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 MOLTEN sodium CHLORIDE

Sodium is produced by the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.

 Increasing

The second law of thermodynamics can be STATED in terms of entropy. In an irreversible PROCESS, entropy always INCREASES, so the CHANGE in entropy is positive. The total entropy of the universe is continually increasing. There is a strong CONNECTION between probability and entropy.

 REDUCTION

 Al₂O₃

Al₂O₃ is most ACIDIC.

 Sulphonates

Sulphonate is a DETERGENT USED for CLEANING CLOTHES and UTENSILS.

 SODIUM bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate is the CHEMICAL name for ‘Baking Soda’.

 Yeast

Yeasts are the main fermentor and alcohol producer in the production of wine, beer and other alcohol DRINKS. The main yeast species used is SACCHAROMYCES cerevisiae. It FERMENTS the sugars, coming from different SOURCES, e.g., GRAPES for wine, barley for beer, to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

 Nitric ACID

The acid which is secreted by the GLANDS in the STOMACH WALL is Nitric acid.

 CHINA, USA, European Union, INDIA

The correct SEQUENCE is China, USA, European Union, India.

 Carbon

Iron is alloyed with carbon LO make steel and has the effect of increasing the hardness and strength of iron. Pure iron cannot be HARDENED or STRENGTHENED by heat treatment but the addition of carbon enables a wide range of hardness and strength. High-carbon stainless steel contains a MINIMUM of 0.3% carbon. The higher the carbon content, the LESS formable and the tougher the steel becomes.

 DDT

DDT appeared to be with a significant POTENTIAL for ACCUMULATION through food CHAINS.

 Polyclinic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. DOMESTIC wood burning and road traffic are the major SOURCES of PAHs. Exposure to PAH-containing substances INCREASES the risk of CANCER in humans. The carcinogenicity of PAHs is associated with the complexity of the molecule, i.e., increasing number of benzenoid rings, and with metabolic activation to reactive diol epoxide intermediates and their subsequent covalent binding to critical targets in DNA. Quantitative cancer risk estimates of PAHs as air pollutants are very uncertain because of the lack of useful, good-quality data.

 BRONCHITIS

Higher concentration of NITROGEN DIOXIDE in atmosphere air CAUSES bronchitis.

 AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST

Automobile exhaust is a man-made SOURCE of AIR POLLUTION.

 Emulsion

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (nonmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a more general CLASS of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. In an emulsion, ONE liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase). Examples of emulsions INCLUDE vinaigrettes, milk, mayonnaise, and some CUTTING fluids for metal working.

 Stagnation of water on road

Tar roads gets damaged EASILY during RAINY SEASON. This is because tar roads are prone to water DAMAGE very quickly. In the tar road, bitumen plays an important road to create a bond between the aggregate. But, tar road does not give more STRENGTH than concrete road, because bitumen respond to heat and water.

 Chlorofluorocarbon

Ozone DEPLETION OCCURS when CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs) and halons—gases formerly found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants—are RELEASED into the atmosphere.

 MICA

There are three main natural sources of hydrocarbons: natural gas, petroleum and coal. Mica is a natural occurring mineral that is BASED on a COLLECTION of silicate minerals and composed of varying amounts of POTASSIUM, iron, aluminum, magnesium and WATER. It is widely used in the electrical industry.

 ₆¹⁴C

Radiocarbon DATING (usually referred to as simply CARBON dating) is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C) to ESTIMATE the age of carbon-bearing MATERIALS up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years. Raw, i.e., uncalibrated, radiocarbon ages are usually reported in radiocarbon years “Before Present” (BP), with “present” defined as CE 1950. Such raw ages can be calibrated to give calendar dates. One of the most frequent uses of radiocarbon dating is to estimate the age of organic remains from archaeological sites.

 TENDENCY of carbon DIOXIDE to form a layer along with dust smoke

Burning coal REQUIRES oxygen to chemically react. The availability of oxygen is limited in the furnace by several factors such as the FRICTION of the air against the coal. Blowing provides more oxygen to the flame and raises the temperature of the flame. Besides, it helps to prevent carbon dioxide from forming layer along with dust smoke so as to keep the supply of oxygen intact.

 Sulphur

Vulcanization gives rubber its CHARACTERISTIC ELASTIC QUALITY. This PROCESS is carried out by mixing the latex with sulphur (other vulcanizing agents such as selenium and tellurium are occasionally used but sulphur is the most common) and heating it in one of two ways.

 PROTEINS

Nitrogen is a major essential ELEMENT for all organisms, and a CONSTITUENT of proteins, NUCLEIC acids and other INDISPENSABLE organic compounds.

 A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE of TWO or more SUBSTANCES

In chemistry, a SOLUTION is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.

 REMOVE SUSPENDED SOLIDS

A sedimentation tank allows suspended particles to settle out of water or wastewater as it flows slowly through the tank, thereby providing some degree of purification. A layer of accumulated solids, CALLED sludge, forms at the bottom of the tank and is periodically removed.

