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The correct answer is (d) follicles, stromal TISSUE

Best explanation: The thyroid gland is MADE up of follicles and stromal tissue. The follicular cells are responsible for the PRODUCTION of hormones THYROXINE or tetraiodothyronine as WELL as triiodothyronine.

Correct option is (a) Dorsal side of forebrain

Explanation: The pineal gland is LOCATED on the dorsal side of the forebrain. It secretes melatonin, which is an IMPORTANT hormone that REGULATES the diurnal cycle of the body as well as body TEMPERATURE.

Correct option is (d) Hypothalamus

The best EXPLANATION: Although the POSTERIOR pituitary GLAND or the pars nervosa secretes VASOPRESSIN or anti diuretic hormone, it is synthesized by the hypothalamus. It is then TRANSPORTED through the axon to the posterior pituitary gland.

The correct choice is (a) Prolactin

For EXPLANATION: Prolactin regulates the GROWTH of the MAMMARY GLANDS and the formation of milk in them. ACTH stimulates the synthesis and steroid HORMONES called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.

Right answer is (d) adrenal medulla

The EXPLANATION: CATECHOLAMINES are secreted by the adrenal medulla, which is the inner part of the adrenal gland lying below the adrenal cortex. The catecholamines include the hormones adrenaline and NORADRENALINE.

Right option is (d) Regulation of diurnal cycle

To explain I would say: Thyroid hormones are IMPORTANT for the regulation of basal metabolic rate. It also helps erythropoiesis and MAINTAINS water and electrolyte balance. However, the pineal gland REGULATES the diurnal cycle.

The correct answer is (b) Glucocorticoids

Best EXPLANATION: Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones SYNTHESIZED and SECRETED by the ADRENAL cortex. Its release is regulated by the ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted by the ANTERIOR pituitary gland.

Correct OPTION is (c) LH and FSH

Explanation: LH and FSH stimulate the gonadal activity and are therefore REFERRED to as gonadotrophins. In males, LH STIMULATES the synthesis and secretion of hormones called androgens from the TESTIS.

Correct option is (d) ACROMEGALY

The explanation is: Excess secretion of growth hormones in adults ESPECIALLY in middle age can result in severe DISFIGUREMENT which is known as Acromegaly, which may lead to serious complications. The disease is hard to diagnose in the early stages and often goes undetected for MANY years.

Right choice is (B) False

Best explanation: Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormones from the pituitary gland. GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING hormones STIMULATE the pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins.

Right ANSWER is (c) ACROMEGALY

The BEST explanation: Hypersecretion or high secretion of growth hormone in a middle-aged MAN, who is an adult, would lead to acromegaly. Acromegaly is CHARACTERIZED by severe disfigurement of the body and various complications.

Right choice is (c) Glucocorticoid

For explanation: Glucocorticoids are responsible for carbohydrate METABOLISM in our body. It is responsible for gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and PROTEOLYSIS. It inhibits cellular UPTAKE of AVAILABLE nutrients.

Correct answer is (c) dwarfism

Easy EXPLANATION: GROWTH hormone is REQUIRED for the proper maintenance, growth and development of the body. LOW SECRETION of growth hormone results in dwarfism, which is characterized by short stature.

Right answer is (b) Zona glomerulosa

The explanation is: The ADRENAL cortex is divided into THREE parts-the INNER layer or the zona reticularis, the middle layer or the zona fasciculata and the outer layer or the zona glomerulosa. Zona pellucida is a COVERING that surrounds the ovum in FEMALES.

Correct answer is (a) POSTERIOR part

To explain I would say: The posterior pituitary is under the DIRECT NEURAL regulation of the HYPOTHALAMUS. The pituitary gland is located in a BONY cavity called Sella turcica and is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk.

The correct ANSWER is (a) Forebrain

For EXPLANATION I would say: The hypothalamus is the basal part of the diencephalon, forebrain and it regulates a wide SPECTRUM of body functions. It contains SEVERAL groups of neurosecretory cells called nuclei which PRODUCE hormones.

Right option is (c) Iodine

Best explanation: Iodine is RESPONSIBLE for the NORMAL functioning of the thyroid GLAND. It is used for the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine or TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4) as well as triiodothyronine(T3).

The correct answer is (c) deficiency of iodine

The explanation: Goiter is caused due to the deficiency of iodine in the diet. The element iodine is important for the PROPER functioning of the THYROID GLAND and its deficiency leads to the ENLARGEMENT of the gland.

