar and definite function. E.g. The muscular tissues in the body perform contraction and extensions thereby helping in locomotion. The conducting tissues of the plants like xylem and phloem transport the water and food respectively.