 ONE

There are 1 one ELECTRON in a HYDROGEN ATOM.

 DMITRI MENDELEEV

In 1869 RUSSIAN CHEMIST Dimitri Mendeleev started the development of the periodic table, arranging chemical ELEMENTS by atomic mass.

 Anthracite

Anthracite COAL contains 90 PER cent of carbon.

 COPPER and ZINC

Brass is an alloy MADE of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be VARIED to create a range of brasses with varying properties. By comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.

 Protons and NEUTRONS

The NUCLEUS of an atom consists of neutrons and protons, which in TURN are the manifestation of more elementary particles, CALLED quarks, that are held in association by the NUCLEAR strong force in certain stable combinations of hadrons, called baryons.

 Isotopes

Two atoms with the same ATOMIC NUMBER, but different mass NUMBERS (same number of protons, different number of NEUTRONS), are called isotopes, or isotopic nuclides.

 Must be same

Different ISOTOPES of an ELEMENT generally have the same PHYSICAL and chemical PROPERTIES. That's because they have the same numbers of PROTONS and electrons.

 PROTONS and Neutrons

The nucleus is a collection of PARTICLES called protons, which are positively charged, and neutrons, which are electrically NEUTRAL. Protons and neutrons are in TURN made up of particles called quarks.

 Sometimes more and somtimes EQUAL to its atomic number

The mass number (A), is the total number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS in an atomic NUCLEUS so sometimes more than and sometimes equal to its atomic number, depends UPON no of neutrons.

 CONSTANT movement of water from ocean to land and back to ocean once again

Water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes INVOLVED in the water cycle, the most IMPORTANT are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Although the total amount of water within the cycle remains essentially constant, its DISTRIBUTION among the various processes is continually changing.

 SULPHUR dioxide

Power PLANTS RELEASE the majority of sulphur dioxide and much of the nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce electricity. In ADDITION, the exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide into the AIR. These pollutants cause acid rain.

 SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO₂) and Nitrogen oxides (NO_x)

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) are responsible for ACID rain.

 SODIUM carbonate

Hardness can be REMOVED by ADDING sodium carbonate (washing soda) or by PASSING the water through an ion-exchange COLUMN.

 Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur

Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when COMPOUNDS like sulphur DIOXIDE and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they MIX and react with water, oxygen, and other CHEMICALS to form more acidic pollutants, KNOWN as acid rain.

 Starch

Cotton, starch, cellulose and rubber are some of the naturally occurring polymers.Starch is a condensation polymer MADE up of HUNDREDS of glucose monomers, which split out WATER molecules as they CHEMICALLY combine. Starch is a member of the basic food group CARBOHYDRATES and is found in cereal grains and potatoes. It is also referred to as a polysaccharide, because it is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose.

 Protein

Silk is a natural protein fibre, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fibre of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and produced by CERTAIN insect LARVAE to form cocoons. The best-known type of silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyxmori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like STRUCTURE of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming LIGHT at different angles, thus producing different colours.

 Polymer

Plastics are typically organic POLYMERS of high molecular mass and often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, however, an ARRAY of VARIANTS are made from renewable materials such as polylactic acid from CORN or cellulosics from cotton linters.

 ETHYLENE

Polythene is VINYL POLYMER, MADE from the MONOMER ethylene.

 Terylene

Monoethylene GLYCOL (MEG), also known as ETHYLENE glycol (EG) or simply glycol, is a diol mostly used for the production of polyester fibers and POLYETHYLENE terephthalate (PET) resins. Polyethylene terephthalate is used to produce textiles, large soft-drink containers, PHOTOGRAPHIC film, and overhead transparencies. It is marketed under various trademarks including DACRON, Terylene, Fortrel, and Mylar.

 Trickling filter

A trickling filter, ALSO KNOWN as percolating filter, is an artificial bed of stone or broken brick material over which waste WATER or sewage is ALLOWED to sprinkle or to trickle. It is then collected through the under DRAINAGE system.

 Methyl ISOCYANATE

Over 500,000 people were EXPOSED to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. The HIGHLY toxic substance made its way into and around the small towns LOCATED near the plant. Estimates VARY on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259.

 Carbon monoxide

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is one of the most harmful pollutants. Other gaseous air pollutants are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur, NITROGEN, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide, OZONE and other oxidants. Particulate pollutants include MIST, dust, smog, FUMES ETC.

 NITROUS oxide and SULPHUR DIOXIDE

'Acid RAIN' is caused DUE to air pollution by Nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide.

 LEADED GASOLINE

Main SOURCE of LEAD POLLUTION is from leaded gasoline.

 Nitrous OXIDE

The six air pollutants are carbon MONOXIDE, lead, ground-level ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate MATTER, and sulfur dioxide.The combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in automobiles, trucks, and jet airplanes produces several primary air pollutants. Nitrous oxide (N₂O), commonly KNOWN as laughing gas, is used in surgery and DENTISTRY for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects.

 LEAD