The CORRECT choice is (d) REGULATION of spermatogenesis

Easy explanation: FSH or FOLLICLE stimulating hormone regulates spermatogenesis. Luteinizing hormone or LH is responsible for the SYNTHESIS and secretion of androgens, while catecholamines are responsible for the fight or FLIGHT response.

Right option is (B) Secretion of androgens

Best explanation: FSH stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian FOLLICLES in FEMALES. LH induces ovulation of fully mature follicles and MAINTAINS the corpus luteum, formed from the remnants of Graafian follicles after ovulation in females.

The correct choice is (b) Two

Explanation: The HORMONES produced by the hypothalamus are of two TYPES:

i. Releasing hormones-which stimulate the secretion of PITUITARY hormones

ii. Inhibiting hormones-which INHIBIT the secretion of pituitary hormones.

Correct option is (c) HORMONES are secreted through DUCTS in the bloodstream

To explain I would say: Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence, known as DUCTLESS glands. Their secretions are called hormones. As these glands do not have ducts, therefore they RELEASE their secretions DIRECTLY into the bloodstream.

The correct choice is (C) Glycogen formation

Explanation: Catecholamines are EMERGENCY HORMONES which are secreted during stressful situations by the adrenal cortex. They cause the BREAKDOWN of glycogen to GLUCOSE, which raises the blood sugar level.

Correct choice is (a) Formation of milk

The best explanation: Prolactin is released by the ANTERIOR pituitary gland or the PARS distalis. It has two important functions-to regulate the GROWTH of the mammary GLANDS and the formation of milk in the mammary glands.

Right option is (d) ALDOSTERONE

For explanation I WOULD say: Aldosterone is the MAIN mineralocorticoid in our body. It is MAINLY responsible for fluid regulation in the body and hence propagates reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of phosphate ions.

Correct choice is (c) Regulation of pigmentation

The BEST I can explain: MSH or MELANOCYTE stimulating HORMONE is responsible for regulating the pigmentation of the body. It does so by acting on melanin containing cells or MELANOCYTES. MSH is secreted by the pineal gland.

Right choice is (c) Neurosecretory cells

To explain I WOULD SAY: The HORMONE secreting cells of the hypothalamus are the neurosecretory cells. The hypothalamus is present at the base of the DIENCEPHALON and is responsible for MAINTAINING homeostasis.

Correct choice is (c) Hypothalamic neurons

Best explanation: The hypothalamic hormones ORIGINATE in the hypothalamic neurons, PASS through axons, and are RELEASED from their nerve endings. These hormones reach the PITUITARY gland through a portal circulatory system and REGULATE the function of the anterior pituitary.

Right answer is (a) goiter

The BEST I can explain: Hypothyroidism is the DECREASED synthesis and secretion of THYROID hormones. It is caused due to the deficiency of IODINE and leads to the enlargement of the thyroid gland which is called goiter.

Correct option is (a) Glucose

Easiest explanation: Norepinephrine is a catecholamine or an EMERGENCY HORMONE. It is secreted during stressful situations. Glycogen, lipids and proteins are BROKEN down to RAISE the blood glucose level. It does not stimulate glucose breakdown.

Correct option is (a) Reduces CALCIUM ion reabsorption from DIGESTED food

To explain: PTH or parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland. It is important for regulating the blood calcium level along with THYROCALCITONIN. PTH INCREASES calcium ion absorption from digested food.

Right answer is (C) 4

Easiest explanation: Humans POSSESS 4 PARATHYROID glands. They are present on the back side of the THYROID glands. The thyroid gland has two lobes. Each lobe of the thyroid gland contains one pair of parathyroid glands.

The correct option is (C) ADDISON’s disease

Explanation: The DEFICIENCY or underproduction of hormones of the cortex of the adrenal gland leads to Addison’s disease. It is characterized by fatigue and weakness due to an ALTERATION in carbohydrate metabolism.

Right answer is (C) It is INTACT for persons of all ages

Easiest explanation: Thymus is an endocrine gland situated between the lungs and BEHIND the sternum. It SECRETES thymosin and the differentiation of T-lymphocytes takes place here. It promotes antibody production. HOWEVER, the thymus degenerates in old individuals.

The correct option is (c) Breakdown of corpus luteum

To EXPLAIN I would say: The GONADOTROPINS are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In females, they are RESPONSIBLE for inducing ovulation, MAINTAINING the corpus luteum and developing ovarian follicles.

Right CHOICE is (B) Two

To explain: The PITUITARY is anatomically divided into two MAJOR portions known as adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. Adenohypophysis consists of two portions, pars distalis, and pars intermedia.